MAB21L1

gene
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Also known as CAGR1

Summary

MAB21L1 (mab-21 like 1, HGNC:6757) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 13q13.3, encoding Putative nucleotidyltransferase MAB21L1 (Q13394). Putative nucleotidyltransferase required for several aspects of embryonic development including normal development of the eye.

This gene is similar to the MAB-21 cell fate-determining gene found in C. elegans. It may be involved in eye and cerebellum development, and it has been proposed that expansion of a trinucleotide repeat region in the 5’ UTR may play a role in a variety of psychiatric disorders.

Source: NCBI Gene 4081 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

  • Gene–disease (curated): cerebellar, ocular, craniofacial, and genital syndrome (Strong, ClinGen)
  • Clinical variants (ClinVar): 52 total — 8 pathogenic, 4 likely-pathogenic
  • Phenotypes (HPO): 64
  • MANE Select transcript: NM_005584

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

FieldValue
HGNC IDHGNC:6757
Approved symbolMAB21L1
Namemab-21 like 1
Location13q13.3
Locus typegene with protein product
StatusApproved
AliasesCAGR1
Ensembl geneENSG00000180660
Ensembl biotypeprotein_coding
OMIM601280
Entrez4081

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 3 — 3 protein_coding

ENST00000379919, ENST00000707125, ENST00000951518

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_005584 NM_005584

CCDS: CCDS9353

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000379919 — 1 exons

ExonStartEnd
ENSE000039982683547378935476689

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 165 present calls, max score 96.58.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth broad, TPM avg 3.4174 / max 613.0897, expressed in 537 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (3 alternative TSS)

Promoter IDTPM avgSamples expressed
1367493.1132491
1367460.2865135
1367470.01777

Top tissues by expression

275 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

TissueAnatomy IDExpression scoreQuality
pigmented layer of retinaUBERON:000178296.58gold quality
cerebellar vermisUBERON:000472093.82gold quality
paraflocculusUBERON:000535191.89gold quality
cerebellumUBERON:000203789.10gold quality
cerebellar cortexUBERON:000212988.63gold quality
cerebellar hemisphereUBERON:000224588.55gold quality
right hemisphere of cerebellumUBERON:001489087.15gold quality
urethraUBERON:000005780.56gold quality
secondary oocyteCL:000065580.24gold quality
calcaneal tendonUBERON:000370178.09gold quality
nippleUBERON:000203076.74gold quality
thoracic mammary glandUBERON:000520074.63gold quality
penisUBERON:000098974.55gold quality
mammary glandUBERON:000191174.07gold quality
muscle of legUBERON:000138372.16gold quality
popliteal arteryUBERON:000225071.86gold quality
tibial arteryUBERON:000761071.84gold quality
tibial nerveUBERON:000132371.65gold quality
gastrocnemiusUBERON:000138871.48gold quality
mammalian vulvaUBERON:000099769.87gold quality
muscle organUBERON:000163069.09gold quality
ponsUBERON:000098868.85gold quality
mammary ductUBERON:000176568.59gold quality
epithelium of mammary glandUBERON:000324467.63gold quality
oocyteCL:000002367.62gold quality
subcutaneous adipose tissueUBERON:000219067.30gold quality
aortaUBERON:000094766.47gold quality
minor salivary glandUBERON:000183065.69gold quality
muscle layer of sigmoid colonUBERON:003580565.50gold quality
vastus lateralisUBERON:000137964.80silver quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 5 experiment(s), a significant marker in 4.

ExperimentMarker?Max mean expression
E-HCAD-5yes828.40
E-HCAD-10yes485.83
E-GEOD-75140yes287.96
E-ANND-3yes3.10
E-MTAB-6108no284.75

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): DLX5, ELF4, PAX6

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

124 targeting MAB21L1, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNAMax scoreAvg scoremiRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-30A-5P100.0076.313233
HSA-MIR-30B-5P100.0076.293248
HSA-MIR-30C-5P100.0076.293248
HSA-MIR-30D-5P100.0076.323233
HSA-MIR-30E-5P100.0076.323242
HSA-MIR-1277-5P100.0073.955056
HSA-MIR-5011-5P100.0083.465820
HSA-MIR-5692A100.0074.406850
HSA-MIR-4795-3P100.0074.624024
HSA-MIR-656-3P100.0072.152788
HSA-MIR-371B-5P99.9975.344759
HSA-MIR-607799.9968.042299
HSA-MIR-569699.9872.364487
HSA-MIR-548N99.9871.944170
HSA-MIR-485-3P99.9870.681585
HSA-MIR-539-3P99.9870.741616
HSA-MIR-373-5P99.9875.364753
HSA-MIR-616-5P99.9875.584775
HSA-MIR-60799.9773.625593
HSA-MIR-3065-5P99.9771.563281
HSA-MIR-50799.9770.111915
HSA-MIR-3688-3P99.9772.022834
HSA-MIR-551B-5P99.9671.283493
HSA-MIR-55799.9670.011640
HSA-MIR-1-3P99.9372.351914
HSA-MIR-20699.9372.501893
HSA-MIR-4760-3P99.9370.502385
HSA-MIR-335-3P99.9373.364958
HSA-MIR-314399.9371.963104
HSA-MIR-338-5P99.9272.342951

