MIR16-2

Summary

MIR16-2 (microRNA 16-2, HGNC:31546) is a microRNA gene on chromosome 3q25.33.

microRNAs (miRNAs) are short (20-24 nt) non-coding RNAs that are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in multicellular organisms by affecting both the stability and translation of mRNAs. miRNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase II as part of capped and polyadenylated primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs) that can be either protein-coding or non-coding. The primary transcript is cleaved by the Drosha ribonuclease III enzyme to produce an approximately 70-nt stem-loop precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA), which is further cleaved by the cytoplasmic Dicer ribonuclease to generate the mature miRNA and antisense miRNA star (miRNA*) products. The mature miRNA is incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which recognizes target mRNAs through imperfect base pairing with the miRNA and most commonly results in translational inhibition or destabilization of the target mRNA. The RefSeq represents the predicted microRNA stem-loop.

Source: NCBI Gene 406951 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene type: non-coding (miRNA) — no protein product; not a drug target. Variant/disease associations are omitted (they would be positional, from an overlapping protein-coding gene).

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:31546
Approved symbol	MIR16-2
Name	microRNA 16-2
Location	3q25.33
Locus type	RNA, micro
Status	Approved
Aliases	hsa-mir-16-2
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000198987
Ensembl biotype	miRNA
Entrez	406951
RNAcentral	URS000017EE98 — miRNA, 81 nt, 9 organism(s)

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 1 — 1 miRNA

ENST00000362117

RefSeq mRNA: 0 — MANE Select: None

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000362117 — 1 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001436880	160404745	160404825

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth broad, 37 present calls, max score 98.79.

Top tissues by expression

37 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	98.79	gold quality
kidney	UBERON:0002113	85.15	gold quality
heart	UBERON:0000948	80.43	gold quality
blood	UBERON:0000178	77.63	gold quality
monocyte	CL:0000576	74.27	gold quality
gastrocnemius	UBERON:0001388	73.32	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 9	UBERON:0013540	72.62	gold quality
lymph node	UBERON:0000029	72.58	gold quality
lung	UBERON:0002048	70.55	gold quality
stomach	UBERON:0000945	68.63	gold quality
anterior cingulate cortex	UBERON:0009835	66.94	gold quality
tibial artery	UBERON:0007610	66.63	gold quality
hypothalamus	UBERON:0001898	66.54	gold quality
ascending aorta	UBERON:0001496	65.79	gold quality
body of stomach	UBERON:0001161	65.63	gold quality
minor salivary gland	UBERON:0001830	65.52	gold quality
esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0002469	65.38	gold quality
skin of abdomen	UBERON:0001416	64.41	gold quality
left coronary artery	UBERON:0001626	64.09	gold quality
intestine	UBERON:0000160	64.04	gold quality
small intestine Peyer’s patch	UBERON:0003454	64.03	gold quality
subcutaneous adipose tissue	UBERON:0002190	63.90	gold quality
upper lobe of left lung	UBERON:0008952	63.85	gold quality
left ovary	UBERON:0002119	62.99	gold quality
transverse colon	UBERON:0001157	62.81	gold quality
skin of leg	UBERON:0001511	62.75	gold quality
myometrium	UBERON:0001296	62.10	gold quality
left lobe of thyroid gland	UBERON:0001120	61.90	gold quality
vagina	UBERON:0000996	60.99	gold quality
spleen	UBERON:0002106	58.48	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	4.31

