MIR31

Summary

MIR31 (microRNA 31, HGNC:31630) is a microRNA gene on chromosome 9p21.3.

microRNAs (miRNAs) are short (20-24 nt) non-coding RNAs that are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in multicellular organisms by affecting both the stability and translation of mRNAs. miRNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase II as part of capped and polyadenylated primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs) that can be either protein-coding or non-coding. The primary transcript is cleaved by the Drosha ribonuclease III enzyme to produce an approximately 70-nt stem-loop precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA), which is further cleaved by the cytoplasmic Dicer ribonuclease to generate the mature miRNA and antisense miRNA star (miRNA*) products. The mature miRNA is incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which recognizes target mRNAs through imperfect base pairing with the miRNA and most commonly results in translational inhibition or destabilization of the target mRNA. The RefSeq represents the predicted microRNA stem-loop.

Source: NCBI Gene 407035 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene type: non-coding (miRNA) — no protein product; not a drug target. Variant/disease associations are omitted (they would be positional, from an overlapping protein-coding gene).

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:31630
Approved symbol	MIR31
Name	microRNA 31
Location	9p21.3
Locus type	RNA, micro
Status	Approved
Aliases	hsa-mir-31
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000199177
Ensembl biotype	miRNA
OMIM	612155
Entrez	407035
RNAcentral	URS0000001EB3 — miRNA, 71 nt, 19 organism(s)

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 1 — 1 miRNA

ENST00000362307

RefSeq mRNA: 0 — MANE Select: None

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000362307 — 1 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001437070	21512115	21512185

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth broad, 46 present calls, max score 85.69.

Top tissues by expression

46 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
calcaneal tendon	UBERON:0003701	85.69	gold quality
blood	UBERON:0000178	79.71	gold quality
olfactory segment of nasal mucosa	UBERON:0005386	75.94	gold quality
islet of Langerhans	UBERON:0000006	72.78	gold quality
endometrium	UBERON:0001295	69.57	gold quality
putamen	UBERON:0001874	68.97	gold quality
ascending aorta	UBERON:0001496	68.34	gold quality
esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0002469	67.93	gold quality
lower esophagus muscularis layer	UBERON:0035833	67.41	gold quality
body of pancreas	UBERON:0001150	67.18	gold quality
transverse colon	UBERON:0001157	66.65	gold quality
muscle layer of sigmoid colon	UBERON:0035805	66.61	gold quality
right hemisphere of cerebellum	UBERON:0014890	65.99	gold quality
uterus	UBERON:0000995	65.84	gold quality
body of stomach	UBERON:0001161	65.53	gold quality
renal glomerulus	UBERON:0000074	65.09	gold quality
myometrium	UBERON:0001296	65.02	gold quality
cerebellar hemisphere	UBERON:0002245	64.77	gold quality
endocervix	UBERON:0000458	64.57	gold quality
esophagogastric junction muscularis propria	UBERON:0035841	64.44	gold quality
tibial nerve	UBERON:0001323	64.32	gold quality
nucleus accumbens	UBERON:0001882	64.31	gold quality
prostate gland	UBERON:0002367	64.25	gold quality
omental fat pad	UBERON:0010414	63.63	gold quality
vagina	UBERON:0000996	63.61	gold quality
ectocervix	UBERON:0012249	63.49	gold quality
left lobe of thyroid gland	UBERON:0001120	63.48	gold quality
left ovary	UBERON:0002119	62.90	gold quality
ovary	UBERON:0000992	62.88	gold quality
thyroid gland	UBERON:0002046	62.86	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 0.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	no	2.50

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): AR, ETS1, FOXP3, KDM5B, MBD2

