MSN

Summary

MSN (moesin, HGNC:7373) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome Xq12, encoding Moesin (P26038). Ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) family protein that connects the actin cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane and thereby regulates the structure and function of specific domains of the cell cortex.

Moesin (for membrane-organizing extension spike protein) is a member of the ERM family which includes ezrin and radixin. ERM proteins appear to function as cross-linkers between plasma membranes and actin-based cytoskeletons. Moesin is localized to filopodia and other membranous protrusions that are important for cell-cell recognition and signaling and for cell movement.

Source: NCBI Gene 4478 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): combined immunodeficiency due to moesin deficiency (Definitive, ClinGen)
• GWAS associations: 1
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 349 total — 12 pathogenic, 6 likely-pathogenic
• Phenotypes (HPO): 7
• Druggable target: yes
• Cancer driver (intOGen): loss-of-function (tumor-suppressor-like) across 4 cancer types
• MANE Select transcript: NM_002444

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:7373
Approved symbol	MSN
Name	moesin
Location	Xq12
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000147065
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	309845
Entrez	4478

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 21 — 10 protein_coding, 5 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined, 5 retained_intron, 1 nonsense_mediated_decay

ENST00000360270, ENST00000429601, ENST00000439474, ENST00000447323, ENST00000609205, ENST00000609672, ENST00000697133, ENST00000697134, ENST00000697135, ENST00000697136, ENST00000697137, ENST00000697138, ENST00000697139, ENST00000697140, ENST00000697141, ENST00000697142, ENST00000885865, ENST00000915048, ENST00000915049, ENST00000943362, ENST00000943363

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_002444 NM_002444

CCDS: CCDS14382

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000360270 — 13 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000978535	65727814	65727909
ENSE00000978536	65729438	65729712
ENSE00000978537	65731107	65731190
ENSE00000978538	65731838	65731984
ENSE00000978539	65733184	65733280
ENSE00001022049	65736795	65736925
ENSE00001707735	65735267	65735430
ENSE00003496799	65738970	65739194
ENSE00003577013	65738525	65738617
ENSE00003596103	65737178	65737338
ENSE00003969704	65667654	65667853
ENSE00003969709	65716818	65716901
ENSE00003969728	65739729	65741931

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 293 present calls, max score 99.55.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 24.3482 / max 290.9508, expressed in 1690 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (8 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
196538	12.8973	1629
196536	5.3659	1584
196539	3.5356	1383
196533	1.4178	415
196534	0.5121	82
196537	0.3335	145
196540	0.2455	125
196541	0.0405	11

Top tissues by expression

295 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
lower lobe of lung	UBERON:0008949	99.55	gold quality
monocyte	CL:0000576	99.40	gold quality
leukocyte	CL:0000738	99.40	gold quality
mononuclear cell	CL:0000842	99.39	gold quality
granulocyte	CL:0000094	99.38	gold quality
synovial joint	UBERON:0002217	99.36	gold quality
saphenous vein	UBERON:0007318	99.23	gold quality
layer of synovial tissue	UBERON:0007616	99.17	gold quality
right lung	UBERON:0002167	99.15	gold quality
vermiform appendix	UBERON:0001154	99.13	gold quality
blood vessel layer	UBERON:0004797	99.13	gold quality
lung	UBERON:0002048	99.11	gold quality
smooth muscle tissue	UBERON:0001135	99.09	gold quality
upper lobe of lung	UBERON:0008948	99.09	gold quality
blood	UBERON:0000178	99.05	gold quality
caecum	UBERON:0001153	99.05	gold quality
upper lobe of left lung	UBERON:0008952	99.05	gold quality
superficial temporal artery	UBERON:0001614	99.01	gold quality
right coronary artery	UBERON:0001625	98.98	gold quality
lymph node	UBERON:0000029	98.96	gold quality
thymus	UBERON:0002370	98.93	gold quality
descending thoracic aorta	UBERON:0002345	98.92	gold quality
trabecular bone tissue	UBERON:0002483	98.92	gold quality
thoracic aorta	UBERON:0001515	98.89	gold quality
ascending aorta	UBERON:0001496	98.88	gold quality
aorta	UBERON:0000947	98.86	gold quality
popliteal artery	UBERON:0002250	98.84	gold quality
tibial artery	UBERON:0007610	98.84	gold quality
decidua	UBERON:0002450	98.80	gold quality
penis	UBERON:0000989	98.75	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 13 experiment(s), a significant marker in 11.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-MTAB-8142	yes	151.59
E-CURD-122	yes	40.59
E-HCAD-10	yes	32.09
E-CURD-112	yes	19.64
E-GEOD-93593	yes	13.94
E-MTAB-9388	yes	12.20
E-GEOD-81547	yes	8.00
E-GEOD-83139	yes	7.34
E-ENAD-27	yes	6.35
E-MTAB-5061	yes	5.83
E-GEOD-70580	no	1221.31
E-MTAB-6819	no	350.76
E-ANND-3	no	0.00

Regulation

Is transcription factor: yes

Downstream targets (CollecTRI)

1 targets.