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• Data show that further evaluation of miR-30e and miR-16-2 as prognostic biomarkers is warranted in patients with esophageal adenocarcinoma. (PMID:20309880)
• Administration of anti-miR-16 in early endothelial progenitor cells enhanced the expression of these three genes (PMID:23325924)
• Upregulation of BMI1 and downregulation of miR-16 in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) side population has a key role in the disease’s progression by reducing MCL cell apoptosis. (PMID:23686310)
• The miR-15/16 family is downregulated and has tumour suppressor function in malignant pleural mesothelioma. (PMID:24148817)
• Mir-16-2 plays an important role in DNA damage response. (PMID:25092292)
• Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that miR-16 and miR-25 were independent factors for intracranial aneurysm occurrence. (PMID:25249297)
• The miR-16 directly targeted anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 in paclitaxel resistant lung cancer cells (PMID:25435430)
• Results show that miR-16 and HuR co-regulate the cyclin E1 mRNA without influencing each other’s binding or expression. miR-16 regulation predominates, blocking upregulation of cyclin E1 by HuR. (PMID:25830480)
• miR-15b/16-2 loss has an important role in the pathogenesis of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (PMID:26324892)
• results indicate that miR-16-5p is an important regulator of SMAD3 expression in human chondrocytes and may contribute to the development of osteoarthritis (PMID:26350536)
• Data identified daily fluctuation of miR-16 in raw milk obtained from mothers of preterm infants. (PMID:26474056)
• Data suggest that the overexpression of microRNA miR16 inhibits the proliferation, invasion and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma cells associated with the (PMID:26499886)
• MiR-16 mediated temozolomide-resistance in glioma cells by modulation of apoptosis via targeting Bcl-2 (PMID:26722459)
• Study shows that miR-16-5p is stably expressed both in samples from breast cancer primary tumors and from metastatic sites and might be considered as the most relevant housekeeping microRNA. (PMID:26821018)
• Micro ribonucleic acid-16 can be used as a prognostic, diagnostic as well as a predictive marker in breast cancer patients and their offspring. (PMID:28303998)
• High miR16 expression is associated with Paget’s associated osteosarcoma. (PMID:28377382)
• Findings revealed that the miR16 functions as a tumor suppressor in glioblastoma multiforme stem cells. (PMID:28628119)
• Results revealed that miR-16 was significantly downregulated, and ATG3 was significantly upregulated in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) patient tissue samples. ATG3 was found to be a direct target of miR-16. Finally, the study showed that miR-16 overexpression rescued TGF-beta1mediated inhibition of autophagy and plays important roles in the EMT of NSCLC cells. (PMID:29138833)
• miR-16-5p plays a tumor suppressor role in chordoma progression by targeting Smad3. (PMID:29880900)
• Exogenous expression of miR-16 accelerated cell proliferation, promoted cell cycle progression and decreased apoptosis by targeting PDCD4 in granulosa cells. (PMID:30025387)
• The levels of exosomal miR-16 were higher in plasma of breast cancer and ductal carcinoma in situ patients than healthy women, and were associated with estrogen and progesterone receptor status. (PMID:30154547)
• Forced expression of miR-16 enhances DNA damage level leading to a significant increase of G2/M arrest in SCC9 cells by inactivation of TLK1-dependent checkpoint response. (PMID:30252587)
• miR-16-2* is negative correlated with bone formation and downregulated during osteogenic differentiation. WNT5A is a direct target gene of miR-16-2*. (PMID:30476907)
• MiR-16-5p is frequently down-regulated in astrocytic gliomas and modulates glioma cell proliferation, apoptosis and response to cytotoxic therapy. (PMID:30548945)
• miR-16-5p expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissues was significantly lower than that of adjacent normal liver tissues. At the cellular level, miR-16-5p was lowly expressed in HCC cells (SMMC-7721). Bioinformatics predicted that IGF1R was a potential target gene of miR-16-5p. miR-16-5p suppressed invasion and migration of HCC cells, mechanically by directly targeting and inhibiting IGF1R protein expression. (PMID:30657555)
• These results indicate that miR1623p may inhibit cell proliferation and migration, and promote apoptosis in MPMCs through repression of PDPK1 and may be a potential target for future clinical prevention and treatment of NSCL. (PMID:30664182)
• We provided a comprehensive view of the diagnostic value of serum miR-16 in cancer diagnosis, and confirmed that circulating miR-16 could play an important role in cancer detection (PMID:30706130)
• miR-15/16 are involved in hepatocyte differentiation from amniotic epithelial cells. (PMID:30753902)
• The potential regulatory role of miR16 to the interplay between interferon and transforming growth factor beta pathways through IRF3 and SMAD7 in hepatitis C virus infected patients. (PMID:30861602)
• plasma miR-16 levels are associated with disease activity and physical functionality in Mexican ankylosing spondylitis patients naive to anti-TNF therapy (PMID:30911942)
• miR-16-5p can protect LPS-induced A549 cell injury, and its mechanism may be related to the targeted regulation of CXCR3 (PMID:30957556)
• Results found miRNA-16 downregulated in osteosarcoma (OS) and provide evidence that mir-16 acts as tumor suppressor and reduce metastasis in osteosarcoma. Boosting its expression sensitizes OS cells to chemotherapy. (PMID:31018244)
• bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells -derived exosomes overexpressing miR-16-5p restricted the progression of colorectal cancer by downregulating ITGA2 (PMID:31102273)
• MicroRNA-16 inhibits the proliferation, migration and invasion of non-small cell lung carcinoma cells by down-regulating matrix metalloproteinase-19 expression. (PMID:31298377)
• Long noncoding RNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 12 promotes papillary thyroid carcinoma cell growth and invasion by targeting miR-16-5p. (PMID:31355416)
• Decreased miR-16 expression may play a role in upregulating expression of MEK1 and promoting proliferation and invasion of lung cancer cells. (PMID:31379227)
• the importance of the regulatory axis of SNHG16/miR-16/ATG4B underlying osteosarcoma progression and chemoresistance to cisplatin. (PMID:31427084)
• miR-15a-5p, miR-15b-5p, and miR-16-5p inhibit tumor progression by directly targeting MYCN in neuroblastoma. (PMID:31637848)
• MicroRNA-16 is involved in the pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia via regulation of Notch2. (PMID:31643078)
• role for microRNA-16 (miR-16) and microRNA-93 (miR-93) in diagnosis and prediction of disease progression in mycosis fungoides (PMID:31648231)

Cross-species orthologs

3 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	mir16a	ENSDARG00000083213
mus_musculus	Mir16-2	ENSMUSG00000065606
rattus_norvegicus	Mir16	ENSRNOG00000035504

Paralogs (3): MIR15B (ENSG00000207779), MIR15A (ENSG00000283785), MIR195 (ENSG00000284112)

Protein

Non-coding RNA — no protein product; not a drug target.

Function

No curated pathway, Gene-Ontology, or interaction data.

Disease & clinical

No curated disease, variant, or cancer-driver associations.

Drugs & pharmacology

No drug or pharmacology data — not an established drug target.