MTF1

Summary

MTF1 (metal regulatory transcription factor 1, HGNC:7428) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 1p34.3, encoding Metal regulatory transcription factor 1 (Q14872). Zinc-dependent transcriptional regulator of cellular adaption to conditions of exposure to heavy metals. It is a selective cancer dependency (DepMap: 10.6% of cell lines).

This gene encodes a transcription factor that induces expression of metallothioneins and other genes involved in metal homeostasis in response to heavy metals such as cadmium, zinc, copper, and silver. The protein is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein that accumulates in the nucleus upon heavy metal exposure and binds to promoters containing a metal-responsive element (MRE).

Source: NCBI Gene 4520 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): intellectual disability (Limited, GenCC)
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 85 total
• Cancer dependency (DepMap): dependent in 10.6% of screened cell lines
• MANE Select transcript: NM_005955

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:7428
Approved symbol	MTF1
Name	metal regulatory transcription factor 1
Location	1p34.3
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000188786
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	600172
Entrez	4520

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 4 — 3 protein_coding, 1 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined

ENST00000373036, ENST00000468190, ENST00000880495, ENST00000880496

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_005955 NM_005955

CCDS: CCDS30676

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000373036 — 11 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001367663	37839920	37840158
ENSE00001370387	37857251	37857709
ENSE00001371426	37832245	37832322
ENSE00001374483	37859531	37859592
ENSE00001377925	37838625	37838756
ENSE00001379154	37835079	37835215
ENSE00001384314	37822121	37822716
ENSE00001385811	37823710	37823812
ENSE00001388452	37835671	37835744
ENSE00001459379	37809574	37815566
ENSE00001459381	37817419	37817482

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 273 present calls, max score 92.47.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 5.8755 / max 182.0710, expressed in 1694 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (3 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
11814	4.8298	1663
11813	1.0096	301
11812	0.0360	14

Top tissues by expression

286 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
secondary oocyte	CL:0000655	92.47	gold quality
buccal mucosa cell	CL:0002336	91.33	gold quality
esophagus squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006920	90.99	gold quality
epithelium of esophagus	UBERON:0001976	89.76	gold quality
squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006914	89.40	gold quality
mucosa of paranasal sinus	UBERON:0005030	88.68	gold quality
oocyte	CL:0000023	88.01	gold quality
cervix squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006922	87.93	silver quality
oral cavity	UBERON:0000167	87.69	gold quality
epithelium of bronchus	UBERON:0002031	87.63	gold quality
bronchial epithelial cell	CL:0002328	87.38	gold quality
bronchus	UBERON:0002185	87.33	gold quality
nipple	UBERON:0002030	86.98	gold quality
medial globus pallidus	UBERON:0002477	86.95	gold quality
tongue squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006919	86.94	silver quality
tendon of biceps brachii	UBERON:0008188	86.67	gold quality
gingiva	UBERON:0001828	86.63	gold quality
monocyte	CL:0000576	86.60	gold quality
mononuclear cell	CL:0000842	86.57	gold quality
bone marrow cell	CL:0002092	86.40	gold quality
bone marrow	UBERON:0002371	86.39	gold quality
leukocyte	CL:0000738	86.24	gold quality
globus pallidus	UBERON:0001875	85.78	gold quality
pharyngeal mucosa	UBERON:0000355	85.56	gold quality
upper leg skin	UBERON:0004262	85.43	gold quality
gingival epithelium	UBERON:0001949	85.17	gold quality
blood	UBERON:0000178	84.32	gold quality
trabecular bone tissue	UBERON:0002483	84.03	gold quality
cervix epithelium	UBERON:0004801	83.92	gold quality
male germ cell	CL:0000015	83.63	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	6.95