Target	Regulation
ICAM1	Activation

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): MYC, ROCK2

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

174 targeting MSN, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-200B-3P	100.00	73.31	2693
HSA-MIR-200C-3P	100.00	73.35	2685
HSA-MIR-429	100.00	73.44	2698
HSA-MIR-3064-3P	100.00	70.09	1254
HSA-MIR-513A-5P	100.00	69.77	2465
HSA-MIR-548AW	99.99	72.57	3559
HSA-MIR-4500	99.99	72.72	2367
HSA-MIR-3185	99.99	68.12	1959
HSA-MIR-10401-5P	99.99	65.79	948
HSA-MIR-513B-5P	99.99	69.96	2150
HSA-LET-7A-5P	99.98	72.29	1790
HSA-LET-7B-5P	99.98	72.31	1790
HSA-LET-7C-5P	99.98	72.29	1790
HSA-LET-7E-5P	99.98	72.29	1790
HSA-LET-7F-5P	99.98	72.56	1784
HSA-LET-7G-5P	99.98	72.37	1784
HSA-LET-7I-5P	99.98	72.37	1788
HSA-MIR-98-5P	99.98	72.33	1787
HSA-MIR-27A-3P	99.98	72.13	2955
HSA-MIR-27B-3P	99.98	72.13	2955
HSA-MIR-9985	99.98	72.11	2939
HSA-MIR-1468-3P	99.96	72.74	3797
HSA-LET-7D-5P	99.96	71.76	1632
HSA-MIR-4458	99.96	71.64	1650
HSA-MIR-590-3P	99.96	74.34	6478
HSA-MIR-551B-5P	99.96	71.28	3493
HSA-MIR-6778-3P	99.96	67.29	2693
HSA-MIR-96-5P	99.95	72.80	2140
HSA-MIR-559	99.95	72.28	3609
HSA-MIR-548AB	99.95	71.31	3488

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• amino-terminal domains of the ezrin, radixin, and moesin (ERM) proteins bind advanced glycation end products and have a role in diabetes (PMID:12734202)
• PECAM-1 co-localized with moesin at the cell periphery and in filopodia of glass-activated platelets; moesin may play a role in platelet adhesion, linking PECAM-1 with the actin cytoskeleton (PMID:12850829)
• moesin has a role in lymph node metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (PMID:14760079)
• important role in lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-alpha production, particularly in lipopolysaccharide-mediated signal transduction (PMID:15039356)
• ezrin/radixin/moesin proteins are recruited by NHE1 Na+/H+ exchanger and have roles in regulating Akt-dependent cell survival (PMID:15096511)
• All three ERM family members can localise to the nucleus; a specific nuclear localisation sequence, which is conserved and functional in all ERM family members, is identified, implying specific regulated nuclear import. (PMID:15149851)
• there is nucleotide variation at Msn and Alas2 on the X chromosome (PMID:15166166)
• results suggest that ezrin-radixin-moesin proteins are required for microvillar positioning of L-selectin and that this is important both for leukocyte tethering and L-selectin shedding (PMID:15178693)
• Ezrin, radixin and moesin are ADP-ribosylated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoS (PMID:15252013)
• Expression of ExoS in HeLa cells led to a loss of phosphorylation of Ezrin/radixin/moesin proteins that was dependent upon the expression of ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. (PMID:16889625)
• early phagosome maturation was shown to depend on activation of Rho acting through Rho kinase on ezrin-radixin-moesin proteins (PMID:16908865)
• B-cell response to moesin, possibly derived from hematopoietic cells, frequently occurs in patients with acquired aplastic anemia (PMID:17110458)
• moesin negatively regulates stable microtubule networks and is a natural determinant of cellular sensitivity to retroviral infection (PMID:17170707)
• increased CD44, ezrin, radixin, and moesin phosphorylation represents a key molecular abnormality that guides T cell adhesion and migration in SLE patients. (PMID:17237445)
• MSN was differentially expressed in sclerotic hippocampi compared to non-sclerotic ones. (PMID:17515952)
• Moesin protein expression is a basal marker in breast tumors. Moesin expression was nearly an independent prognostic marker of poor outcome (PMID:17594689)
• the ezrin, radixin, and moesin proteins function as positive regulators of infection by X4-tropic HIV-1 (PMID:18295815)
• Phosphorylation of ezrin/moesin by ROCK is involved in the early steps of apoptotic signaling following Fas receptor triggering and regulates apoptosis induction in Jurkat cells. (PMID:18941185)
• functional alterations of moesin may be involved in pathological disorders associated with clathrin-mediated internalization or receptor recycling (PMID:19047065)
• Results suggest that activated moesin promotes F-actin redistribution and CD4-CXCR4 clustering and is also required for efficient X4-tropic HIV-1 infection in permissive lymphocytes. (PMID:19066282)
• No aspects of T cell receptor signaling uniquely require transgenic ezrin or moesin; instead, T cell activation appears to depend on net ezrin, radixin, and moesin (ERM) protein expression, while ezrin and moesin function together. (PMID:19124745)
• In Vitro and in Vivo Characterization of Molecular Interactions between Calmodulin, Ezrin/Radixin/Moesin, and L-selectin (PMID:19129194)
• c14orf166 was identified asa novel metastasis-associated protein, and the roles of radixin, moesin and c14orf166 in pancreatic cancer metastasis deserve further investigations. (PMID:19152423)
• These studies identify a new ERM kinase of importance in lymphocytes and confirm the role of ezrin-radixin-moesin phosphorylation in regulating cell shape and motility. (PMID:19255442)
• Moesin is a phenotypic marker for anaplastic carcinoma. (PMID:19432821)
• expression of moesin delays senescence of human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (PMID:19555429)
• Moesin is crucial for invasion by melanoma cells in 3D matrices and in early lung colonization. (PMID:19723803)
• Data show that stimulation of the NK cell-expressed tetraspanin CD81 induces phosphorylation of ezrin/radixin/moesin proteins and leads to NK cell polarization thereby facilitating NK cell migration toward various chemokines/cytokines. (PMID:19830727)
• Ezrin, radixin, and moesin proteins are physiological substrates of the kinase activity of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2). (PMID:19890007)
• Data show that TNF-alpha induces the formation of fibrotic foci by cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells through activation of transforming growth factor-TGF-beta signaling in a manner dependent on hyaluronan-CD44-moesin interaction. (PMID:19965872)
• Findings suggest that there is a functional association between moesin expression and cellular senescence. (PMID:20376899)
• Results suggest that VEGF-C promoted cervical cancer metastasis by upregulation and activation of moesin protein through RhoA/ROCK-2 pathway. (PMID:20429915)
• important role in the innate immune response and toll-like receptor 4-mediated pattern recognition in periodontal disease (PMID:20546116)
• Results demonstrate a new regulatory mechanism of ezrin-radixin-moesin phosphorylation by sphingolipids with opposing actions of ceramide and sphingosine 1-phosphate. (PMID:20679347)
• Data suggest that ezrin-radixin-moesin proteins are involved in the spatial regulation of Epac1 and cooperate with cAMP- and Rap-mediated signaling to regulate adhesion to the extracellular matrix. (PMID:20855527)
• This study provides the novel evidence that increased phosphorylation of Ezrin/radixin/moesin proteins may contribute to proliferation of rheumatoid fibroblast-like synoviocytes. (PMID:21278069)
• Dysregulation of the ezrin/radixin/moesin-RAGE complex might be an important step in rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton during proinflammatory cytokine-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of human alveolar epithelial cells. (PMID:21278261)
• ezrin, radixin and moesin play similar roles in the tumor cell metastatic potential and their roles of upregulating the expression of E-cadherin may be important in tumor progression (PMID:21352885)
• Knockdown of ERM family member moesin in host cells increases HIV type 1 replication. (PMID:21486194)
• PDZD8 is a novel moesin-interacting protein that suppresses infection by herpes simplex virus type 1. (PMID:21549406)

