MARVELD1
gene geneOn this page
Also known as MGC4415GB14FLJ23440FLJ22343bA548K23.8
Summary
MARVELD1 (MARVEL domain containing 1, HGNC:28674) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 10q24.2, encoding MARVEL domain-containing protein 1 (Q9BSK0). Microtubule-associated protein that exhibits cell cycle-dependent localization and can inhibit cell proliferation and migration.
Predicted to be a structural constituent of myelin sheath. Predicted to be involved in myelination. Predicted to be located in several cellular components, including cytoskeleton; nucleus; and plasma membrane. Predicted to be active in membrane.
Source: NCBI Gene 83742 — RefSeq curated summary.
At a glance
- Clinical variants (ClinVar): 28 total
- MANE Select transcript:
NM_031484
Identifiers
Gene identifiers
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| HGNC ID | HGNC:28674 |
| Approved symbol | MARVELD1 |
| Name | MARVEL domain containing 1 |
| Location | 10q24.2 |
| Locus type | gene with protein product |
| Status | Approved |
| Aliases | MGC4415, GB14, FLJ23440, FLJ22343, bA548K23.8 |
| Ensembl gene | ENSG00000155254 |
| Ensembl biotype | protein_coding |
| OMIM | 616970 |
| Entrez | 83742 |
Gene structure
Transcript identifiers
Ensembl transcripts: 4 — 3 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined, 1 protein_coding
ENST00000285605, ENST00000421644, ENST00000434038, ENST00000451097
RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_031484
NM_031484
Canonical transcript exons
ENST00000285605 — 2 exons
| Exon | Start | End |
|---|---|---|
| ENSE00001019942 | 97717194 | 97718150 |
| ENSE00001019945 | 97713730 | 97715985 |
Expression profiles
Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 252 present calls, max score 98.36.
FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 15.2301 / max 106.5696, expressed in 1646 samples.
FANTOM5 promoters (4 alternative TSS)
| Promoter ID | TPM avg | Samples expressed |
|---|---|---|
| 106457 | 13.1134 | 1603 |
| 106456 | 1.0919 | 786 |
| 106458 | 0.5148 | 325 |
| 106459 | 0.5100 | 289 |
Top tissues by expression
256 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):
| Tissue | Anatomy ID | Expression score | Quality |
|---|---|---|---|
| upper arm skin | UBERON:0004263 | 98.36 | gold quality |
| saphenous vein | UBERON:0007318 | 98.32 | gold quality |
| right coronary artery | UBERON:0001625 | 97.48 | gold quality |
| popliteal artery | UBERON:0002250 | 97.31 | gold quality |
| tibial artery | UBERON:0007610 | 97.30 | gold quality |
| tendon of biceps brachii | UBERON:0008188 | 97.24 | gold quality |
| aorta | UBERON:0000947 | 97.22 | gold quality |
| stromal cell of endometrium | CL:0002255 | 97.18 | gold quality |
| ascending aorta | UBERON:0001496 | 97.12 | gold quality |
| thoracic aorta | UBERON:0001515 | 97.11 | gold quality |
| urethra | UBERON:0000057 | 96.86 | gold quality |
| descending thoracic aorta | UBERON:0002345 | 96.74 | gold quality |
| lower esophagus muscularis layer | UBERON:0035833 | 96.32 | gold quality |
| coronary artery | UBERON:0001621 | 96.31 | gold quality |
| superficial temporal artery | UBERON:0001614 | 96.30 | gold quality |
| lower esophagus | UBERON:0013473 | 96.25 | gold quality |
| left coronary artery | UBERON:0001626 | 96.16 | gold quality |
| nipple | UBERON:0002030 | 96.11 | gold quality |
| dorsal root ganglion | UBERON:0000044 | 95.97 | gold quality |
| mucosa of stomach | UBERON:0001199 | 95.97 | gold quality |
| layer of synovial tissue | UBERON:0007616 | 95.97 | gold quality |
| esophagogastric junction muscularis propria | UBERON:0035841 | 95.95 | gold quality |
| smooth muscle tissue | UBERON:0001135 | 95.83 | gold quality |
| seminal vesicle | UBERON:0000998 | 95.77 | gold quality |
| cardiac muscle of right atrium | UBERON:0003379 | 95.72 | silver quality |
| myometrium | UBERON:0001296 | 95.64 | gold quality |
| trigeminal ganglion | UBERON:0001675 | 95.64 | gold quality |
| body of uterus | UBERON:0009853 | 95.48 | gold quality |
| endocervix | UBERON:0000458 | 95.38 | gold quality |
| vena cava | UBERON:0004087 | 95.23 | gold quality |
Single-cell (SCXA)
Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.