Regulation

Is transcription factor: yes

JASPAR motifs

Motif	Name	Family
MA0863.1	MTF1	More than 3 adjacent zinc fingers

JASPAR matrix evidence (PMIDs): PMID:8265351

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

371 targeting MTF1, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-3613-3P	100.00	76.36	7965
HSA-MIR-4747-5P	100.00	67.90	2681
HSA-MIR-5196-5P	100.00	67.98	2761
HSA-LET-7A-3P	100.00	74.03	3932
HSA-LET-7B-3P	100.00	74.08	3913
HSA-LET-7F-1-3P	100.00	74.02	3928
HSA-MIR-98-3P	100.00	74.08	3907
HSA-MIR-5011-5P	100.00	83.46	5820
HSA-MIR-513A-5P	100.00	69.77	2465
HSA-MIR-4533	100.00	69.48	2758
HSA-MIR-8485	100.00	77.57	4731
HSA-MIR-190A-3P	100.00	80.35	5520
HSA-MIR-4795-3P	100.00	74.62	4024
HSA-MIR-7110-3P	100.00	73.18	2486
HSA-MIR-6876-5P	100.00	67.68	2126
HSA-MIR-3134	100.00	66.43	777
HSA-MIR-548AW	99.99	72.57	3559
HSA-MIR-186-5P	99.99	70.83	3707
HSA-MIR-4534	99.99	66.58	1907
HSA-MIR-371B-5P	99.99	75.34	4759
HSA-MIR-32-5P	99.98	75.21	1964
HSA-MIR-92A-3P	99.98	75.21	1960
HSA-MIR-92B-3P	99.98	75.25	1955
HSA-MIR-25-3P	99.98	74.60	1817
HSA-MIR-363-3P	99.98	74.72	1821
HSA-MIR-367-3P	99.98	74.83	1819
HSA-MIR-12136	99.98	72.81	5713
HSA-MIR-8068	99.98	73.85	2376
HSA-MIR-548P	99.98	72.25	3784
HSA-MIR-5696	99.98	72.36	4487

Functional genomics

DepMap (CRISPR cell-line fitness): dependent in 10.6% of screened cell lines.

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 25)

• role in regulating metallothionein transcription (PMID:11923282)
• MTF1 transactivation potential is affected by chromium levels (PMID:12716893)
• mediates transcriptional hyperactivation along with heat and heavy metal stress (PMID:12805380)
• MTF-1 contains a cysteine-rich cluster, -632Cys-Gln-Cys-Gln-Cys-Ala-Cys638-, which appears to be specifically required for MTF-1 to activate transcription in the presence of inducing heavy metal ions. (PMID:14610091)
• The MTF-1 serves targeted disruption of the MTF-1 gene results in death at embryonic day 14 due to liver degeneration and under hypoxic-anoxic stress, MTF-1 helps to activate the transcription of the gene PIGF. (PMID:15318808)
• SP1 and MTF-1 represent new targets in the development of key therapeutics toward modulating the expression of the cellular prion protein and ultimately the prevention of prion disease (PMID:18990686)
• Findings suggest that MTF-1 is involved in hypoxia-dependent regulation of PlGF in trophoblast-derived cells. (PMID:19022893)
• show that the acidic activation domain of hMTF-1 can work as a zinc-inducible activation domain independent of the full-length protein context. (PMID:19797083)
• Genetic regulation via sequences downstream of promoters highlights a new direction for identifying previously unrecognized target genes for MTF-1. (PMID:19913599)
• Loss of LI-cadherin results in up-regulation of MTF-1 and PlGF, thereby regulating angiogenesis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (PMID:19956853)
• Data show that hepcidin transcription involves interactions between functional metal response elements (MREs) in its promoter, and the MRE-binding transcription factor-1. (PMID:20026331)
• Zinc and cadmium can activate FPN1 transcription through the MTF-1. (PMID:20688958)
• Transcriptional regulation of the beta-synuclein 5’-promoter metal response element by metal transcription factor-1. (PMID:21386983)
• Variations in the ability of LAT1/DMT1/MTF1/MT1a to process and transport Hg may not play a significant role in the etiology of autism. (PMID:21798283)
• It is concluded that SUMO conjugation and the SIM on MTF-1 do not play a critical role in suppressing transcriptional activity. Instead, MTF-1 forms complexes with cellular factors through SIM and SUMO moiety in the cytoplasm (PMID:22021037)
• Results identify a cysteine cluster that mediates homodimerization of human MTF-1, and show that dimer formation in vivo is important for basal and especially metal-induced transcriptional activity. (PMID:22057392)
• The zinc-sensing cytoplasmic transcription factor MTF-1 plays a key role in cellular zinc homoeostasis. (PMID:23368743)
• Zn-responsive proteome profiling and time-dependent expression of proteins are regulated by MTF-1 in human alveolar epithelial cells. (PMID:25162517)
• Human ZnT2 expression is regulated by MTF-1. (PMID:25618524)
• MTF-1 has a role in regulating zinc dependent cellular processes at the molecular level [review] (PMID:26336656)
• Forty-one single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the MTF1 gene region. (PMID:26529669)
• MTF1 heads a hierarchy of zinc sensors, and through controlling the expression of a raft of metallothioneins and other key proteins involved in controlling intracellular zinc levels (e.g. ZnT1) alters zinc buffering capacity and total cellular zinc content. (PMID:26824222)
• Genomic Redistribution of Metal-Response Transcription Factor-1 (MTF-1) in Cadmium Resistant Cells. (PMID:36980293)
• Knocking-down long non-coding RNA LINC01094 prohibits chondrocyte apoptosis via regulating microRNA-577/metal-regulatory transcription factor 1 axis. (PMID:38758016)
• MTF1 genetic variants are associated with lung cancer risk in the Chinese Han population. (PMID:38943058)