Cross-species orthologs

3 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Msn	ENSMUSG00000031207
rattus_norvegicus	Msn	ENSRNOG00000030118
drosophila_melanogaster	Moe	FBGN0011661

Paralogs (6): EZR (ENSG00000092820), FRMD4B (ENSG00000114541), ERMN (ENSG00000136541), RDX (ENSG00000137710), FRMD4A (ENSG00000151474), NF2 (ENSG00000186575)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Moesin — P26038 (reviewed: P26038)

Alternative names: Membrane-organizing extension spike protein

All UniProt accessions (5): P26038, A0A8V8TKQ0, A0A8V8TKR9, V9GZ54, V9HWC0

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM) family protein that connects the actin cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane and thereby regulates the structure and function of specific domains of the cell cortex. Tethers actin filaments by oscillating between a resting and an activated state providing transient interactions between moesin and the actin cytoskeleton. Once phosphorylated on its C-terminal threonine, moesin is activated leading to interaction with F-actin and cytoskeletal rearrangement. These rearrangements regulate many cellular processes, including cell shape determination, membrane transport, and signal transduction. The role of moesin is particularly important in immunity acting on both T and B-cells homeostasis and self-tolerance, regulating lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs. Modulates phagolysosomal biogenesis in macrophages. Also participates in immunologic synapse formation.

Subunit / interactions. In resting T-cells, part of a PAG1-NHERF1-MSN complex which is disrupted upon TCR activation. Interacts with NHERF1. Interacts with PPP1R16B. Interacts with SELPLG and SYK; these interactions mediate the activation of SYK by SELPLG. Interacts with PDPN (via cytoplasmic domain); this interaction activates RHOA and promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Interacts with SPN/CD43 cytoplasmic tail. Interacts with CD44. Interacts with ICAM2. Interacts with ICAM3 (via C-terminus). Interacts with PDZD8. Interacts with F-actin. Interacts with CD46. Interacts with PTPN6. (Microbial infection) Interacts with HIV-1 envelope protein gp120.

Subcellular location. Cell membrane. Cytoplasm. Cytoskeleton. Apical cell membrane. Cell projection. Microvillus membrane. Microvillus.

Tissue specificity. In all tissues and cultured cells studied.

Post-translational modifications. Phosphorylation on Thr-558 is crucial for the formation of microvilli-like structures. Phosphorylation by ROCK2 suppresses the head-to-tail association of the N-terminal and C-terminal halves resulting in an opened conformation which is capable of actin and membrane-binding. Phosphorylation on Thr-558 by STK10 negatively regulates lymphocyte migration and polarization. S-nitrosylation of Cys-117 is induced by interferon-gamma and oxidatively-modified low-densitity lipoprotein (LDL(ox)) implicating the iNOS-S100A8/9 transnitrosylase complex.

Disease relevance. Immunodeficiency 50 (IMD50) [MIM:300988] A primary immunodeficiency disorder characterized by onset of recurrent bacterial or varicella zoster virus infections in early childhood, profound lymphopenia, hypogammaglobulinemia, fluctuating monocytopenia and neutropenia, and a poor immune response to vaccine antigens. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Activity regulation. A head-to-tail association, of the N-terminal and C-terminal halves results in a closed conformation (inactive form) which is incapable of actin or membrane-binding.