| Experiment | Marker? | Max mean expression |
|---|---|---|
| E-ANND-3 | yes | 7.19 |
| E-MTAB-9689 | no | 234.52 |
Regulation
Is transcription factor: no
miRNA regulators (miRDB)
79 targeting MARVELD1, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):
| miRNA | Max score | Avg score | miRNA target_count |
|---|---|---|---|
| HSA-MIR-4747-5P | 100.00 | 67.90 | 2681 |
| HSA-MIR-5196-5P | 100.00 | 67.98 | 2761 |
| HSA-MIR-4510 | 100.00 | 66.60 | 2050 |
| HSA-MIR-6127 | 100.00 | 66.76 | 2188 |
| HSA-MIR-6129 | 100.00 | 66.46 | 2080 |
| HSA-MIR-6130 | 100.00 | 66.69 | 2012 |
| HSA-MIR-6133 | 100.00 | 66.48 | 2064 |
| HSA-MIR-3148 | 99.97 | 75.06 | 6478 |
| HSA-MIR-4725-3P | 99.96 | 69.53 | 2520 |
| HSA-MIR-6780B-5P | 99.96 | 69.60 | 2562 |
| HSA-MIR-651-3P | 99.94 | 73.48 | 5177 |
| HSA-MIR-1236-3P | 99.94 | 68.04 | 1695 |
| HSA-MIR-3119 | 99.92 | 71.34 | 2390 |
| HSA-MIR-519E-5P | 99.92 | 69.62 | 2358 |
| HSA-MIR-515-5P | 99.92 | 69.82 | 2343 |
| HSA-MIR-4753-3P | 99.90 | 71.03 | 3786 |
| HSA-MIR-548E-5P | 99.89 | 72.73 | 4486 |
| HSA-MIR-124-3P | 99.89 | 73.74 | 3043 |
| HSA-MIR-506-3P | 99.89 | 73.55 | 3057 |
| HSA-MIR-9902 | 99.89 | 69.15 | 2250 |
| HSA-MIR-4271 | 99.88 | 68.32 | 2244 |
| HSA-MIR-4492 | 99.87 | 68.25 | 3611 |
| HSA-MIR-4728-5P | 99.85 | 69.39 | 4718 |
| HSA-MIR-6785-5P | 99.82 | 68.68 | 4428 |
| HSA-MIR-4428 | 99.73 | 66.41 | 1733 |
| HSA-MIR-4422 | 99.72 | 72.07 | 2908 |
| HSA-MIR-149-3P | 99.72 | 68.22 | 3963 |
| HSA-MIR-1200 | 99.71 | 70.42 | 1838 |
| HSA-MIR-6883-5P | 99.69 | 68.05 | 3785 |
| HSA-MIR-3202 | 99.66 | 67.70 | 2737 |
Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 9)
- MARVELD1 protein is located in nucleus instead of cell membrane in several different tumors, in males and in females. (PMID:19364627)
- Our findings suggest that MARVELD1 is a tumor suppressor by negatively regulating proliferation, tumor growth and chemosensitivity of HCC cells via increasing p53 and p16 in vitro and in vivo. (PMID:22320884)
- MARVELD1 substantially inhibits nonsense-mediated RNA decay by decreasing the pioneer round of translation but not steady-state translation, and is an important component of the molecular machinery containing UPF1 and Y14. MARVELD1 promotes the dissociation of SMG1 from UPF1, resulting in the repression of serine phosphorylation of UPF1, and subsequently blocks the recruitment of SMG5. (PMID:23826386)
- MARVELD1 plays a role in pre-mRNA processing of integrin beta1. (PMID:24055813)
- MARVELD1 silencing is an appealing diagnostic biomarker for lung cancer. (PMID:25520033)
- Importin-beta1 mediates the non-classical nucleocytoplasmic transport of MARVELD1. (PMID:26107903)
