MRPS26

Summary

MRPS26 (mitochondrial ribosomal protein S26, HGNC:14045) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 20p13, encoding Small ribosomal subunit protein mS26 (Q9BYN8). It is a selective cancer dependency (DepMap: 40.5% of cell lines).

Mammalian mitochondrial ribosomal proteins are encoded by nuclear genes and help in protein synthesis within the mitochondrion. Mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) consist of a small 28S subunit and a large 39S subunit. They have an estimated 75% protein to rRNA composition compared to prokaryotic ribosomes, where this ratio is reversed. Another difference between mammalian mitoribosomes and prokaryotic ribosomes is that the latter contain a 5S rRNA. Among different species, the proteins comprising the mitoribosome differ greatly in sequence, and sometimes in biochemical properties, which prevents easy recognition by sequence homology. This gene encodes a 28S subunit protein. This gene lies adjacent to and downstream of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone precursor gene.

Source: NCBI Gene 64949 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 24 total
• Cancer dependency (DepMap): dependent in 40.5% of screened cell lines
• MANE Select transcript: NM_030811

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:14045
Approved symbol	MRPS26
Name	mitochondrial ribosomal protein S26
Location	20p13
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	MRP-S13, MRP-S26, RPMS13, dJ534B8.3, mS26
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000125901
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	611988
Entrez	64949

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 4 — 4 protein_coding

ENST00000380325, ENST00000885065, ENST00000885066, ENST00000912036

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_030811 NM_030811

CCDS: CCDS13043

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000380325 — 4 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000858712	3046373	3046519
ENSE00000858713	3046614	3046737
ENSE00001484561	3047735	3048250
ENSE00001484591	3046052	3046280

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 255 present calls, max score 96.15.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 37.2579 / max 200.2936, expressed in 1807 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (3 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
183197	29.9401	1797
183196	4.8059	1651
183198	2.5119	1108

Top tissues by expression

256 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
adenohypophysis	UBERON:0002196	96.15	gold quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	96.09	gold quality
left ventricle myocardium	UBERON:0006566	95.69	gold quality
right adrenal gland	UBERON:0001233	95.67	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 9	UBERON:0013540	95.67	gold quality
upper arm skin	UBERON:0004263	95.66	gold quality
pituitary gland	UBERON:0000007	95.60	gold quality
left adrenal gland	UBERON:0001234	95.55	gold quality
left adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035825	95.53	gold quality
mucosa of transverse colon	UBERON:0004991	95.45	gold quality
right adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035827	95.44	gold quality
hypothalamus	UBERON:0001898	95.27	gold quality
adrenal cortex	UBERON:0001235	95.21	gold quality
putamen	UBERON:0001874	95.17	gold quality
right frontal lobe	UBERON:0002810	95.15	gold quality
apex of heart	UBERON:0002098	95.10	gold quality
caudate nucleus	UBERON:0001873	95.06	gold quality
anterior cingulate cortex	UBERON:0009835	95.03	gold quality
kidney epithelium	UBERON:0004819	95.02	gold quality
nucleus accumbens	UBERON:0001882	95.01	gold quality
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0009834	94.70	gold quality
amygdala	UBERON:0001876	94.59	gold quality
right lobe of thyroid gland	UBERON:0001119	94.46	gold quality
heart left ventricle	UBERON:0002084	94.45	gold quality
adult mammalian kidney	UBERON:0000082	94.44	gold quality
muscle layer of sigmoid colon	UBERON:0035805	94.37	gold quality
left lobe of thyroid gland	UBERON:0001120	94.33	gold quality
right hemisphere of cerebellum	UBERON:0014890	94.25	gold quality
lower esophagus muscularis layer	UBERON:0035833	94.23	gold quality
lower esophagus	UBERON:0013473	94.22	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 4 experiment(s), a significant marker in 2.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	9.80
E-MTAB-8271	yes	7.04
E-MTAB-9689	no	345.48
E-HCAD-5	no	2.23

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

15 targeting MRPS26, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-520D-5P	99.98	73.34	4883
HSA-MIR-524-5P	99.98	73.43	4882
HSA-MIR-4699-3P	99.71	70.15	3142
HSA-MIR-4690-5P	99.65	66.24	813
HSA-MIR-4677-3P	99.49	67.91	1246
HSA-MIR-7974	99.24	65.48	1137
HSA-MIR-4494	97.86	64.93	850
HSA-MIR-3616-3P	96.96	65.45	983
HSA-MIR-1287-5P	96.80	65.30	743
HSA-MIR-1291	96.28	65.89	1224
HSA-MIR-4256	96.22	67.70	669
HSA-MIR-11181-5P	96.12	67.46	665
HSA-MIR-6775-3P	95.76	65.91	982
HSA-MIR-328-3P	92.82	64.37	521
HSA-MIR-6084	89.09	62.33	58

Functional genomics

DepMap (CRISPR cell-line fitness): dependent in 40.5% of screened cell lines.