Domain organisation. The [IL]-x-C-x-x-[DE] motif is a proposed target motif for cysteine S-nitrosylation mediated by the iNOS-S100A8/A9 transnitrosylase complex.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_002435* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000299	FERM_domain	Domain
IPR000798	Ez/rad/moesin-like	Family
IPR008954	Moesin_tail_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR011174	ERM	Family
IPR011259	ERM_C_dom	Domain
IPR011993	PH-like_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR014352	FERM/acyl-CoA-bd_prot_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR018979	FERM_N	Domain
IPR018980	FERM_PH-like_C	Domain
IPR019747	FERM_CS	Conserved_site
IPR019748	FERM_central	Domain
IPR019749	Band_41_domain	Domain
IPR029071	Ubiquitin-like_domsf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR035963	FERM_2	Homologous_superfamily
IPR041789	ERM_FERM_C	Domain
IPR046810	ERM_helical	Domain

Pfam: PF00373, PF00769, PF09379, PF09380, PF20492

UniProt features (65 total): helix 18, strand 15, modified residue 10, mutagenesis site 6, turn 5, region of interest 3, compositionally biased region 3, initiator methionine 1, chain 1, domain 1, sequence variant 1, short sequence motif 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

10 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
8CIS	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.52
6TXQ	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.73
8XZ5	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.8
8CIR	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.85
1EF1	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.9
6TXS	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.2
8CIU	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.39
8CIT	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.54
1E5W	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.7
1SGH	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	3.5

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P26038-F1	86.77	0.62

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Post-translational modifications (10): 74, 79, 83, 116, 117, 139, 165, 407, 527, 558

Mutagenesis-validated functional residues (6):

Position	Phenotype
115	inhibits s-nitrosylation of cys-117; when associated with m-120.
120	inhibits s-nitrosylation of cys-117; when associated with m-115.
556	impairs phosphorylation by stk10.
558	abolishes phosphorylation by stk10.
558	completely abolishes the interaction between n- and c-terminal domains.
558	phosphomimetic mutant.

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

19 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-437239	Recycling pathway of L1
R-HSA-8950505	Gene and protein expression by JAK-STAT signaling after Interleukin-12 stimulation
R-HSA-9662360	Sensory processing of sound by inner hair cells of the cochlea
R-HSA-9662361	Sensory processing of sound by outer hair cells of the cochlea
R-HSA-9725370	Signaling by ALK fusions and activated point mutants
R-HSA-1266738	Developmental Biology
R-HSA-1280215	Cytokine Signaling in Immune system
R-HSA-1643685	Disease
R-HSA-168256	Immune System
R-HSA-373760	L1CAM interactions
R-HSA-422475	Axon guidance
R-HSA-447115	Interleukin-12 family signaling
R-HSA-449147	Signaling by Interleukins
R-HSA-5663202	Diseases of signal transduction by growth factor receptors and second messengers
R-HSA-9020591	Interleukin-12 signaling
R-HSA-9659379	Sensory processing of sound
R-HSA-9675108	Nervous system development
R-HSA-9700206	Signaling by ALK in cancer
R-HSA-9709957	Sensory Perception

MSigDB gene sets: 430 (showing top): GSE45365_NK_CELL_VS_CD11B_DC_DN, GSE45365_NK_CELL_VS_CD8A_DC_UP, GOBP_MORPHOGENESIS_OF_AN_EPITHELIUM, GGGACCA_MIR133A_MIR133B, GOBP_ENDOTHELIAL_CELL_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_EPITHELIUM_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_ESTABLISHMENT_OR_MAINTENANCE_OF_MONOPOLAR_CELL_POLARITY, GNF2_MSN, GOBP_GLAND_MORPHOGENESIS, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_CELL_MORPHOGENESIS, GOBP_ESTABLISHMENT_OR_MAINTENANCE_OF_CELL_POLARITY, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_PODOSOME_ASSEMBLY, REACTOME_CYTOKINE_SIGNALING_IN_IMMUNE_SYSTEM, GCM_MSN, GOBP_EPITHELIAL_CELL_DEVELOPMENT

GO Biological Process (20): immunological synapse formation (GO:0001771), leukocyte cell-cell adhesion (GO:0007159), regulation of cell shape (GO:0008360), regulation of cell size (GO:0008361), positive regulation of gene expression (GO:0010628), gland morphogenesis (GO:0022612), membrane to membrane docking (GO:0022614), T cell proliferation (GO:0042098), establishment of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity (GO:0045198), positive regulation of protein catabolic process (GO:0045732), leukocyte migration (GO:0050900), establishment of endothelial barrier (GO:0061028), T cell aggregation (GO:0070489), positive regulation of podosome assembly (GO:0071803), T cell migration (GO:0072678), regulation of organelle assembly (GO:1902115), positive regulation of protein localization to early endosome (GO:1902966), regulation of lymphocyte migration (GO:2000401), positive regulation of early endosome to late endosome transport (GO:2000643), cytoskeleton organization (GO:0007010)

GO Molecular Function (9): double-stranded RNA binding (GO:0003725), actin binding (GO:0003779), signaling receptor binding (GO:0005102), structural constituent of cytoskeleton (GO:0005200), enzyme binding (GO:0019899), protein kinase binding (GO:0019901), cell adhesion molecule binding (GO:0050839), protein binding (GO:0005515), cytoskeletal protein binding (GO:0008092)