- Study demonstrates that MARVELD1-mediated balance of integrin beta1 and beta4 regulates cell surface ultrastructure and epithelial-mesenchymal transition phenotype of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). (PMID:26509557)
- MARVELD1 may regulate tumor cell proliferation and sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs via reducing the exorbitant reactive oxygen species. The mechanism was that MARVELD1 interacted with catalase to maintain latter stability, and then ensure continuous reactive oxygen species scavenge. (PMID:31066116)
- Up-regulation of MARVEL domain-containing protein 1 (MARVELD1) accelerated the malignant phenotype of glioma cancer cells via mediating JAK/STAT signaling pathway. (PMID:34008750)
Cross-species orthologs
5 orthologs
| Organism | Symbol | Gene ID |
|---|---|---|
| danio_rerio | marveld1 | ENSDARG00000011724 |
| mus_musculus | Marveld1 | ENSMUSG00000044345 |
| rattus_norvegicus | Marveld1 | ENSRNOG00000042620 |
| caenorhabditis_elegans | F28H1.4 | WBGENE00017909 |
| caenorhabditis_elegans | F47B3.3 | WBGENE00018527 |
Paralogs (14): CMTM1 (ENSG00000089505), CMTM6 (ENSG00000091317), PLP2 (ENSG00000102007), PLLP (ENSG00000102934), CMTM3 (ENSG00000140931), CMTM2 (ENSG00000140932), MALL (ENSG00000144063), MAL2 (ENSG00000147676), CMTM7 (ENSG00000153551), CMTM5 (ENSG00000166091), CMTM8 (ENSG00000170293), MAL (ENSG00000172005), CMTM4 (ENSG00000183723), CKLF (ENSG00000217555)
Protein
Protein identifiers
MARVEL domain-containing protein 1 — Q9BSK0 (reviewed: Q9BSK0)
All UniProt accessions (1): Q9BSK0
UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →
Function. Microtubule-associated protein that exhibits cell cycle-dependent localization and can inhibit cell proliferation and migration.
Subcellular location. Cell membrane. Cytoplasm. Cytoskeleton. Nucleus.
Tissue specificity. Widely expressed in normal tissues. Down-regulated in multiple primary tumors.
Miscellaneous. Down-regulated in primary multiple tumors derived from ovary, vulva, uterus, cervix, breast, testis, kidney bladder and liver. The reduced expression is owing to DNA methylation and could be reversed by pharmacologic demethylation.
RefSeq proteins (1): NP_113672* (*=MANE)
Domains & families (InterPro)
| ID | Name | Type |
|---|---|---|
| IPR008253 | Marvel | Domain |
| IPR050578 | MARVEL-CKLF_proteins | Family |
Pfam: PF01284
UniProt features (12 total): topological domain 5, transmembrane region 4, chain 1, domain 1, modified residue 1
Structure
Experimental structures (PDB)
0 structures.
Predicted structure (AlphaFold)
| Model | pLDDT | Fraction very-high |
|---|---|---|
| AF-Q9BSK0-F1 | 85.12 | 0.49 |
Functional residue map
Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.