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• K15M may contribute to Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesvirus-mediated tumor metastasis and angiogenesis via regulation of miR-21 and miR-31, which we show here for the first time to be a specific regulator of cell migration. (PMID:18971265)
• Frequent homozygous losses of miR-31 is associated with urothelial carcinomas. (PMID:19127597)
• miR-31 expression was positively related to advanced TNM stage (p = 0.026) and deeper invasion of colorectal cancer (p = 0.024) (PMID:19242066)
• miR-31 negatively regulates FOXP3 expression in Treg by binding directly to its potential target site in the 3’ UTR of FOXP3 mRNA (PMID:19408243)
• RT-PCR showed that expression levels of miR-31 in gastric cancer tissues were significantly lower than those in non-tumor tissues. This new information may clarify the molecular mechanisms involved in gastric carcinogenesis. (PMID:19598010)
• E-selectin and ICAM-1 are targets of TNF-induced miRNAs miR-31 and miR-17-3p, respectively. (PMID:19949084)
• miR-31 contributes to the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma by impeding FIH to activate HIF under normoxic conditions. (PMID:20145132)
• Findings reveal that loss of miR-31 is associated with defects in the p53 pathway and functions in serous ovarian cancer and other cancer. (PMID:20179198)
• miR-31 in plasma was significantly elevated in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients relative to age and sex-matched controls; study also demonstrates the feasibility of detecting the increase of miR-31 in patient’s saliva. (PMID:20233326)
• miR-31 acts as an oncogenic miRNA (oncomir) in lung cancer by targeting specific tumor suppressors for repression. (PMID:20237410)
• tumor-suppressive propensity of miR-31 (PMID:20463022)
• miR-31 expression profiles of primary human lymphatic endothelial cells and blood vascular endothelial cells (PMID:20479124)
• Data show that TIAM1, a guanidine exchange factor of the Rac GTPase, is a direct target of both miR-21 and miR-31. (PMID:20826792)
• MiR-31 expression levels increase with disease progression and accurately discriminates between distinct pathological entities that coexist in inflammatory bowel disease. (PMID:20848542)
• The miR-31 downregulation in CAFs results in increased tumor cell motility mediated by its direct targeting the homeobox gene SATB2. (PMID:20980827)
• Knock-down of C/EBP-beta abrogated CSC-mediated activation of LOC554202. Over-expression of miR-31 significantly enhanced proliferation and tumorigenicity of lung cancer cells; knock-down of miR-31 inhibited growth of these cells (PMID:21048943)
• Suppression of miR-31 increases sensitivity to 5-FU at an early stage, and affects cell migration and invasion in colon cancer cells (PMID:21062447)
• expression of miR-31 correlates inversely with breast cancer progression in humans (PMID:21105030)
• miR-31 represses dystrophin expression by targeting its 3’ untranslated region (PMID:21212803)
• The downregulation of miR-205 and miR-31 has an important role in apoptosis resistance in advanced prostate cancer. (PMID:21368878)
• miR-31 may regulate RUNX2 and BMPR2 gene expression in human mesenchymal stem cells during osteogenic differentiation (PMID:21416501)
• Results identified a new diagnostic microRNA classifier for SCC among Chinese patients and a new prognostic biomarker, hsa-miR-31. (PMID:21890451)
• MicroRNA-31 regulated by the extracellular regulated kinase is involved in vascular smooth muscle cell growth via large tumor suppressor homolog (PMID:22020941)
• miR-31 showed higher expression levels in tumors obtained from bilateral breast carcinoma patients as compared to unilateral neoplasms. (PMID:22057972)
• Ectopic expression of miR-31 inhibited migration and invasion ability of U251 glioma cells. (PMID:22089331)
• Loss of miR-31 triggers oncogenic signaling. (PMID:22264793)
• Loss of miR-31 expression in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell lines is attributed to hypermethylation of its promoter-associated CpG island. (PMID:22289355)
• findings indicate that reduced miR-31 and let-7 are involved in maintaining the balance between differentiation and quiescence in lung cancer stem-like side population cells (PMID:22301433)
• we propose miR-31 and -375 as novel candidate microRNAs specifically associated with early- and late-stage malignant progression, respectively, in Barrett’s esophagus. (PMID:22302717)
• Unexpectedly, both the inhibition of miR-31 in AsPC-1 and HPAF-II pancreatic cancer cells with high endogenous expression and forced expression of miR-31 in MIA PaCa-2 with low endogenous levels led to reduced cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. (PMID:22344632)
• Deregulation of miR-31, miR-155, and miR-564 has a role in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). (PMID:22511990)
• Differential expression of microRNAs miR-21, miR-31, miR-203, miR-125a-5p and miR-125b and proteins PTEN and p63 in verrucous carcinoma of the head and neck. (PMID:22690848)
• *. miR-31* may play an important role during OLK progression through regulating FGF3. MiRNA* strands may also have prominent roles in oral carcinogenesis (PMID:22719913)
• MicroRNA-31 is a novel enhancer of IL-2 production during T cell activation in systemic lupus erythematosus. (PMID:22736314)
• miR-31(*) is a functional miRNA involving in regulating RhoA, and the activity of miR-31(*)’s activity seems to counteract the functions of miR-31 during OSCC tumorigenesis. (PMID:22854067)
• miR-31 expression was significantly reduced in prostate cancer tissues, suggesting that miR-31 may act as tumor suppressor (PMID:22854542)
• Our results define a previously unknown mechanism for keratinocyte fate decisions where Notch signaling potential is, in part, controlled through a miR-31/FIH-1 nexus. (PMID:22891326)
• miR-31 overexpression resulted in down-regulation of EZH2 and a de-repression of its target gene rap1GAP; increased expression of EZH2 was associated with melanoma progression and overall patient survival. (PMID:22948084)
• deregulated expression of miR-9, miR-31, and miR-182 during carcinogenesis plays a significant role in the development of colon cancer by promoting proliferation and tumor cell survival. (PMID:23019418)
• miR-31 and miR-130b may have an effect on tumorigenesis of cold and benign thyroid nodules by regulating proliferation and apoptosis and the cell cycle through cyclin D1. (PMID:23144465)

Cross-species orthologs

3 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	dre-mir-31	ENSDARG00000080961
mus_musculus	Mir31	ENSMUSG00000065408
rattus_norvegicus	Mir3554	ENSRNOG00000035606

Protein

Non-coding RNA — no protein product; not a drug target.

Function

No curated pathway, Gene-Ontology, or interaction data.

Disease & clinical

No curated disease, variant, or cancer-driver associations.

Drugs & pharmacology

No drug or pharmacology data — not an established drug target.