MIR224

Summary

MIR224 (microRNA 224, HGNC:31604) is a microRNA gene on chromosome Xq28.

microRNAs (miRNAs) are short (20-24 nt) non-coding RNAs that are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in multicellular organisms by affecting both the stability and translation of mRNAs. miRNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase II as part of capped and polyadenylated primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs) that can be either protein-coding or non-coding. The primary transcript is cleaved by the Drosha ribonuclease III enzyme to produce an approximately 70-nt stem-loop precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA), which is further cleaved by the cytoplasmic Dicer ribonuclease to generate the mature miRNA and antisense miRNA star (miRNA*) products. The mature miRNA is incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which recognizes target mRNAs through imperfect base pairing with the miRNA and most commonly results in translational inhibition or destabilization of the target mRNA. The RefSeq represents the predicted microRNA stem-loop.

Source: NCBI Gene 407009 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene type: non-coding (miRNA) — no protein product; not a drug target. Variant/disease associations are omitted (they would be positional, from an overlapping protein-coding gene).

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:31604
Approved symbol	MIR224
Name	microRNA 224
Location	Xq28
Locus type	RNA, micro
Status	Approved
Aliases	hsa-mir-224
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000284363
Ensembl biotype	miRNA
OMIM	300769
Entrez	407009
RNAcentral	URS0000184017 — miRNA, 81 nt, 29 organism(s)

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 1 — 1 miRNA

ENST00000384889

RefSeq mRNA: 0 — MANE Select: None

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000384889 — 1 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001499896	151958578	151958658

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth tissue_specific, 2 present calls, max score 68.44.

Top tissues by expression

2 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
gastrocnemius	UBERON:0001388	68.44	gold quality
body of stomach	UBERON:0001161	63.66	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 0.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	no	0.00