Cross-species orthologs

4 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	mtf1	ENSDARG00000102898
mus_musculus	Mtf1	ENSMUSG00000028890
rattus_norvegicus	Mtf1	ENSRNOG00000025724
drosophila_melanogaster	MTF-1	FBGN0040305

Paralogs (36): ZBTB32 (ENSG00000011590), SNAI2 (ENSG00000019549), PRDM1 (ENSG00000057657), PRDM6 (ENSG00000061455), ZNF76 (ENSG00000065029), PATZ1 (ENSG00000100105), MAZ (ENSG00000103495), ZBTB16 (ENSG00000109906), ZNF451 (ENSG00000112200), ZBTB45 (ENSG00000119574), ZNF410 (ENSG00000119725), SNAI1 (ENSG00000124216), ZNF384 (ENSG00000126746), ZBTB1 (ENSG00000126804), VEZF1 (ENSG00000136451), PRDM14 (ENSG00000147596), ZNF276 (ENSG00000158805), ZNF362 (ENSG00000160094), ZNF653 (ENSG00000161914), ZNF281 (ENSG00000162702), ZNF148 (ENSG00000163848), ZNF143 (ENSG00000166478), HIC2 (ENSG00000169635), PRDM10 (ENSG00000170325), ZNF296 (ENSG00000170684), ZNF692 (ENSG00000171163), ZNF575 (ENSG00000176472), HIC1 (ENSG00000177374), ZBTB18 (ENSG00000179456), ZBTB42 (ENSG00000179627), ZBTB20 (ENSG00000181722), ZBTB7C (ENSG00000184828), SNAI3 (ENSG00000185669), ZFP91 (ENSG00000186660), SCRT2 (ENSG00000215397), SCRT1 (ENSG00000261678)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Metal regulatory transcription factor 1 — Q14872 (reviewed: Q14872)

Alternative names: MRE-binding transcription factor, Transcription factor MTF-1

All UniProt accessions (1): Q14872

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Zinc-dependent transcriptional regulator of cellular adaption to conditions of exposure to heavy metals. Binds to metal responsive elements (MRE) in promoters and activates the transcription of metallothionein genes like metallothionein-2/MT2A. Also regulates the expression of metalloproteases in response to intracellular zinc and functions as a catabolic regulator of cartilages.

Subcellular location. Nucleus. Cytoplasm.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_005946* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR013087	Znf_C2H2_type	Domain
IPR036236	Znf_C2H2_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR051061

Pfam: PF00096

UniProt features (20 total): zinc finger region 6, compositionally biased region 4, region of interest 3, modified residue 3, initiator methionine 1, chain 1, short sequence motif 1, sequence conflict 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q14872-F1	50.01	0.00

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Post-translational modifications (3): 2, 5, 305

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

10 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-1989781	PPARA activates gene expression
R-HSA-2426168	Activation of gene expression by SREBF (SREBP)
R-HSA-5660489	MTF1 activates gene expression
R-HSA-1430728	Metabolism
R-HSA-1655829	Regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis by SREBP (SREBF)
R-HSA-400206	Regulation of lipid metabolism by PPARalpha
R-HSA-556833	Metabolism of lipids
R-HSA-5660526	Response to metal ions
R-HSA-8953897	Cellular responses to stimuli
R-HSA-8957322	Metabolism of steroids

