MIR324

Summary

MIR324 (microRNA 324, HGNC:31767) is a microRNA gene on chromosome 17p13.1.

microRNAs (miRNAs) are short (20-24 nt) non-coding RNAs that are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in multicellular organisms by affecting both the stability and translation of mRNAs. miRNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase II as part of capped and polyadenylated primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs) that can be either protein-coding or non-coding. The primary transcript is cleaved by the Drosha ribonuclease III enzyme to produce an approximately 70-nt stem-loop precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA), which is further cleaved by the cytoplasmic Dicer ribonuclease to generate the mature miRNA and antisense miRNA star (miRNA*) products. The mature miRNA is incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which recognizes target mRNAs through imperfect base pairing with the miRNA and most commonly results in translational inhibition or destabilization of the target mRNA. The RefSeq represents the predicted microRNA stem-loop.

Source: NCBI Gene 442898 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene type: non-coding (miRNA) — no protein product; not a drug target. Variant/disease associations are omitted (they would be positional, from an overlapping protein-coding gene).

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:31767
Approved symbol	MIR324
Name	microRNA 324
Location	17p13.1
Locus type	RNA, micro
Status	Approved
Aliases	hsa-mir-324
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000199053
Ensembl biotype	miRNA
Entrez	442898
RNAcentral	URS000075CFD7 — miRNA, 83 nt, 44 organism(s)

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 1 — 1 miRNA

ENST00000362183

RefSeq mRNA: 0 — MANE Select: None

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000362183 — 1 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001436946	7223297	7223379

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 115 present calls, max score 96.10.

Top tissues by expression

115 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
duodenum	UBERON:0002114	96.10	gold quality
lower esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0035834	95.70	gold quality
apex of heart	UBERON:0002098	95.01	gold quality
left adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035825	93.03	gold quality
left adrenal gland	UBERON:0001234	92.62	gold quality
body of pancreas	UBERON:0001150	92.46	gold quality
adrenal gland	UBERON:0002369	92.28	gold quality
right adrenal gland	UBERON:0001233	91.94	gold quality
granulocyte	CL:0000094	91.80	gold quality
right adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035827	91.30	gold quality
muscle of leg	UBERON:0001383	90.88	gold quality
right atrium auricular region	UBERON:0006631	90.83	gold quality
gastrocnemius	UBERON:0001388	90.69	gold quality
body of stomach	UBERON:0001161	90.22	gold quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	90.18	gold quality
placenta	UBERON:0001987	90.13	gold quality
transverse colon	UBERON:0001157	90.00	gold quality
vermiform appendix	UBERON:0001154	89.93	gold quality
heart left ventricle	UBERON:0002084	89.85	gold quality
stomach	UBERON:0000945	89.80	gold quality
fundus of stomach	UBERON:0001160	89.73	gold quality
small intestine	UBERON:0002108	89.64	gold quality
metanephros cortex	UBERON:0010533	89.59	gold quality
liver	UBERON:0002107	89.39	gold quality
small intestine Peyer’s patch	UBERON:0003454	89.34	gold quality
thoracic mammary gland	UBERON:0005200	89.26	gold quality
left uterine tube	UBERON:0001303	89.24	gold quality
left ovary	UBERON:0002119	89.24	gold quality
heart	UBERON:0000948	89.21	gold quality
adenohypophysis	UBERON:0002196	89.12	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 0.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	no	1.18

