MIR331

Summary

MIR331 (microRNA 331, HGNC:31772) is a microRNA gene on chromosome 12q22.

microRNAs (miRNAs) are short (20-24 nt) non-coding RNAs that are involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression in multicellular organisms by affecting both the stability and translation of mRNAs. miRNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase II as part of capped and polyadenylated primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs) that can be either protein-coding or non-coding. The primary transcript is cleaved by the Drosha ribonuclease III enzyme to produce an approximately 70-nt stem-loop precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA), which is further cleaved by the cytoplasmic Dicer ribonuclease to generate the mature miRNA and antisense miRNA star (miRNA*) products. The mature miRNA is incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which recognizes target mRNAs through imperfect base pairing with the miRNA and most commonly results in translational inhibition or destabilization of the target mRNA. The RefSeq represents the predicted microRNA stem-loop.

Source: NCBI Gene 442903 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene type: non-coding (miRNA) — no protein product; not a drug target. Variant/disease associations are omitted (they would be positional, from an overlapping protein-coding gene).

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:31772
Approved symbol	MIR331
Name	microRNA 331
Location	12q22
Locus type	RNA, micro
Status	Approved
Aliases	hsa-mir-331
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000199172
Ensembl biotype	miRNA
Entrez	442903
RNAcentral	URS0000642F53 — miRNA, 94 nt, 9 organism(s)

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 1 — 1 miRNA

ENST00000362302

RefSeq mRNA: 0 — MANE Select: None

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000362302 — 1 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001437065	95308420	95308513

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth broad, 100 present calls, max score 83.84.

Top tissues by expression

100 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
skeletal muscle tissue	UBERON:0001134	83.84	gold quality
blood	UBERON:0000178	78.88	gold quality
muscle of leg	UBERON:0001383	78.82	gold quality
right lung	UBERON:0002167	78.49	gold quality
endometrium	UBERON:0001295	77.79	gold quality
vermiform appendix	UBERON:0001154	77.66	gold quality
gastrocnemius	UBERON:0001388	77.28	gold quality
placenta	UBERON:0001987	77.01	gold quality
islet of Langerhans	UBERON:0000006	75.45	gold quality
monocyte	CL:0000576	73.76	gold quality
heart left ventricle	UBERON:0002084	73.24	gold quality
stomach	UBERON:0000945	73.00	gold quality
lymph node	UBERON:0000029	72.94	gold quality
smooth muscle tissue	UBERON:0001135	72.50	gold quality
kidney	UBERON:0002113	72.40	gold quality
descending thoracic aorta	UBERON:0002345	72.02	gold quality
heart	UBERON:0000948	71.93	gold quality
thoracic aorta	UBERON:0001515	71.90	gold quality
right hemisphere of cerebellum	UBERON:0014890	71.79	gold quality
adult mammalian kidney	UBERON:0000082	71.77	gold quality
body of stomach	UBERON:0001161	71.54	gold quality
ascending aorta	UBERON:0001496	71.40	gold quality
calcaneal tendon	UBERON:0003701	71.30	gold quality
rectum	UBERON:0001052	70.81	gold quality
cerebellar hemisphere	UBERON:0002245	70.80	gold quality
lower esophagus muscularis layer	UBERON:0035833	70.47	gold quality
right adrenal gland	UBERON:0001233	70.44	gold quality
popliteal artery	UBERON:0002250	70.43	gold quality
tibial artery	UBERON:0007610	70.40	gold quality
lower esophagus	UBERON:0013473	70.39	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 0.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	no	1.22

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 38)