GO Cellular Component (24): uropod (GO:0001931), obsolete extracellular space (GO:0005615), nucleus (GO:0005634), cytoplasm (GO:0005737), cytosol (GO:0005829), cytoskeleton (GO:0005856), plasma membrane (GO:0005886), microvillus (GO:0005902), adherens junction (GO:0005912), focal adhesion (GO:0005925), cell surface (GO:0009986), basolateral plasma membrane (GO:0016323), apical plasma membrane (GO:0016324), filopodium (GO:0030175), pseudopodium (GO:0031143), microvillus membrane (GO:0031528), vesicle (GO:0031982), apical part of cell (GO:0045177), perinuclear region of cytoplasm (GO:0048471), extracellular exosome (GO:0070062), cell periphery (GO:0071944), blood microparticle (GO:0072562), membrane (GO:0016020), cell projection (GO:0042995)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-14 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Sensory processing of sound	2
L1CAM interactions	1
Interleukin-12 signaling	1
Signaling by ALK in cancer	1
Immune System	1
Axon guidance	1
Nervous system development	1
Signaling by Interleukins	1
Cytokine Signaling in Immune system	1
Disease	1
Interleukin-12 family signaling	1
Sensory Perception	1
Developmental Biology	1
Diseases of signal transduction by growth factor receptors and second messengers	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	5
protein binding	4
lymphocyte migration	2
plasma membrane bounded cell projection	2
cytoplasm	2
actin-based cell projection	2
plasma membrane region	2
cell-cell recognition	1
lymphocyte activation	1
cell-cell adhesion	1
regulation of cell morphogenesis	1
regulation of biological quality	1
regulation of cellular component size	1
gene expression	1
regulation of gene expression	1
positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process	1
animal organ morphogenesis	1
gland development	1
membrane docking	1
T cell activation	1
lymphocyte proliferation	1
polarized epithelial cell differentiation	1
establishment of apical/basal cell polarity	1
establishment or maintenance of epithelial cell apical/basal polarity	1
establishment of epithelial cell polarity	1
positive regulation of catabolic process	1
protein catabolic process	1
regulation of protein catabolic process	1
positive regulation of protein metabolic process	1
immune system process	1
cell migration	1
endothelial cell development	1
lymphocyte aggregation	1
positive regulation of protein-containing complex assembly	1
podosome assembly	1
regulation of podosome assembly	1
positive regulation of plasma membrane bounded cell projection assembly	1
regulation of organelle organization	1
regulation of cellular component biogenesis	1
organelle assembly	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

2812 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
MSN	NHERF1	O14745	997
MSN	CD44	P16070	992
MSN	EZR	P15311	983
MSN	RDX	P35241	983
MSN	SLC9A1	P19634	974
MSN	SPN	P16150	942
MSN	ICAM1	P05362	910
MSN	NHERF2	Q15599	897
MSN	VCL	P18206	873
MSN	ICAM2	P13598	850
MSN	PDPN	Q86YL7	835
MSN	CD46	P15529	816
MSN	SELL	P14151	811
MSN	FLNA	P21333	796
MSN	RHOA	P06749	793

IntAct

213 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
LRRK2	MSN	psi-mi:“MI:0217”(phosphorylation reaction)	0.960
MSN	LRRK2	psi-mi:“MI:0217”(phosphorylation reaction)	0.960
EZR	MSN	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.740
CFTR	ESYT2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.710
SEC23A	SEC24D	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.690
NHERF1	MSN	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.680
NHERF1	MSN	psi-mi:“MI:0403”(colocalization)	0.680
NHERF1	MSN	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.680
IGF1R	PIK3R2	psi-mi:“MI:2364”(proximity)	0.590
Map4k4	MSN	psi-mi:“MI:0217”(phosphorylation reaction)	0.560
Map4k4	MSN	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.560
LMO2	MSN	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
PLEK	CAVIN2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.560
MAPK10	HAX1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.550

BioGRID (418): MSN (Affinity Capture-MS), MSN (Affinity Capture-MS), VPS11 (Reconstituted Complex), ACAA2 (Co-fractionation), AKR1B1 (Co-fractionation), ARHGDIA (Co-fractionation), CALR (Co-fractionation), CALU (Co-fractionation), CD2AP (Co-fractionation), CTNNB1 (Co-fractionation), EIF5AL1 (Co-fractionation), ENO1 (Co-fractionation), ENO2 (Co-fractionation), FABP5 (Co-fractionation), FAXC (Co-fractionation)

ESM2 similar proteins: B0DOB5, B0WYY2, H2KZZ6, O35346, O35763, O35889, P0C1G6, P15311, P26038, P26040, P26041, P26042, P26043, P26044, P31976, P31977, P35240, P35241, P36583, P46150, P46662, P52962, P55196, P59750, Q05397, Q12929, Q15057, Q170J7, Q18685, Q24564, Q29GR8, Q2HJ49, Q32LP2, Q3UU96, Q5R4H4, Q63648, Q66I42, Q6A028, Q6IVG4, Q7PGE8

Diamond homologs: B0WYY2, B2RYE5, O35763, O43491, O70318, P12264, P15311, P26038, P26040, P26041, P26042, P26043, P26044, P26045, P29074, P31976, P31977, P35240, P35241, P46150, P46662, P52962, P59750, P86232, Q12923, Q170J7, Q24564, Q29GR8, Q2HJ49, Q32LP2, Q58CU2, Q5FVG2, Q63648, Q66I42, Q7PS12, Q8BGS1, Q8HZQ5, Q8WY64, Q9H329, Q9HCM4