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 10)

  • MEF is involved in PTH suppression of osteoblasts through activating the MKK4/JNK1 pathway and subsequently up-regulating Mab21l1 expression. (PMID:21465527)
  • We hypothesize that MAB21L1 haploinsufficiency cause a previously undescribed syndrome with scrotal agenesis, ophthalmological anomalies, facial dysmorphism and gross psychomotor delay as remarkable hallmarks. (PMID:27103078)
  • offer a structure-based explanation for the effects of MAB21L2 mutations in patients with eye malformations (PMID:27271801)
  • mab21 gene family members, mab21l1 and mab21l2, play important roles in regulating eye development. [review] (PMID:27558071)
  • Mab21l1-/- osteoblasts also expressed higher levels of adipocyte genes and interferon-regulated genes at early stages of osteogenesis (PMID:29156428)
  • This report defines an ultrarare but clinically recognisable Cerebello-Oculo-Facio-Genital syndrome associated with recessive MAB21L1 variants. Additionally, our findings further support the critical role of MAB21L1 in cerebellum, lens, genitalia and as craniofacial morphogenesis. (PMID:30487245)
  • Identification of missense MAB21L1 variants in microphthalmia and aniridia. (PMID:33973683)
  • Monoallelic variants resulting in substitutions of MAB21L1 Arg51 Cause Aniridia and microphthalmia. (PMID:36413568)
  • Single amino acid variation in MAB21L1 is dominantly associated with congenital eye defects. (PMID:36446583)
  • Missense Mutations in MAB21L1: Causation of Novel Autosomal Dominant Ocular BAMD Syndrome. (PMID:36892533)

Cross-species orthologs

6 orthologs

OrganismSymbolGene ID
danio_reriomab21l1ENSDARG00000102047
mus_musculusMab21l1ENSMUSG00000056947
rattus_norvegicusMab21l1ENSRNOG00000032941
drosophila_melanogasterCG4766FBGN0027546
drosophila_melanogastermab-21FBGN0029003
caenorhabditis_elegansWBGENE00003112

Paralogs (9): ITPRIP (ENSG00000148841), CGAS (ENSG00000164430), MAB21L4 (ENSG00000172478), MAB21L3 (ENSG00000173212), MB21D2 (ENSG00000180611), TMEM102 (ENSG00000181284), MAB21L2 (ENSG00000181541), ITPRIPL1 (ENSG00000198885), ITPRIPL2 (ENSG00000205730)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Putative nucleotidyltransferase MAB21L1Q13394 (reviewed: Q13394)

Alternative names: Protein mab-21-like 1

All UniProt accessions (2): F1T0A2, Q13394

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Putative nucleotidyltransferase required for several aspects of embryonic development including normal development of the eye. It is unclear whether it displays nucleotidyltransferase activity in vivo. Binds single-stranded RNA (ssRNA).

Subunit / interactions. Monomer. Homodecamer; composed of 2 back to back homopentamers. The protein may exist as monomer in solution and oiligomerizes upon ligand binding.

Subcellular location. Nucleus.

Tissue specificity. Expressed in brain, cerebellum and skeletal muscle.

Disease relevance. Cerebellar, ocular, craniofacial, and genital syndrome (COFG) [MIM:618479] An autosomal recessive syndrome characterized by moderate to severe developmental delay, intellectual disability, cerebellar hypoplasia with ataxia, variable microcephaly, ophthalmological anomalies, facial dysmorphism, absent or underdeveloped nipples, underdeveloped labioscrotal folds and scrotal agenesis. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Domain organisation. While it shares structure similarities with CGAS, it also features a number of differences. The crystal structure is in inactive conformation and the enzyme would require a conformational change to be active. The nucleotidyltransferase activity is therefore unclear.

Polymorphism. A CAG trinucleotide repeat occurs in the 5’-UTR of this gene. This repeat has been found to be highly polymorphic, although expanded alleles have not yet been definitely linked with any phenotypic abnormality.