MSigDB gene sets: 325 (showing top): GOBP_RESPONSE_TO_ZINC_ION, GGGNRMNNYCAT_UNKNOWN, IVANOVA_HEMATOPOIESIS_MATURE_CELL, BROWNE_HCMV_INFECTION_12HR_UP, GGGTGGRR_PAX4_03, GOBP_RESPONSE_TO_METAL_ION, MODULE_120, RICKMAN_TUMOR_DIFFERENTIATED_WELL_VS_POORLY_DN, SHETH_LIVER_CANCER_VS_TXNIP_LOSS_PAM1, GGAANCGGAANY_UNKNOWN, BLALOCK_ALZHEIMERS_DISEASE_UP, chr1p34, GOBP_CELLULAR_RESPONSE_TO_ZINC_ION, ATF4_Q2, LASTOWSKA_NEUROBLASTOMA_COPY_NUMBER_DN

GO Biological Process (10): DNA-templated transcription (GO:0006351), regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II (GO:0006357), response to oxidative stress (GO:0006979), central nervous system development (GO:0007417), response to metal ion (GO:0010038), positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II (GO:0045944), response to cadmium ion (GO:0046686), cellular response to zinc ion (GO:0071294), cartilage homeostasis (GO:1990079), positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription (GO:0045893)

GO Molecular Function (10): RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding (GO:0000978), cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding (GO:0000987), DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific (GO:0001228), DNA binding (GO:0003677), DNA-binding transcription factor activity (GO:0003700), zinc ion binding (GO:0008270), histone acetyltransferase binding (GO:0035035), sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding (GO:1990837), protein binding (GO:0005515), metal ion binding (GO:0046872)

GO Cellular Component (3): nucleus (GO:0005634), nucleoplasm (GO:0005654), cytoplasm (GO:0005737)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-7 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Metabolism of lipids	2
Regulation of lipid metabolism by PPARalpha	1
Regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis by SREBP (SREBF)	1
Response to metal ions	1
Metabolism of steroids	1
Metabolism	1
Cellular responses to stimuli	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
regulation of DNA-templated transcription	3
transcription by RNA polymerase II	2
RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	2
transcription cis-regulatory region binding	2
cellular anatomical structure	2
gene expression	1
RNA biosynthetic process	1
response to stress	1
nervous system development	1
system development	1
response to chemical	1
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	1
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription	1
response to metal ion	1
response to zinc ion	1
cellular response to metal ion	1
tissue homeostasis	1
DNA-templated transcription	1
positive regulation of RNA biosynthetic process	1
cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	1
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	1
DNA-binding transcription activator activity	1
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	1
nucleic acid binding	1
transcription regulator activity	1
transition metal ion binding	1
enzyme binding	1
double-stranded DNA binding	1
sequence-specific DNA binding	1
binding	1
cation binding	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1
nuclear lumen	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

929 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
MTF1	H3BSS0	H3BSS0	891
MTF1	SLC30A1	Q9Y6M5	690
MTF1	SLC39A8	Q9C0K1	578
MTF1	MT1A	P04731	549
MTF1	SLC30A2	Q9BRI3	526
MTF1	BANF1	O75531	525
MTF1	ATP7B	P35670	516
MTF1	SLC30A5	Q8TAD4	508
MTF1	MT2A	P02795	506
MTF1	JUN	P05412	497
MTF1	MT1X	P80297	454
MTF1	SLC30A9	Q6PML9	445
MTF1	ZPR1	O75312	440
MTF1	HNF1A	P20823	433
MTF1	PROM2	Q8N271	432

IntAct

4 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
AP1M1	MTF1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.620
MTF1	AP1M1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.620