SIGNOR signaling

9 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
LRRK2	“up-regulates activity”	MSN	phosphorylation
MSN	“form complex”	MSN/PDZD8	binding
STK10	“up-regulates activity”	MSN	phosphorylation
PRKCQ	unknown	MSN	phosphorylation
CDC42BPB	“up-regulates activity”	MSN	phosphorylation
RHOA	“up-regulates activity”	MSN	phosphorylation
MSN	up-regulates	Platelet_aggregation
ROCK1	“up-regulates activity”	MSN	phosphorylation

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 171 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
Antigen Presentation: Folding, assembly and peptide loading of class I MHC	6	19.9×	4e-04
Turbulent (oscillatory, disturbed) flow shear stress activates signaling by PIEZO1 and integrins in endothelial cells	5	15.0×	4e-03
Signaling by ALK fusions and activated point mutants	6	7.6×	9e-03
SARS-CoV-2-host interactions	7	7.0×	7e-03
SARS-CoV-2 activates/modulates innate and adaptive immune responses	9	6.8×	2e-03
Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-13 signaling	7	6.0×	1e-02
Signaling by Interleukins	11	5.9×	1e-03
SARS-CoV-2 Infection	8	5.4×	9e-03

GO biological processes:

GO term	Partners	Fold	FDR
peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation	6	17.2×	7e-04
leukocyte cell-cell adhesion	5	15.9×	4e-03
endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport	9	8.3×	7e-04
protein autophosphorylation	7	6.9×	9e-03
protein phosphorylation	13	6.0×	4e-04
in utero embryonic development	10	4.9×	7e-03

Disease & clinical

Cancer significance

From intOGen — cancer-driver classification: loss-of-function (tumor-suppressor-like) across 4 cancer types — BCC, CCRCC, ESCA, ESCC.

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

349 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	12
Likely pathogenic	6
Uncertain significance	118
Likely benign	93
Benign	27

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (18)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
1252064	NM_002444.3(MSN):c.1056del (p.Lys352fs)	Pathogenic
1482598	NM_002444.3(MSN):c.1114del (p.Ala372fs)	Pathogenic
2017647	NM_002444.3(MSN):c.49G>T (p.Glu17Ter)	Pathogenic
2019813	NM_002444.3(MSN):c.1174_1183dup (p.Glu395fs)	Pathogenic
2036029	NM_002444.3(MSN):c.586C>T (p.Gln196Ter)	Pathogenic
2101770	NM_002444.3(MSN):c.1303C>T (p.Arg435Ter)	Pathogenic
2729282	NM_002444.3(MSN):c.504G>A (p.Trp168Ter)	Pathogenic
2758658	NM_002444.3(MSN):c.585_586dup (p.Gln196fs)	Pathogenic
3639773	NM_002444.3(MSN):c.1471dup (p.Ser491fs)	Pathogenic
372154	NM_002444.3(MSN):c.511C>T (p.Arg171Trp)	Pathogenic
4714962	NM_002444.3(MSN):c.1279C>T (p.Arg427Ter)	Pathogenic
4803753	NM_002444.3(MSN):c.1348C>T (p.Gln450Ter)	Pathogenic
2130284	NM_002444.3(MSN):c.13-1G>A	Likely pathogenic
3337322	NM_002444.3(MSN):c.1638_1648del (p.Glu547fs)	Likely pathogenic
3653117	NM_002444.3(MSN):c.1251+1G>A	Likely pathogenic
372155	NM_002444.3(MSN):c.1657C>T (p.Arg553Ter)	Likely pathogenic
636909	NM_002444.3(MSN):c.1580C>A (p.Ser527Ter)	Likely pathogenic
804017	NM_002444.3(MSN):c.1601A>C (p.Asp534Ala)	Likely pathogenic

SpliceAI

1625 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
X:65667852:CGG:C	donor_loss	1.0000
X:65667853:GGT:G	donor_loss	1.0000
X:65667854:G:A	donor_loss	1.0000
X:65667855:T:G	donor_loss	1.0000
X:65667856:GAGT:G	donor_loss	1.0000
X:65716811:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:65716812:T:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:65716813:CCTA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
X:65716814:CTAG:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
X:65716815:TA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
X:65716816:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:65716817:G:GA	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:65716817:GA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:65716817:GAT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:65716817:GATC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:65716817:GATCA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:65716900:AGGT:A	donor_loss	1.0000
X:65716901:GGTA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
X:65716902:GTAA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
X:65716903:T:A	donor_loss	1.0000
X:65727808:TTCTA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
X:65727809:TCTA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
X:65727810:CTAG:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
X:65727811:TAGGT:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
X:65727812:AGG:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
X:65727906:GAAG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
X:65727906:GAAGG:G	donor_loss	1.0000
X:65727907:AAGGT:A	donor_loss	1.0000
X:65727908:AGGTA:A	donor_loss	1.0000
X:65727909:GGT:G	donor_loss	1.0000