Cross-species orthologs

5 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	mrps26	ENSDARG00000039719
mus_musculus	Mrps26	ENSMUSG00000037740
rattus_norvegicus	Mrps26	ENSRNOG00000021224
drosophila_melanogaster	mRpS26	FBGN0036774
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00016412

Protein

Protein identifiers

Small ribosomal subunit protein mS26 — Q9BYN8 (reviewed: Q9BYN8)

Alternative names: 28S ribosomal protein S13, mitochondrial, 28S ribosomal protein S26, mitochondrial

All UniProt accessions (1): Q9BYN8

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Subunit / interactions. Component of the mitochondrial small ribosomal subunit (mt-SSU). Mature mammalian 55S mitochondrial ribosomes consist of a small (28S) and a large (39S) subunit. The 28S small subunit contains a 12S ribosomal RNA (12S mt-rRNA) and 30 different proteins. The 39S large subunit contains a 16S rRNA (16S mt-rRNA), a copy of mitochondrial valine transfer RNA (mt-tRNA(Val)), which plays an integral structural role, and 52 different proteins.

Subcellular location. Mitochondrion.

Similarity. Belongs to the mitochondrion-specific ribosomal protein mS26 family.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_110438* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR026140	Ribosomal_mS26	Family

Pfam: PF14943

UniProt features (7 total): helix 4, transit peptide 1, chain 1, strand 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

77 structures, top 30 by resolution.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
7QI4	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.21
8CSS	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.36
7P2E	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.4
8RRI	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.4
9OLF	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.46
9OJM	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.5
8CSQ	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.54
8CSR	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.54
6ZM6	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.59
7QI5	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.63
8CSP	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.66
7PNX	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.76
8ANY	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.85
8CST	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.85
6ZM5	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.89
7PO0	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.9
8K2A	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.9
9PGL	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.9
7PO1	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.92
7PO3	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.92
9PGF	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.93
6VMI	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.96
6RW4	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.97
6VLZ	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.97
7QI6	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.98
8QRN	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.98
9PSM	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.98
8OIS	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3
9G5C	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3
9G5D	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q9BYN8-F1	89.69	0.78

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

7 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-5368286	Mitochondrial translation initiation
R-HSA-5389840	Mitochondrial translation elongation
R-HSA-5419276	Mitochondrial translation termination
R-HSA-9937383	Mitochondrial ribosome-associated quality control
R-HSA-392499	Metabolism of proteins
R-HSA-5368287	Mitochondrial translation
R-HSA-72766	Translation

MSigDB gene sets: 120 (showing top): SHEPARD_CRASH_AND_BURN_MUTANT_UP, GOBP_MITOCHONDRIAL_TRANSLATION, ACEVEDO_NORMAL_TISSUE_ADJACENT_TO_LIVER_TUMOR_DN, GOBP_TRANSLATION, ROZANOV_MMP14_TARGETS_UP, GOCC_MITOCHONDRIAL_ENVELOPE, ZHOU_INFLAMMATORY_RESPONSE_LIVE_DN, MODULE_397, BURTON_ADIPOGENESIS_5, IVANOVA_HEMATOPOIESIS_EARLY_PROGENITOR, GOCC_RIBOSOME, GOCC_SMALL_RIBOSOMAL_SUBUNIT, GOCC_ORGANELLAR_RIBOSOME, GOCC_MITOCHONDRIAL_MATRIX, GOCC_ORGANELLE_INNER_MEMBRANE

GO Biological Process (1): mitochondrial translation (GO:0032543)

GO Molecular Function (1): RNA binding (GO:0003723)