Similarity. Belongs to the mab-21 family.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_005575* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

IDNameType
IPR024810MAB21L/cGLRFamily
IPR046903Mab-21-like_nuc_TrfaseDomain
IPR046906Mab-21_HhH/H2TH-likeDomain

Pfam: PF03281, PF20266

UniProt features (40 total): helix 14, strand 10, binding site 6, turn 3, sequence variant 3, mutagenesis site 2, chain 1, sequence conflict 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

2 structures.

PDBMethodResolution (Å)
5EOMX-RAY DIFFRACTION2.55
5EOGX-RAY DIFFRACTION3.05

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

ModelpLDDTFraction very-high
AF-Q13394-F194.180.87

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (6): 23–24; 63–66; 73; 75; 248; 252–255

Mutagenesis-validated functional residues (2):

PositionPhenotype
51decreased protein stability.
247decreased protein stability.

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 315 (showing top): GSE45365_CD8A_DC_VS_CD11B_DC_IFNAR_KO_MCMV_INFECTION_UP, BENPORATH_ES_WITH_H3K27ME3, TGCACTT_MIR519C_MIR519B_MIR519A, AREB6_03, chr13q13, NKX62_Q2, IRF1_Q6, ACATTCC_MIR1_MIR206, AACTTT_UNKNOWN, GOBP_SENSORY_ORGAN_DEVELOPMENT, ACEVEDO_METHYLATED_IN_LIVER_CANCER_DN, CONCANNON_APOPTOSIS_BY_EPOXOMICIN_DN, PITX2_Q2, TGGAAA_NFAT_Q4_01, TAATTA_CHX10_01

GO Biological Process (5): eye development (GO:0001654), cell population proliferation (GO:0008283), positive regulation of cell population proliferation (GO:0008284), anatomical structure morphogenesis (GO:0009653), camera-type eye development (GO:0043010)

GO Molecular Function (7): ATP binding (GO:0005524), GTP binding (GO:0005525), nucleotidyltransferase activity (GO:0016779), metal ion binding (GO:0046872), nucleotide binding (GO:0000166), protein binding (GO:0005515), transferase activity (GO:0016740)

GO Cellular Component (1): nucleus (GO:0005634)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

CategoryTerms
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding2
sensory organ development1
visual system development1
cellular process1
cell population proliferation1
regulation of cell population proliferation1
positive regulation of cellular process1
developmental process1
anatomical structure development1
eye development1
adenyl ribonucleotide binding1
guanyl ribonucleotide binding1
transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups1
cation binding1
nucleoside phosphate binding1
heterocyclic compound binding1
binding1
catalytic activity1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

864 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein AProtein BPartner UniProtScore
MAB21L1NBEAQ8NFP9898
MAB21L1DCLK1O15075764
MAB21L1SMAD9O15198662
MAB21L1HTR2AP28223573
MAB21L1FOXE3Q13461552
MAB21L1CCDC169A6NNP5471
MAB21L1SIX3O95343459
MAB21L1TGFB1P01137445
MAB21L1CDX1P47902423
MAB21L1PAX6P26367418
MAB21L1S100A16Q96FQ6397
MAB21L1RBM39Q14498389
MAB21L1AMOTQ4VCS5389
MAB21L1PITX3O75364382
MAB21L1BFSP1Q12934381

IntAct

13 interactions, top by confidence:

ABTypeScore
MAB21L1PBX2psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.620
SIAH1MAB21L1psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.560
MAB21L1SIAH1psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.560
MAB21L1MEIS1psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.530
FAM222AMEIS1psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.530
TSHZ3MAB21L1psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.400
LMX1BPOTEFpsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350

BioGRID (31): SIAH1 (Two-hybrid), MAB21L1 (Affinity Capture-MS), UBAC1 (Affinity Capture-MS), EDRF1 (Affinity Capture-MS), MEIS1 (Affinity Capture-MS), MEIS2 (Affinity Capture-MS), AMY1C (Affinity Capture-MS), PBX1 (Affinity Capture-MS), PBX2 (Affinity Capture-MS), PBX3 (Affinity Capture-MS), MEIS2 (Affinity Capture-MS), MEIS1 (Affinity Capture-MS), PBX2 (Affinity Capture-MS), PBX3 (Affinity Capture-MS), MAB21L1 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A2B4RP11, A0A3M6TIF0, A0A482WD11, A0A6J1SUS3, A0A8B6XWW9, A0A913XCT1, A1ZA55, A4FV14, A4IIW0, A7SFB5, A8DYP7, A8E4S7, B3NQ14, B4QGZ2, D6WI29, D7Y2H2, O70299, P0DV11, P0DV12, P0DX69, P0DX77, P0DXB4, P0DXB5, P0DXB6, P0DXB7, P0DXB8, P0DXC0, Q0IES7, Q0IES8, Q0V9X7, Q13394, Q20054, Q29H55, Q29H56, Q5BKD0, Q5MYT9, Q5TW90, Q60856, Q6DCQ5, Q6GQD9