AlphaMissense

3849 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
X:65716845:G:C	A14P	1.000
X:65716852:T:C	L16P	1.000
X:65716857:T:C	F18L	1.000
X:65716858:T:C	F18S	1.000
X:65716859:T:A	F18L	1.000
X:65716859:T:G	F18L	1.000
X:65716881:G:A	G26R	1.000
X:65716881:G:C	G26R	1.000
X:65716881:G:T	G26W	1.000
X:65716882:G:A	G26E	1.000
X:65716882:G:T	G26V	1.000
X:65716891:T:C	L29P	1.000
X:65727836:G:T	R40M	1.000
X:65727837:G:C	R40S	1.000
X:65727837:G:T	R40S	1.000
X:65727838:G:A	E41K	1.000
X:65727839:A:T	E41V	1.000
X:65727844:T:A	W43R	1.000
X:65727844:T:C	W43R	1.000
X:65727853:G:C	G46R	1.000
X:65727854:G:A	G46D	1.000
X:65727857:T:C	L47P	1.000
X:65727889:T:A	W58R	1.000
X:65727889:T:C	W58R	1.000
X:65727893:T:C	L59P	1.000
X:65729495:T:C	F84L	1.000
X:65729497:C:A	F84L	1.000
X:65729497:C:G	F84L	1.000
X:65729502:C:A	P86H	1.000
X:65729596:C:G	C117W	1.000

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000017058 (X:65654420 T>G), RS1000018452 (X:65590074 C>A,T), RS1000026245 (X:65648638 C>A,T), RS1000027004 (X:65707886 T>C), RS1000058383 (X:65707385 A>G), RS1000123873 (X:65604016 GT>G), RS1000169570 (X:65623134 T>C), RS1000170588 (X:65698827 G>C), RS1000185662 (X:65699251 G>A,T), RS1000194836 (X:65640349 G>C), RS1000209736 (X:65640007 G>A), RS1000223920 (X:65626836 C>G), RS1000269771 (X:65598076 C>G), RS1000285093 (X:65691802 G>A,T), RS1000337104 (X:65691526 T>A,C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:309845 | disease phenotypes: MIM:300988, MIM:209850

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
combined immunodeficiency due to moesin deficiency	Strong	X-linked

ClinGen Gene-Disease Validity (1)

Expert-panel classifications — Definitive > Strong > Moderate > Limited > Disputed > Refuted.

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
combined immunodeficiency due to moesin deficiency	Definitive	XL

Mondo (2): combined immunodeficiency due to moesin deficiency (MONDO:0010514), autism (MONDO:0005260)

Orphanet (1): Combined immunodeficiency due to Moesin deficiency (Orphanet:504530)

HPO phenotypes

7 total (8 of 7 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0000010	Recurrent urinary tract infections
HP:0000964	Eczematoid dermatitis
HP:0001419	X-linked recessive inheritance
HP:0001875	Decreased total neutrophil count
HP:0001888	Decreased total lymphocyte count
HP:0002205	Recurrent respiratory infections
HP:0004313	Decreased circulating immunoglobulin concentration
HP:0000717	Autism

GWAS associations

1 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST006661_188	Male-pattern baldness	4.000000e-09

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D001321	Autistic Disorder	F03.625.164.113.500

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (2): CHEMBL4295733 (SINGLE PROTEIN), CHEMBL5465400 (PROTEIN-PROTEIN INTERACTION)

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

ChEMBL bioactivities

4 potent at pChembl≥5 of 8 total, top 4 by pChembl (potency: 10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM).

pChembl	Type	Value	Unit	Molecule
6.59	Kd	256.4	nM	CHEMBL5653589
6.59	ED50	256.4	nM	CHEMBL5653589
5.44	IC50	3600	nM	CHEMBL244695
5.00	IC50	1e+04	nM	CHEMBL271690

PubChem BioAssay actives

3 with measured affinity, of 9 total; 3 most potent distinct compounds. Largely complementary to BindingDB; screening values are coarse (µM, 4 dp), so sub-nM hits tie at the floor.

Compound	Assay	Type	Value	Unit
4-methyl-3-[(2-methyl-6-pyridin-3-ylpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino]-N-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]benzamide	2148787: Binding affinity to human MSN incubated for 45 mins by Kinobead based pull down assay	kd	0.2565	uM
3a,4,5,9b-tetrahydro-3H-cyclopenta[c]quinoline-4,8-dicarboxylic acid	2037711: Inhibition of full-length human GST-tagged MSN/Venus-Flag-tagged CD44 interaction over-expressed in HEK293 cells incubated for 1 hr by chromatography-based GST-pulldown assay	ic50	3.6000	uM
6-carbamoyl-3a,4,5,9b-tetrahydro-3H-cyclopenta[c]quinoline-4-carboxylic acid	2037711: Inhibition of full-length human GST-tagged MSN/Venus-Flag-tagged CD44 interaction over-expressed in HEK293 cells incubated for 1 hr by chromatography-based GST-pulldown assay	ic50	10.0000	uM