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• MiR-324-5p suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma cell invasion by counteracting extracellular matrix degradation through post-transcriptionally downregulating ETS1 and SP1. (PMID:26177288)
• assess the clinical values of low miR-185-3p and low miR-324-3p expression in predicting response to radiotherapy (RT) and prognosis of NPC (PMID:26390174)
• we identified a prosurvival role for anti-microRNA-324 following exposure to plasma collected from liver failure patients. (PMID:27057006)
• The combination of plasma miR-324-3p and miR-1285 could further improve the diagnostic accuracy of lung squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC). (PMID:27517633)
• We report that expression of miR-324-5p and -3p was frequently observed to be either up-regulated or down-regulated, and the selection preference of miR-324 for 5p and 3p arms significantly varied in various types or human cancer (PMID:27798879)
• our data demonstrate that miR-324-5p is essential for multiple myeloma pathogenesis (PMID:28905994)
• miR-324-3p promotes gastric cancer development by activating Smad4-mediated Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway. (PMID:29103082)
• this study shows that upregulation of miR-324-5p inhibits proliferation and invasion of colorectal cancer cells by targeting ELAVL1 (PMID:29386086)
• Bone-related circulating miRNAs miR-29b-3p, miR-550a-3p and miR-324-3p are significantly associated to dynamic processes of bone, reflected by bone histomorphometry. . miRNAs miR-29b-3p, miR-550a-3p and miR-324-3p were recently found to discriminate patients with low-traumatic fractures and are therefore promising new biomarkers for osteoporosis diagnosis (PMID:29559644)
• RP11543N12.1 and miR3243p may be potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets for Alzheimer’s disease. (PMID:29956723)
• MicroRNA hsa-miR-324-5p suppresses H5N1 virus replication by targeting the viral PB1 and host CUEDC2. (PMID:30045983)
• miR-324-5p inhibited gastric cancer cell survival by targeting TSPAN8 expression. (PMID:30159900)
• miR-324-5p directly regulated established targets GLI1 and SMO in human but not in mouse, suggesting species-dependent mechanism of Hh pathway regulation in osteoarthritis. (PMID:30193893)
• High miR-324 expression is significantly associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. (PMID:30337605)
• increased expression of serum miR-324 in patients with prostate cancer may be a potential new biomarker for the diagnosis of prostate cancer, as it is not increased as much in benign prostatic hyperplasia or normal controls (PMID:30969074)
• lncRNA LOXL1-AS1 acts as a ceRNA for miR-324-3p to contribute to cholangiocarcinoma progression via modulation of ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (PMID:31003776)
• Our results suggested that miR-324-5p protects against oxidative stress-induced endothelial progenitor cells injury by regulating Mtfr1. (PMID:31066044)
• miR-324-5p inhibits gallbladder carcinoma cell metastatic behaviours by downregulation of transforming growth factor beta 2 expression. (PMID:31858815)
• Regulating of cell cycle progression by the lncRNA CDKN2B-AS1/miR-324-5p/ROCK1 axis in laryngeal squamous cell cancer. (PMID:31960744)
• KLF2-induced exosomal microRNAs, miR-181a-5p and miR-324-5p act together to attenuate pulmonary vascular remodeling and that their actions are mediated by Notch4 and ETS1. Expressions of KLF2, miR-181a-5p and miR-324-5p are reduced, while levels of their target genes are elevated in pre-clinical pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), idiopathic PAH and heritable PAH with missense p.H288Y KLF2 mutation. (PMID:32132543)
• MiR-324-5p/PTPRD/CEBPD axis promotes papillary thyroid carcinoma progression via microenvironment alteration. (PMID:32151175)
• Enhanced peripheral blood miR-324-5p is associated with the risk of metabolic syndrome by suppressing ROCK1. (PMID:32353552)
• Kawasaki disease: SOCS2-AS1/miR-324-5p/CUEDC2 axis regulates the progression of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. (PMID:32688371)
• MicroRNA-324-5p affects the radiotherapy response of cervical cancer via targeting ELAV-like RNA binding protein 1. (PMID:32757457)
• SUFU mediates EMT and Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway activation promoted by miRNA-324-5p in human gastric cancer. (PMID:33017570)
• Circ_0067835 sponges miR-324-5p to induce HMGA1 expression in endometrial carcinoma cells. (PMID:33169939)
• Defining microRNA signatures of hair follicular stem and progenitor cells in healthy and androgenic alopecia patients. (PMID:33183906)
• MiR-324/SOCS3 Axis Protects Against Hypoxia/Reoxygenation-Induced Cardiomyocyte Injury and Regulates Myocardial Ischemia via TNF/NF-kappaB Signaling Pathway. (PMID:33191336)
• MiR-324-3p Regulates Fibroblast Proliferation via Targeting TGF-beta1 in Atrial Fibrillation. (PMID:33191361)
• MiRNA-324-5p inhibits inflammatory response of diabetic vessels by targeting CPT1A. (PMID:33378033)
• High miR-324-5p expression predicts unfavorable prognosis of gastric cancer and facilitates tumor progression in tumor cells. (PMID:33430926)
• Metformin induces ferroptosis by targeting miR-324-3p/GPX4 axis in breast cancer. (PMID:33522578)
• Long noncoding RNA NEAT1 regulates glioma cell proliferation and apoptosis by competitively binding to microRNA3245p and upregulating KCTD20 expression. (PMID:33982764)
• miR-324-3p and miR-508-5p expression levels could serve as potential diagnostic and multidrug-resistant biomarkers in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (PMID:34147937)
• Regulation of closely juxtaposed proto-oncogene c-fms and HMGXB3 gene expression by mRNA 3’ end polymorphism in breast cancer cells. (PMID:34155128)
• MicroRNA-324-5p-CUEDC2 Axis Mediates Gain-of-Function Mutant p53-Driven Cancer Stemness. (PMID:34257080)
• NEAT1 Boosts the Development of Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm Through Targeting miR-324-5p/RAN. (PMID:34373133)
• Knockdown of hsa_circ_0091994 constrains gastric cancer progression by suppressing the miR-324-5p/HMGA1 axis. (PMID:34483139)
• Effects of lncRNA LINC01320 on Proliferation and Migration of Pancreatic Cancer Cells through Targeted Regulation of miR-324-3p. (PMID:34976325)
• Down-regulation of ZNF252P-AS1 alleviates ovarian cancer progression by binding miR-324-3p to downregulate LY6K. (PMID:34980214)

Cross-species orthologs

0 orthologs

Protein

Non-coding RNA — no protein product; not a drug target.

Function

No curated pathway, Gene-Ontology, or interaction data.

Disease & clinical

No curated disease, variant, or cancer-driver associations.

Drugs & pharmacology

No drug or pharmacology data — not an established drug target.