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): NFKB, NFKBIA, RELA, TP53

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• define a true in vivo target of miR-224 and reaffirm the important role of miRNAs in the dysregulation of cellular processes that may ultimately lead to tumorigenesis (PMID:18319255)
• Hepatocellular carcinoma has obvious alteration in the expression patterns of miR-122 and miR-224. (PMID:19403413)
• overexpression of microRNA 224 is associated with highly invasive and metastatic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas. (PMID:19475450)
• Overexpression of miR-224 was involved in the malignant phenotype of HepG2 cells, and it may be an important factor in regulating the migration and invasion of HepG2 cells. (PMID:19793168)
• a novel miRNA-mediated regulatory mechanism of Type 1 iodothyronine deiodinase expression in clear cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (PMID:21912701)
• examined the transcript expression of miR-224 and neighboring miR-452 and genes on chromosome Xq28 in tumor and paired adjacent nontumorous tissues from patients with HCC and found that miR-224 is coordinately up-regulated with its neighboring microRNA (PMID:22459148)
• Taken together,these data indicate that miR-224 play an important role in metastasis of human breast cancer cells to the bone by directly suppressing the RKIP tumor suppressor. (PMID:22809510)
• results suggest that miR-224 plays a role in cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and anti-apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by directly binding to its gene targets, implicating this RNA in HCC development and progression. (PMID:22989374)
• miR-224 is aberrantly expressed in prostate cancer. Its assessment by cost-effective quantitative molecular methodologies could provide a useful biomarker for prostate cancer (PMID:23136246)
• It was shown that miR-145 and miR-224 were expressed aberrantly in systemic lupus erythematosus T cells that modulated the protein expression of their target genes, STAT1 and API5, respectively. (PMID:23199328)
• MiR-224 is upregulated and confers a poor prognosis in glioma patients. (PMID:23263909)
• MiR-224 is overexpressed in inflammatory bowel disease cancers and targets p21, a key cell cycle regulator. (PMID:23399735)
• miR-224 upregulation was associated with aggressive progression and poor prognosis in cervical cancer. (PMID:23631806)
• In metastatic colorectal cancer cells, reduced levels of miR-221* and miR-224 increase levels of MBD2, thereby decreasing expression of the metastasis suppressor maspin. (PMID:23770133)
• This study reveals functional and mechanistic links between miRNA-224 and the tumor suppressors PHLPP1 and PHLPP2 in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. (PMID:23846336)
• miR-224/SMAD4 pathway is a clinically relevant pathway to provide new insights in understanding hepatocellular cancer. (PMID:23922662)
• High miR-224 expression is associated with medulloblastoma. (PMID:24203893)
• It involves in the liver cancer cell migration and invasion. (PMID:24219032)
• Low miR-224 expression is associated with prostate cancer. (PMID:24382668)
• The miR224 represses P21WAF1/CIP1 expression and promotes cell cycle G1/S transition. (PMID:24430932)
• these data suggest that miR-224 interaction with the TCF21 transcript contributes to allelic imbalance of this gene, thus partly explaining the genetic risk for coronary heart disease associated at 6q23.2 (PMID:24676100)
• Data indicate that GABA(A) receptor subunit epsilon (GABRE) approximately miR-452 approximately miR-224 locus is downregulated and hypermethylated in prostate cancer and is a promising epigenetic candidate biomarker for prostate cancer diagnosis and prognosis. (PMID:24737792)
• Data indicate that TPD52 and miR-224 expression are negatively correlated in clinical specimens. (PMID:24768995)
• Low miR-224 and high API5 expression correlated with worse survival of glioblastoma patients.MiR-224 expression increases radiation sensitivity of glioblastoma cells. (PMID:24785373)
• Increased miR-224 diminished Cdc42 and SMAD4 expressions at both the protein and mRNA levels and inhibited the formation of actin filaments. (PMID:24817781)
• Findings shed novel light on the roles of miR-224/p21(WAF1/CIP1) signalling in the DDP resistance of LA cells, and targeting it will be a potential strategic approach for reversing the DDP resistance in human LAs. (PMID:24921914)
• These results indicate for the first time that miR-224 upregulation and AKT activation may synergistically associate with tumor progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (PMID:24923856)
• miR-224 and miR-145 were upregulated in HCC samples compared with adjacent non-tumourous tissue and normal liver samples (PMID:24969373)
• down-regulation of RKIP expression was observed in human gastric cell lines, and miR-224 could negatively regulate the expression and biological characteristics of RKIP, contributing to suppress the proliferation and invasion of gastric cells. (PMID:25017365)
• Results suggest that miR-224-5p may function as an oncogene and induce platinum resistance in ovarian papillary serous carcinoma at least in part by downregulating PRKCD. (PMID:25017423)
• effectively suppressed hepatocellular carcinoma tumorigenesis through autophagy-mediated MIR224 degradation (PMID:25068270)
• Data suggest that microRNA-224 directly down-regulates CD59 antigen expression in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma by binding to CD59 3’-untranslated region. (PMID:25146331)
• MiRNA224 bound to recognition sites in the 3’ untranslated region of its target mRNA. (PMID:25322937)
• Data identify the metastasis suppressor TXNIP as new target of miR-224/miR-452 that induces feedback inhibition of E2F1 and show that miR-224/452-mediated downregulation of TXNIP is essential for E2F1-induced EMT and invasion (PMID:25341426)
• Report elevated MIR224 levels in liver biopsies from chronic hepatitis C patients with steatosis. (PMID:25386083)
• PCa patients with miR-224-low/CAMKK2-high expression more frequently had shorter overall survival. (PMID:25394900)
• Decreased miRNA-224 expression in non-small cell lung cancer was associated with aggressive progression and poor prognosis. (PMID:25410592)
• miR-224 is significantly upregulated in malignant colorectal tumors compared to adjacent non-cancer mucosae (PMID:25420464)
• confirmed for the first time that the dysregulated miR-224/ apelin axis may be associated with tumorigenesis and aggressive progression of prostate cancer (PMID:25532941)
• results indicated that downregulation of miR-224 suppressed cell growth and resulted in the enhancement of cell apoptosis through activation of the ERG2-BAK-induced apoptosis pathway (PMID:25783051)

Cross-species orthologs

0 orthologs

Protein

Non-coding RNA — no protein product; not a drug target.

Function

No curated pathway, Gene-Ontology, or interaction data.

Disease & clinical

No curated disease, variant, or cancer-driver associations.

Drugs & pharmacology

No drug or pharmacology data — not an established drug target.