CTD chemical–gene interactions

61 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
bisphenol A	affects cotreatment, decreases methylation, decreases expression	3
sodium arsenite	affects cotreatment, increases abundance, increases expression	3
bisphenol S	increases expression	2
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases methylation, decreases methylation, increases expression	2
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	affects expression, increases expression	2
aristolochic acid I	increases expression	1
FR900359	increases phosphorylation	1
bisphenol F	increases expression	1
dicrotophos	decreases expression	1
2,4,6-tribromophenol	decreases expression	1
testosterone enanthate	affects expression	1
triphenyl phosphate	affects expression	1
pyrogallol 1,3-dimethyl ether	affects cotreatment, affects localization, increases expression, decreases expression	1
quercitrin	affects expression	1
arsenite	affects binding, decreases reaction	1
manganese chloride	affects cotreatment, increases abundance, increases expression	1
benzo(e)pyrene	increases methylation	1
ferrous chloride	increases expression	1
triphenyltin	increases expression	1
cupric oxide	increases expression	1
tributyltinisothiocyanate	increases expression	1
CGP 52608	increases reaction, affects binding	1
chloropicrin	affects expression	1
tanespimycin	increases expression	1
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
ICG 001	decreases expression	1
bisphenol B	increases expression	1
LDN 193189	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
bisphenol AF	increases expression	1
4-(4-((5-(4,5-dimethyl-2-nitrophenyl)-2-furanyl)methylene)-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzoic acid	decreases expression	1

ChEMBL screening assays

4 unique, capped per target: 4 binding

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL4119031	Binding	Binding affinity to MSN in human NCI-H358 cells at 1 uM by mass spectrometry based pull down assay	Studies of TAK1-centered polypharmacology with novel covalent TAK1 inhibitors. — Bioorg Med Chem

Cellosaurus cell lines

2 cell lines: 2 cancer cell line

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

Cellosaurus	Name	Category	Sex
CVCL_B9VN	Abcam HeLa MSN KO	Cancer cell line	Female
CVCL_SZ06	HAP1 MSN (-)	Cancer cell line	Male

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

300 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00211796	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Divalproex Sodium ER in Adult Autism
NCT00391261	PHASE4	COMPLETED	An Open-label Trial of Metformin for Weight Control of Pediatric Patients on Antipsychotic Medications.
NCT00409747	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Minocycline to Treat Childhood Regressive Autism
NCT00576732	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Study of the Effectiveness and Safety of Two Doses of Risperidone in the Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Autistic Disorder
NCT00844753	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Atomoxetine, Placebo and Parent Management Training in Autism
NCT01028820	PHASE4	COMPLETED	FMRI Brain Activation of Aripiprazole Treatment in Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT01098383	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Treatment With Acetyl-Choline Esterase Inhibitors in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT01333865	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Study of Memantine Hydrochloride (Namenda®) for Cognitive and Behavioral Impairment in Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT01337700	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Milnacipran in Autism and the Functional Locus Coeruleus and Noradrenergic Model of Autism
NCT01695200	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT02069977	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Aripiprazole
NCT02096952	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Methylphenidate ER Liquid Formulation in Adults With ASD and ADHD
NCT02199925	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	An Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of High-Dose Gammaplex in Children on the Autism Spectrum
NCT02235467	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Multisite Study: Parental Training Using Video Modelling to Develop Social Skills in Children With Autism
NCT02255565	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Dose Response Effects of Quillivant XR in Children With ADHD and Autism: A Pilot Study
NCT02940574	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Neural and Behavioral Effects of Oxytocin in Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT03333629	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Promoting Positive Outcomes for Individuals With ASD: Linking Early Detection, Treatment, and Long-term Outcomes
NCT03337646	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Evaluation of the Effect and Safety of Lisdexamfetamine in Children Aged 6-12 With ADHD and Autism
NCT03538431	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Improving Driving in Young People With Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT03757585	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Natural Treatments for the Management of Emotional Dysregulation in Youth With Non-verbal Learning Disability (NVLD) and/or Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)
NCT04903353	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Pragmatic Trial Comparing Weight Gain in Children With Autism Taking Risperidone Versus Aripiprazole
NCT05063656	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Biomarker-Driven Pharmacological Treatment of Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder With Gabapentin
NCT05146245	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Antipsychotics in Children 2: Studying TDM in an RCT
NCT05916339	PHASE4	RECRUITING	AWARE: Management of ADHD in Autism Spectrum Disorder
NCT05954052	PHASE4	TERMINATED	A Study of Glutathione in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
NCT06853665	PHASE4	RECRUITING	The TEAM Study - Treatment Efficacy for Autism/Attention Using Mixed Amphetamine
NCT07054697	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Pilot-RCT With Individualized Homeopathic Treatment in the Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
NCT07161804	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Pilot RCT Using Homeopathic Medicines in ASD
NCT07439042	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Buspirone for Anxiety in Autistic Youth
NCT00036231	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Synthetic Human Secretin in Children With Autism and Gastrointestinal Dysfunction
NCT00036244	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Synthetic Human Secretin in Children With Autism
NCT00065884	PHASE3	UNKNOWN	Valproate Response in Aggressive Autistic Adolescents
NCT00065962	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Secretin for the Treatment of Autism
NCT00252603	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Galantamine Versus Placebo in Childhood Autism
NCT00346736	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Use of Acupuncture In Children With Autistic Spectrum Disorder
NCT00352248	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Randomized Controlled Trial of Acupuncture Versus Sham Acupuncture in Autistic Spectrum Disorder
NCT00352352	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Use of Acupuncture In Children With Autistic Spectrum Disorder
NCT00355329	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Randomized Control Trial of Using Tongue Acupuncture in Autistic Spectrum Disorder Using PET Scan for Clinical Correlation
NCT00498173	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Effectiveness of Atomoxetine in Treating ADHD Symptoms in Children and Adolescents With Autism
NCT00541346	PHASE3	COMPLETED	A Pilot Study of Daytrana TM in Children With Autism Co-Morbid for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Symptoms