Diamond homologs: A4FV14, A4IIW0, O70299, Q0IES7, Q0IES8, Q0V9X7, Q13394, Q20054, Q29H55, Q29H56, Q5TW90, Q6DCQ5, Q6GQD9, Q6NYB4, Q7QHX4, Q8AY65, Q8BPP1, Q8UUZ1, Q9GQ38, Q9I9K2, Q9U3W6, Q9Y106, Q9Y586, A0A3M6TIF0, A2ASA8

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

52 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

ClassificationCount (floor)
Pathogenic8
Likely pathogenic4
Uncertain significance34
Likely benign6
Benign0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (12)

Variant IDHGVSClassification
2175962NM_005584.5(MAB21L1):c.152G>A (p.Arg51Gln)Pathogenic
2685461GRCh37/hg19 13q13.3(chr13:35778509-36259617)x1Pathogenic
4536806NC_000013.10:g.(35517252_35615069)_(36180716_36202217)delPathogenic
634926NM_005584.5(MAB21L1):c.735dup (p.Cys246fs)Pathogenic
634927NM_005584.5(MAB21L1):c.840C>G (p.Tyr280Ter)Pathogenic
634928NM_005584.5(MAB21L1):c.859del (p.Arg287fs)Pathogenic
634929NM_005584.5(MAB21L1):c.841del (p.Glu281fs)Pathogenic
634930NM_005584.5(MAB21L1):c.698A>C (p.Gln233Pro)Pathogenic
1341245GRCh37/hg19 13q13.3(chr13:35951031-36115573)x1Likely pathogenic
2685462GRCh37/hg19 13q13.3(chr13:36035608-36058874)x1Likely pathogenic
4814017NM_005584.5(MAB21L1):c.371C>T (p.Ser124Leu)Likely pathogenic
666336NM_005584.5(MAB21L1):c.737dup (p.Cys246fs)Likely pathogenic

SpliceAI

210 predictions. Top by Δscore:

VariantEffectΔscore
13:35476909:G:Cdonor_gain0.9700
13:35476917:A:ACdonor_gain0.9700
13:35477103:A:Cdonor_gain0.9700
13:35477112:AAT:Adonor_gain0.9700
13:35477114:T:TAdonor_gain0.9300
13:35477078:A:ACdonor_gain0.9200
13:35477079:C:CCdonor_gain0.9200
13:35477082:G:Adonor_gain0.9100
13:35477106:T:TAdonor_gain0.9100
13:35475030:A:AGdonor_gain0.9000
13:35475436:C:CAacceptor_gain0.8300
13:35476922:T:Cdonor_gain0.8300
13:35477077:A:Tdonor_gain0.8300
13:35477104:CGT:Cdonor_gain0.8200
13:35477080:T:Cdonor_gain0.8100
13:35476920:A:ACdonor_gain0.7900
13:35476921:C:CCdonor_gain0.7900
13:35475031:T:Gdonor_gain0.6600
13:35475025:G:Adonor_gain0.6500
13:35475415:G:GAacceptor_gain0.6500
13:35474946:A:AGacceptor_gain0.6400
13:35475014:GACTT:Gdonor_gain0.6400
13:35475025:GG:Gdonor_gain0.6400
13:35475026:GG:Gdonor_gain0.6400
13:35475081:G:Aacceptor_gain0.6100
13:35475434:CGCGA:Cacceptor_gain0.6100
13:35474947:A:Gacceptor_gain0.6000
13:35475024:AG:Adonor_gain0.6000
13:35477268:T:TAdonor_gain0.6000
13:35477269:A:AAdonor_gain0.6000