GO Cellular Component (6): nucleoplasm (GO:0005654), mitochondrion (GO:0005739), mitochondrial inner membrane (GO:0005743), mitochondrial small ribosomal subunit (GO:0005763), ribosome (GO:0005840), ribonucleoprotein complex (GO:1990904)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-3 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Mitochondrial translation	4
Translation	1
Metabolism of proteins	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
mitochondrion	1
translation	1
mitochondrial gene expression	1
nucleic acid binding	1
nuclear lumen	1
cellular anatomical structure	1
cytoplasm	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1
organelle inner membrane	1
mitochondrial membrane	1
organellar small ribosomal subunit	1
mitochondrial ribosome	1
mitochondrial protein-containing complex	1
intracellular membraneless organelle	1
protein-containing complex	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1500 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
MRPS26	MRPS22	P82650	549
MRPS26	MRPL28	Q13084	536
MRPS26	MRPS24	P82668	526
MRPS26	MRPS9	P82933	502
MRPS26	MRPL11	Q9Y3B7	488
MRPS26	MRPS27	Q92552	474
MRPS26	MRPL45	Q9BRJ2	473
MRPS26	MRPS21	P82921	446
MRPS26	MRPL12	P52815	440
MRPS26	S4R460	S4R460	417
MRPS26	MRPL16	Q9NX20	398
MRPS26	MRPL38	Q96DV4	393
MRPS26	INTS5	Q6P9B9	387
MRPS26	CRLS1	Q9UJA2	383
MRPS26	EEF1G	P26641	371

IntAct

213 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
SUV39H1	CBX5	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.950
KBTBD7	METTL15	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.730
MRPS27	MRPS14	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
LIN28A	IGF2BP3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
NOP53	RRP8	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
NP	KPNA6	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.550
ZNF707	ZNF316	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
MRPS15	MRPS14	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
TRMT10B	MRPS14	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
MRPS26	ERAL1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
MRPS18B	MRPS14	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
ZNF324B	ZNF316	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
SNRNP70	GTPBP1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
CCDC59	GAPDHS	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
THAP3	CASC3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
MRPS34	ZZEF1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
ZBTB48	ZBTB24	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
MRPS18C	MRPS14	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
NOA1	ATE1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
MRPS15	PRKACG	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
MRPS27	YBX1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
MRPS26	MRPS10	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
ZNF764	SH3PXD2B	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
MRPL18	GTPBP10	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
RBFA	METTL15	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
MRPS34	MRPS12	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530

BioGRID (574): MRPS26 (Affinity Capture-RNA), MRPS26 (Affinity Capture-MS), MRPS26 (Affinity Capture-MS), MRPS26 (Affinity Capture-MS), MRPS26 (Affinity Capture-MS), MRPS26 (Affinity Capture-MS), MRPS26 (Affinity Capture-MS), MRPS26 (Affinity Capture-MS), MRPS26 (Affinity Capture-MS), MRPS26 (Affinity Capture-MS), MRPS26 (Affinity Capture-MS), MRPS26 (Affinity Capture-MS), MRPS22 (Co-fractionation), MRPS26 (Affinity Capture-MS), MRPS26 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A1A4P4, A1CH36, A2ALW5, A5AAL8, B0BN56, O42911, O70279, P0C2B7, P58468, P83565, Q0CLE8, Q1ECT8, Q290P4, Q2GVC2, Q3SZ86, Q4G0I0, Q4V7Q1, Q5B4U6, Q5BJW9, Q5RFR4, Q5XJW2, Q61733, Q6RUT7, Q753F1, Q7SDU5, Q7SHR9, Q80ZS3, Q86TS9, Q8BGX2, Q8BK72, Q8CHP5, Q8SPE7, Q8TAE8, Q8VD26, Q8WUQ7, Q96AN5, Q96DF8, Q9BRP8, Q9BSF4, Q9BYN8

Diamond homologs: Q3SZ86, Q80ZS3, Q9BYN8, Q9EPJ3, Q9VVN2

SIGNOR signaling

1 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
MRPS26	“form complex”	“28S mitochondrial small ribosomal subunit”	binding

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 219 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
Mitochondrial translation	24	23.2×	1e-24
Mitochondrial ribosome-associated quality control	26	22.5×	7e-26
Mitochondrial translation initiation	25	22.3×	3e-25
Mitochondrial translation elongation	25	22.3×	3e-25
Mitochondrial translation termination	25	19.3×	1e-23
Translation	30	13.1×	2e-23
Eukaryotic Translation Initiation	5	10.9×	2e-03
Cap-dependent Translation Initiation	5	10.9×	2e-03

GO biological processes:

GO term	Partners	Fold	FDR
mitochondrial translation	26	22.9×	2e-25
cytoplasmic translation	13	12.2×	2e-08
ribosomal small subunit biogenesis	10	11.6×	3e-06
translation	22	11.5×	1e-14
rRNA processing	11	7.9×	3e-05
RNA processing	7	7.8×	5e-03
protein import into nucleus	8	5.8×	8e-03

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

24 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	18
Likely benign	1
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