Post-translational modifications (1): 1
Function
Pathways and Gene Ontology
Reactome pathways
0 pathways
MSigDB gene sets: 144 (showing top):
GSE45365_CTRL_VS_MCMV_INFECTION_NK_CELL_UP, GRAESSMANN_APOPTOSIS_BY_DOXORUBICIN_UP, GRAESSMANN_RESPONSE_TO_MC_AND_DOXORUBICIN_UP, CEBPB_01, GTGCCTT_MIR506, CREIGHTON_ENDOCRINE_THERAPY_RESISTANCE_1, GOBP_ENSHEATHMENT_OF_NEURONS, GOMF_STRUCTURAL_MOLECULE_ACTIVITY, LIU_PROSTATE_CANCER_DN, HATADA_METHYLATED_IN_LUNG_CANCER_UP, ICHIBA_GRAFT_VERSUS_HOST_DISEASE_35D_UP, FIGUEROA_AML_METHYLATION_CLUSTER_1_DN, FIGUEROA_AML_METHYLATION_CLUSTER_3_DN, FIGUEROA_AML_METHYLATION_CLUSTER_5_DN, FIGUEROA_AML_METHYLATION_CLUSTER_7_DN
GO Biological Process (1): myelination (GO:0042552)
GO Molecular Function (1): structural constituent of myelin sheath (GO:0019911)
GO Cellular Component (5): nucleus (GO:0005634), cytoskeleton (GO:0005856), plasma membrane (GO:0005886), membrane (GO:0016020), cytoplasm (GO:0005737)
GO top-level categories
Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:
| Category | Terms |
|---|---|
| cellular anatomical structure | 2 |
| axon ensheathment | 1 |
| structural molecule activity | 1 |
| myelin sheath | 1 |
| intracellular membrane-bounded organelle | 1 |
| intracellular membraneless organelle | 1 |
| membrane | 1 |
| cell periphery | 1 |
| intracellular anatomical structure | 1 |
Protein interactions and networks
STRING
460 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):
| Protein A | Protein B | Partner UniProt | Score |
|---|---|---|---|
| MARVELD1 | LIPN | Q5VXI9 | 793 |
| MARVELD1 | MTRNR2L5 | P0CJ72 | 770 |
| MARVELD1 | MTRNR2L4 | P0CJ71 | 609 |
| MARVELD1 | CADM1 | Q9BY67 | 580 |
| MARVELD1 | CD82 | P27701 | 527 |
| MARVELD1 | QNG1 | Q5T6V5 | 526 |
| MARVELD1 | GABBR1 | Q9UBS5 | 517 |
| MARVELD1 | RPP25 | Q9BUL9 | 472 |
| MARVELD1 | EIF3M | Q7L2H7 | 447 |
| MARVELD1 | MOB3C | Q70IA8 | 423 |
| MARVELD1 | PDZD4 | Q76G19 | 414 |
| MARVELD1 | AVPI1 | Q5T686 | 411 |
| MARVELD1 | KIF13B | Q9NQT8 | 408 |
| MARVELD1 | MYADML2 | A6NDP7 | 405 |
| MARVELD1 | EIF3K | Q9UBQ5 | 390 |
| MARVELD1 | J3KSM2 | J3KSM2 | 390 |
IntAct
9 interactions, top by confidence:
| A | B | Type | Score |
|---|---|---|---|
| ATG16L1 | ESYT2 | psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association) | 0.350 |
| SLC39A14 | ESYT2 | psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association) | 0.350 |
| CASP3 | TMEM223 | psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association) | 0.350 |
| CTNNA1 | ILVBL | psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association) | 0.350 |
| ERBB2 | DNM1L | psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association) | 0.350 |
| FOS | ILVBL | psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association) | 0.350 |
| MYC | AP3B1 | psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association) | 0.350 |
| CEBPA | ESYT2 | psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association) | 0.350 |
BioGRID (6): MARVELD1 (Two-hybrid), MARVELD1 (Affinity Capture-RNA), MARVELD1 (Affinity Capture-MS), MARVELD1 (Affinity Capture-MS), MARVELD1 (Affinity Capture-RNA), MARVELD1 (Affinity Capture-RNA)
ESM2 similar proteins: A0A087WTH1, A0A125YWU9, A0PK84, A6PVL3, C9JQL5, F1QHM7, F1QX91, O15503, O41933, O70418, O88728, P0DI73, P13164, P26376, Q01628, Q01629, Q08755, Q0II74, Q21642, Q32L65, Q3UNB8, Q3YBM2, Q5FVR1, Q5FWL7, Q5I0I2, Q5R8D6, Q5RF75, Q5Y5T3, Q6DHI1, Q76IC6, Q7M734, Q7TQJ1, Q8BGI3, Q8CES1, Q8CFA6, Q8IYP9, Q8N6L7, Q8WVZ1, Q91WU6, Q921C1
Diamond homologs: A3KQ86, A6H7B0, P47987, Q5BLB7, Q6GPN9, Q7TQJ1, Q9BSK0, Q9DCU2, Q9Y342
SIGNOR signaling
0 interactions.