AlphaMissense

2348 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

VariantProtein changeam_pathogenicity
13:35475207:A:GL311P1.000
13:35475219:A:GL307P1.000
13:35475243:C:GR299P1.000
13:35475266:C:AW291C1.000
13:35475266:C:GW291C1.000
13:35475267:C:GW291S1.000
13:35475268:A:GW291R1.000
13:35475268:A:TW291R1.000
13:35475449:C:AW230C1.000
13:35475449:C:GW230C1.000
13:35475451:A:GW230R1.000
13:35475451:A:TW230R1.000
13:35475510:A:GL210P1.000
13:35475520:C:GG207R1.000
13:35475559:A:GW194R1.000
13:35475559:A:TW194R1.000
13:35475578:C:AW187C1.000
13:35475578:C:GW187C1.000
13:35475580:A:GW187R1.000
13:35475580:A:TW187R1.000
13:35475588:G:TA184D1.000
13:35475599:C:AW180C1.000
13:35475599:C:GW180C1.000
13:35475601:A:GW180R1.000
13:35475601:A:TW180R1.000
13:35475611:G:CC176W1.000
13:35475613:A:GC176R1.000
13:35475617:A:CF174L1.000
13:35475617:A:TF174L1.000
13:35475618:A:GF174S1.000

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000300376 (13:35474166 T>C), RS1000567375 (13:35474511 T>A,C), RS1000602935 (13:35477587 C>A,G), RS1001676886 (13:35475592 T>C), RS1001822147 (13:35473755 C>T), RS1002191081 (13:35473444 A>T), RS1003314369 (13:35478513 G>C,T), RS1005220686 (13:35478196 C>G), RS1006487563 (13:35476978 A>C), RS1006867182 (13:35476641 G>A,T), RS1007304396 (13:35476658 A>G,T), RS1007336291 (13:35476624 G>A,C,T), RS1008195725 (13:35475437 G>A,T), RS1008302109 (13:35474514 T>C), RS1008981380 (13:35474625 T>A)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:601280 | disease phenotypes: MIM:619157, MIM:618479

GenCC curated gene-disease

DiseaseClassificationInheritance
cerebellar, ocular, craniofacial, and genital syndromeStrongAutosomal recessive

ClinGen Gene-Disease Validity (1)

Expert-panel classifications — Definitive > Strong > Moderate > Limited > Disputed > Refuted.

DiseaseClassificationInheritance
cerebellar, ocular, craniofacial, and genital syndromeStrongAR

Mondo (2): neurodevelopmental disorder with or without early-onset generalized epilepsy (MONDO:0030930), cerebellar, ocular, craniofacial, and genital syndrome (MONDO:0032774)

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

64 total (30 of 64 shown, HPO-id order):

HPOTerm
HP:0000007Autosomal recessive inheritance
HP:0000028Cryptorchidism
HP:0000047Hypospadias
HP:0000064Hypoplastic labia minora
HP:0000107Renal cyst
HP:0000252Microcephaly
HP:0000280Coarse facial features
HP:0000294Low anterior hairline
HP:0000319Smooth philtrum
HP:0000343Long philtrum
HP:0000347Micrognathia
HP:0000350Small forehead
HP:0000358Posteriorly rotated ears
HP:0000369Low-set ears
HP:0000411Protruding ear
HP:0000455Broad nasal tip
HP:0000463Anteverted nares
HP:0000470Short neck
HP:0000478Abnormality of the eye
HP:0000486Strabismus
HP:0000505Visual impairment
HP:0000527Long eyelashes
HP:0000546Retinal degeneration
HP:0000557Buphthalmos
HP:0000609Optic nerve hypoplasia
HP:0000639Nystagmus
HP:0000664Synophrys
HP:0000666Horizontal nystagmus
HP:0000718Aggressive behavior
HP:0001007Hirsutism

GWAS associations

0 associations (top):

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

17 total (human), top 17 by PubMed support.

ChemicalActions (top 5)PubMed papers
Valproic Aciddecreases expression, increases expression3
bisphenol Adecreases expression1
arsenitedecreases expression1
sodium arseniteaffects methylation1
CGP 52608affects binding, increases reaction1
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamideaffects cotreatment, increases expression1
dorsomorphinaffects cotreatment, increases expression1
bisphenol Sdecreases expression, affects cotreatment1
Vorinostataffects cotreatment, increases expression, decreases expression1
Benzo(a)pyreneincreases methylation1
Dexamethasoneaffects cotreatment, decreases expression1
Diethylhexyl Phthalatedecreases expression1
Indomethacinaffects cotreatment, decreases expression1
Tretinoinincreases expression1
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthineaffects cotreatment, decreases expression1
Antirheumatic Agentsincreases expression1
tert-Butylhydroperoxidedecreases expression1

Cellosaurus cell lines

3 cell lines: 3 embryonic stem cell

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

CellosaurusNameCategorySex
CVCL_A3Y9SEES3-1V human MAB21L1, clone1Embryonic stem cellMale
CVCL_A3Z0SEES3-1V human MAB21L1, clone2Embryonic stem cellMale
CVCL_A3Z1SEES3-1V human MAB21L1, clone3Embryonic stem cellMale

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.