446 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
20:3046263:GACC:G	donor_gain	1.0000
20:3046276:CTCAG:C	donor_loss	1.0000
20:3046278:CAGG:C	donor_loss	1.0000
20:3046279:AG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
20:3046280:GGTG:G	donor_loss	1.0000
20:3046281:G:A	donor_loss	1.0000
20:3046282:T:A	donor_loss	1.0000
20:3046515:C:G	donor_gain	1.0000
20:3046517:GCG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
20:3046518:CGGTG:C	donor_loss	1.0000
20:3046519:GGTG:G	donor_loss	1.0000
20:3046520:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
20:3046520:GTGC:G	donor_loss	1.0000
20:3046521:T:G	donor_loss	1.0000
20:3046609:CACA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
20:3046610:ACAG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
20:3046611:CA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
20:3046612:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
20:3046612:AG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
20:3046613:G:GT	acceptor_gain	1.0000
20:3046613:GG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
20:3046613:GGA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
20:3046613:GGAT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
20:3046613:GGATA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
20:3046720:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
20:3046720:G:T	donor_gain	1.0000
20:3046734:GCAGG:G	donor_loss	1.0000
20:3046736:AGGTG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
20:3046737:GG:G	donor_loss	1.0000
20:3046738:GTG:G	donor_loss	1.0000

AlphaMissense

1311 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
20:3046380:T:C	F74L	0.950
20:3046382:C:A	F74L	0.950
20:3046382:C:G	F74L	0.950
20:3047750:T:C	F167L	0.926
20:3047752:C:A	F167L	0.926
20:3047752:C:G	F167L	0.926
20:3046519:G:C	R120P	0.912
20:3047819:G:C	A190P	0.876
20:3047823:T:A	I191N	0.872
20:3046487:C:A	N109K	0.871
20:3046487:C:G	N109K	0.871
20:3047818:G:C	W189C	0.867
20:3047818:G:T	W189C	0.867
20:3047754:T:A	I168N	0.865
20:3046507:T:C	L116P	0.861
20:3046485:A:G	N109D	0.858
20:3047754:T:C	I168T	0.857
20:3046713:G:C	K153N	0.855
20:3046713:G:T	K153N	0.855
20:3047823:T:G	I191S	0.855
20:3046259:G:C	R64P	0.853
20:3047816:T:A	W189R	0.849
20:3047816:T:C	W189R	0.849
20:3046733:T:C	L160P	0.846
20:3047834:G:A	G195R	0.846
20:3047834:G:C	G195R	0.846
20:3046474:T:C	L105P	0.844
20:3047789:G:C	A180P	0.843
20:3046504:G:C	R115P	0.840
20:3046486:A:C	N109T	0.836

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000129573 (20:3046214 A>G,T), RS1000336589 (20:3047368 G>A), RS1000546524 (20:3047576 G>C), RS1000917831 (20:3047407 T>G), RS1002977246 (20:3045541 G>A,T), RS1003006702 (20:3045780 C>A,G,T), RS1004502117 (20:3046153 A>C,G), RS1004564797 (20:3044292 C>T), RS1004688656 (20:3047092 G>A), RS1006487686 (20:3045737 G>A,C), RS1006499670 (20:3048042 G>A,T), RS1006868855 (20:3045509 G>A), RS1006873486 (20:3044248 C>T), RS1007092634 (20:3047423 G>A), RS1007299797 (20:3045341 A>G)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:611988 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

0 associations (top):

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

33 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
sodium arsenite	increases expression, decreases expression, increases abundance	3
Acetaminophen	decreases expression, affects response to substance	3
Leflunomide	decreases expression	2
bisphenol A	decreases expression	1
cobaltous chloride	decreases expression	1
perfluorooctanoic acid	increases expression	1
2,3-bis(3’-hydroxybenzyl)butyrolactone	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
di-n-butylphosphoric acid	affects expression	1
2,3,5-(triglutathion-S-yl)hydroquinone	increases ADP-ribosylation	1
K 7174	decreases expression	1
bisphenol S	increases expression	1
jinfukang	increases expression	1
NSC 689534	affects binding, decreases expression	1
Temozolomide	increases expression	1
Arsenic	increases abundance, increases expression	1
Atrazine	decreases expression	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation	1
Copper	affects binding, decreases expression	1
Coumestrol	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Doxorubicin	decreases expression	1
Hydrogen Peroxide	affects expression	1
Lipopolysaccharides	decreases expression	1
Oxygen	decreases expression	1
Ribonucleotides	affects binding	1
Silver	decreases expression	1
Smoke	decreases expression	1
Thiram	decreases expression	1
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	decreases expression	1
Valproic Acid	affects expression	1
Aflatoxin B1	decreases methylation	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.