Disease & clinical
Clinical variants and AI predictions
ClinVar
28 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):
| Classification | Count (floor) |
|---|---|
| Pathogenic | 0 |
| Likely pathogenic | 0 |
| Uncertain significance | 24 |
| Likely benign | 1 |
| Benign | 0 |
Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)
SpliceAI
702 predictions. Top by Δscore:
| Variant | Effect | Δscore |
|---|---|---|
| 10:97714387:G:GT | donor_gain | 1.0000 |
| 10:97714380:C:T | donor_gain | 0.9800 |
| 10:97714264:GAT:G | donor_gain | 0.9700 |
| 10:97714391:T:TA | donor_gain | 0.9600 |
| 10:97714392:G:GA | donor_gain | 0.9600 |
| 10:97717187:GTTGC:G | acceptor_loss | 0.9600 |
| 10:97717188:TTGCA:T | acceptor_loss | 0.9600 |
| 10:97717189:TGCA:T | acceptor_loss | 0.9600 |
| 10:97717190:GCAG:G | acceptor_loss | 0.9600 |
| 10:97717191:CA:C | acceptor_loss | 0.9600 |
| 10:97717192:A:AT | acceptor_loss | 0.9600 |
| 10:97717193:GGTT:G | acceptor_loss | 0.9600 |
| 10:97714776:G:T | donor_gain | 0.9500 |
| 10:97715822:G:C | acceptor_gain | 0.9500 |
| 10:97714248:C:G | donor_gain | 0.9400 |
| 10:97714777:G:T | donor_gain | 0.9400 |
| 10:97714836:G:GT | donor_gain | 0.9400 |
| 10:97715815:ATT:A | acceptor_gain | 0.9400 |
| 10:97714737:C:G | donor_gain | 0.9300 |
| 10:97714833:TCGG:T | donor_gain | 0.9300 |
| 10:97715815:A:AG | acceptor_gain | 0.9300 |
| 10:97714393:GC:G | donor_gain | 0.9200 |
| 10:97714747:G:GT | donor_gain | 0.9200 |
| 10:97714776:G:GT | donor_gain | 0.9200 |
| 10:97714777:G:GT | donor_gain | 0.9200 |
| 10:97714938:GA:G | donor_gain | 0.9200 |
| 10:97715355:GA:G | donor_gain | 0.9100 |
| 10:97715357:G:GG | donor_gain | 0.9000 |
| 10:97715816:T:G | acceptor_gain | 0.9000 |
| 10:97715404:GG:G | donor_gain | 0.8900 |
AlphaMissense
1092 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:
| Variant | Protein change | am_pathogenicity |
|---|---|---|
| 10:97714081:T:A | W69R | 0.980 |
| 10:97714081:T:C | W69R | 0.980 |
| 10:97714054:T:C | F60L | 0.978 |
| 10:97714056:C:A | F60L | 0.978 |
| 10:97714056:C:G | F60L | 0.978 |
| 10:97714012:T:A | W46R | 0.973 |
| 10:97714012:T:C | W46R | 0.973 |
| 10:97714181:A:T | D102V | 0.965 |
| 10:97714294:T:C | F140L | 0.964 |
| 10:97714296:C:A | F140L | 0.964 |
| 10:97714296:C:G | F140L | 0.964 |
| 10:97714170:C:A | N98K | 0.955 |
| 10:97714170:C:G | N98K | 0.955 |
| 10:97714096:G:C | G74R | 0.954 |
| 10:97714181:A:C | D102A | 0.951 |
| 10:97714000:G:C | G42R | 0.950 |
| 10:97714061:T:A | L62H | 0.948 |
| 10:97714156:T:A | W94R | 0.947 |
| 10:97714156:T:C | W94R | 0.947 |
| 10:97714158:G:C | W94C | 0.947 |
| 10:97714158:G:T | W94C | 0.947 |
| 10:97714180:G:C | D102H | 0.947 |
| 10:97714042:G:C | G56R | 0.944 |
| 10:97713952:T:C | F26L | 0.943 |
| 10:97713954:C:A | F26L | 0.943 |
| 10:97713954:C:G | F26L | 0.943 |
| 10:97714055:T:C | F60S | 0.943 |
| 10:97714055:T:G | F60C | 0.943 |
| 10:97714180:G:T | D102Y | 0.942 |
| 10:97714182:T:A | D102E | 0.941 |
dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000022448 (10:97714616 G>A,C), RS1000133608 (10:97712210 T>C), RS1001011036 (10:97718651 C>A), RS1001300637 (10:97711903 A>T), RS1001960775 (10:97717632 T>A,G), RS1002088041 (10:97715884 G>C,T), RS1002480742 (10:97716601 T>C), RS1002796566 (10:97712081 T>C), RS1002933826 (10:97711769 T>A), RS1003546418 (10:97717696 T>C), RS1004456427 (10:97718499 G>A,C), RS1004590525 (10:97718219 G>T), RS1005528138 (10:97716253 T>C), RS1006120057 (10:97714826 C>A), RS1006817793 (10:97718511 G>A)
Disease associations
OMIM: gene MIM:616970 | disease phenotypes:
GenCC curated gene-disease
Mondo (0):
Orphanet (0):
HPO phenotypes
0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):
GWAS associations
0 associations (top):
Drugs & pharmacology
Drug and pharmacology data
Is drug target: no
PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)
CTD chemical–gene interactions
39 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.
| Chemical | Actions (top 5) | PubMed papers |
|---|---|---|
| Valproic Acid | affects cotreatment, decreases expression, affects expression, increases methylation | 8 |
| Cadmium Chloride | increases expression, decreases expression | 3 |
| sodium arsenite | decreases expression, increases abundance | 2 |
| Cisplatin | affects cotreatment, increases expression, increases response to substance | 2 |
| Tobacco Smoke Pollution | decreases expression | 2 |
| aristolochic acid I | increases expression | 1 |
| betulin | decreases expression | 1 |
| bisphenol A | decreases methylation | 1 |
| dimethylselenide | decreases expression, increases expression, increases oxidation | 1 |
| cobaltous chloride | decreases expression | 1 |
| S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)cysteine | affects cotreatment, decreases expression | 1 |
| CGP 52608 | affects binding, increases reaction | 1 |
| 4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide | affects cotreatment, decreases expression | 1 |
| belinostat | decreases expression | 1 |
| abrine | decreases expression | 1 |
| dorsomorphin | affects cotreatment, decreases expression | 1 |
| jinfukang | affects cotreatment, increases expression | 1 |
| fatostatin | decreases expression, affects reaction | 1 |
| NSC 689534 | affects binding, decreases expression | 1 |
| Gefitinib | decreases response to substance | 1 |
| Sunitinib | decreases expression | 1 |
| Arsenic Trioxide | decreases reaction, increases cleavage, increases expression, decreases response to substance, decreases cleavage (+1 more) | 1 |
| Vorinostat | decreases expression | 1 |
| Arsenic | decreases expression, increases abundance | 1 |
| Atrazine | increases expression | 1 |
| Copper | affects binding, decreases expression | 1 |
| Estradiol | affects cotreatment, increases expression | 1 |
| Formaldehyde | increases expression | 1 |
| Lipopolysaccharides | affects cotreatment, decreases expression | 1 |
| Smoke | decreases expression | 1 |
Clinical trials (associated diseases)
0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.
Related Atlas pages
No linked Atlas pages yet — the cross-entity mesh grows as the corpus expands.