• miR-331-3p regulates ERBB-2 expression and androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer (PMID:19584056)
• these data highlight an important role of miR-331-3p in cell cycle control by targeting 3’-UTR of cell cycle-related molecule E2F1 in gastric cancer. (PMID:20510161)
• HuR and miR-331-3p participate in the overexpression of ERBB-2 observed in some PCas. (PMID:21971048)
• High miR-331 is associated with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. (PMID:23817697)
• HOTAIR functions as a competing endogenous RNA to regulate HER2 expression by sponging miR-331-3p in gastric cancer. (PMID:24775712)
• MicroRNA-331-3p promotes proliferation and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting PH domain and leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase. (PMID:24825302)
• HBV up-regulated miR-331-3p expression in HCC cell lines and miR-331-3p could inhibit VHL expression by directly targeting its 3’-UTR (PMID:25750939)
• High serum miR-331 levels are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. (PMID:25903466)
• MiR-331-3p and miR-30c were highly correlated with each other and not only explained Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease discordancy between twins but also were significantly different between participants with and without NAFLD. (PMID:26002934)
• MiR-331-3p-mediated miRNA maturation and enhanced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition via effects on TGF-beta/Smad 4 and Dicer are essential for the development of prostate cancer mediated by syndecan-1. (PMID:26259043)
• miR-331-3p is upregulated by HBV and promotes proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells though repression of ING5 expression. (PMID:26497554)
• miR-331-3p was significantly downregulated in colorectal carcinoma tissues and cells. Overexpression promoted apoptosis, upregulated Bax, downregulated BCL-2 and HER2, and activated caspase-3. (PMID:26718987)
• expression of miR-331 and miR-21 was significantly higher in the peripheral circulation compared to tumour-draining veins of the portal system. The results indicate that the majority of potential serum miRNA biomarkers may originate from tissues other than the primary tumour. (PMID:28641313)
• Regulation of UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 2B15 by miR-331-5p in Prostate Cancer Cells (PMID:29367276)
• Study found that miR-331-3p was significantly upregulated in tumor specimens of pancreatic cancer (PC) patients and cell lines. Downregulation of miR-331-3p inhibited PC cell proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition-mediated metastasis in vitro. ST7L was identified as a novel target gene of miR-331-3p. Results demonstrate that miR-331-3p is a tumor-promoting microRNA and a promising biomarker for PC. (PMID:29850766)
• circ_0001649 was identified as the sponge of miR-331-3p and miR-338-5p. Moreover, the biological functions of circ_0001649 is partly dependent on its regulation on miR-331-3p and miR-338-5p; circ_0001649/miR-331-3p/miR-338-5p regulatory signaling might be a potential target for NSCLC therapy (PMID:30029881)
• results provide evidence that miR-331 levels might provide valuable information regarding the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant breast tumors but present no prognostic value for breast cancer (PMID:30063890)
• Low expression of miR-331-3p is associated with recurrence in esophageal adenocarcinoma. (PMID:30228315)
• GAPLINC expression was significantly upregulated in both glioblastoma (GBM) tissues and cell lines. The overexpression of GAPLINC was associated with shorter overall and disease-free survival. GAPLINC silencing suppressed GBM cells proliferation, migration, and invasion, and promoted apoptosis. GAPLINC acted as a competing endogenous RNA to sponge miR-331-3p and knockdown of GAPLINC promoted the expression of miR-331-3p. (PMID:30657584)
• MiR-331-3p Inhibition of the Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) Bel-7402 Cell Line by Down-Regulation of E2F1. (PMID:30961699)
• Evaluation of miR-331-3p and miR-23b-3p as serum biomarkers for hepatitis c virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma at early stage. (PMID:31053500)
• Results demonstrate that patients with metastatic breast cancer patients have a higher expression of mir-331 and a lower expression of mir-195 in their circulation demonstrating the ability of these 2 circulating miRNA to identify metastatic disease. (PMID:31077182)
• microRNA-331-3p maintains the contractile type of vascular smooth muscle cells by regulating TNF-alpha and CD14 in intracranial aneurysm. (PMID:31785262)
• miR-331-3p Suppresses Cell Proliferation in TNBC Cells by Downregulating NRP2. (PMID:32174262)
• MicroRNA-331 and microRNA-151-3p as biomarkers in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. (PMID:32246100)
• Potential targets and molecular mechanism of miR-331-3p in hepatocellular carcinoma identified by weighted gene coexpression network analysis. (PMID:32537629)
• Regulation of ABO blood group antigen expression by miR-331-3p and miR-1908-5p during hematopoietic stem cell differentiation. (PMID:32621650)
• miR-331-3p is involved in glucocorticoid resistance reversion by rapamycin through suppression of the MAPK signaling pathway. (PMID:32776229)
• MiR-331-3p Links to Drug Resistance of Pancreatic Cancer Cells by Activating WNT/beta-Catenin Signal via ST7L. (PMID:32924881)
• MicroRNA331 inhibits isoproterenolinduced expression of profibrotic genes in cardiac myofibroblasts via the TGFbeta/smad3 signaling pathway. (PMID:33510328)
• LncRNA FOXD2-AS1 promotes cell proliferation and invasion of fibroblast-like synoviocytes by regulation of miR-331-3p/PIAS3 pathway in rheumatoid arthritis. (PMID:34030529)
• Circ_0062270 upregulates EPHA2 to facilitate melanoma progression via sponging miR-331-3p. (PMID:34454812)
• Circular RNA hsa_circ_0026552 inhibits the proliferation, migration and invasion of trophoblast cells via the miR3313p/TGFbetaR1 axis in preeclampsia. (PMID:34523694)
• Long non-coding RNA anti-differentiation non-coding RNA affects proliferation, invasion, and migration of breast cancer cells by targeting miR-331. (PMID:34783641)
• The circRNA circSIAE Inhibits Replication of Coxsackie Virus B3 by Targeting miR-331-3p and Thousand and One Amino-Acid Kinase 2. (PMID:35141166)
• Circular RNA circPSAP functions as an efficient miR-331-3p sponge to regulate proliferation, apoptosis and bortezomib sensitivity of human multiple myeloma cells by upregulating HDAC4. (PMID:35369902)
• LncRNA HOTAIR enhances RCC2 to accelerate cervical cancer progression by sponging miR-331-3p. (PMID:36593385)
• Circ_0005615 restrains the progression of multiple myeloma through modulating miR-331-3p and IGF1R regulatory cascade. (PMID:37173768)

Cross-species orthologs

1 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Mir331	ENSMUSG00000065607

Protein

Non-coding RNA — no protein product; not a drug target.

Function

No curated pathway, Gene-Ontology, or interaction data.

Disease & clinical

No curated disease, variant, or cancer-driver associations.

Drugs & pharmacology

No drug or pharmacology data — not an established drug target.