BioGRID (121): AP1M1 (Two-hybrid), NPM1 (Co-localization), NPM1 (Affinity Capture-Western), DNAJC2 (Affinity Capture-MS), PRPF8 (Affinity Capture-MS), DHX9 (Affinity Capture-MS), HNRNPU (Affinity Capture-MS), MYBBP1A (Affinity Capture-MS), SNRNP200 (Affinity Capture-MS), DDX21 (Affinity Capture-MS), NCL (Affinity Capture-MS), HNRNPM (Affinity Capture-MS), RPL3 (Affinity Capture-MS), HSPA14 (Affinity Capture-MS), PARP1 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A1L8H0H2, A0JN51, A4QNP0, F8VPJ6, O13186, O46567, O57415, O70477, O94842, P09775, P15257, P22361, P28324, P32519, P36197, P37275, P50534, P55347, P59759, P79686, Q05041, Q07243, Q0P5K4, Q14872, Q15723, Q2HJ84, Q2KHR2, Q3UH06, Q5R6A9, Q5W1J6, Q60542, Q60775, Q61321, Q62947, Q64318, Q6DJL0, Q6IRR0, Q6XLJ0, Q86T24, Q8AYC1

Diamond homologs: Q07243, Q14872, Q19A41

SIGNOR signaling

5 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
MTF1	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	GCLC	“transcriptional regulation”
MTF1	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	MCAT	“transcriptional regulation”
MTF1	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	SOD1	“transcriptional regulation”
LATS1	“down-regulates activity”	MTF1	phosphorylation
LATS2	“down-regulates activity”	MTF1	phosphorylation

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

85 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	61
Likely benign	7
Benign	3

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

0 predictions. Top by Δscore:

AlphaMissense

4921 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
1:37835152:A:G	L306P	1.000
1:37835169:G:C	F300L	1.000
1:37835169:G:T	F300L	1.000
1:37835171:A:G	F300L	1.000
1:37835198:A:G	C291R	1.000
1:37835675:A:C	H283Q	1.000
1:37835675:A:T	H283Q	1.000
1:37835677:G:C	H283D	1.000
1:37835687:G:C	H279Q	1.000
1:37835687:G:T	H279Q	1.000
1:37835689:G:C	H279D	1.000
1:37835697:A:G	L276P	1.000
1:37835714:A:C	F270L	1.000
1:37835714:A:T	F270L	1.000
1:37835715:A:G	F270S	1.000
1:37835716:A:G	F270L	1.000
1:37835727:C:G	C266S	1.000
1:37835728:A:G	C266R	1.000
1:37835728:A:T	C266S	1.000
1:37835742:C:G	C261S	1.000
1:37835743:A:G	C261R	1.000
1:37835743:A:T	C261S	1.000
1:37838667:A:G	L246P	1.000
1:37838684:G:C	F240L	1.000
1:37838684:G:T	F240L	1.000
1:37838685:A:G	F240S	1.000
1:37838686:A:G	F240L	1.000
1:37838713:A:G	C231R	1.000
1:37838746:G:C	H220D	1.000
1:37838754:A:G	L217P	1.000

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000023763 (1:37859321 C>T), RS1000077481 (1:37837598 C>G,T), RS1000091003 (1:37852640 T>TC), RS1000096267 (1:37820944 G>A), RS1000145812 (1:37810872 G>T), RS1000177316 (1:37810607 A>C), RS1000302993 (1:37859032 G>A,C), RS1000377191 (1:37817305 T>A), RS1000418540 (1:37813612 C>A), RS1000430412 (1:37820286 T>A), RS1000459602 (1:37818980 G>A,C), RS1000513224 (1:37812126 G>A), RS1000528482 (1:37858454 G>A), RS1000640324 (1:37857408 A>G,T), RS1000763181 (1:37818586 C>A)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:600172 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
intellectual disability	Limited	Autosomal dominant

Mondo (2): autism spectrum disorder (MONDO:0005258), intellectual disability (MONDO:0001071)

Orphanet (1): NON RARE IN EUROPE: Autism (Orphanet:106)

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

0 associations (top):

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D008607	Intellectual Disability	C10.597.606.360; C23.888.592.604.646; F01.700.687; F03.625.539

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

65 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Zinc	increases reaction, affects binding, decreases reaction, increases activity, increases expression (+3 more)	11
Cadmium	decreases expression, increases abundance, increases expression, decreases reaction, increases activity (+6 more)	9
Cadmium Chloride	affects localization, increases reaction, decreases activity, decreases phosphorylation, decreases reaction (+6 more)	8
Zinc Sulfate	increases activity, decreases reaction, affects reaction, increases abundance, affects localization (+4 more)	6
Copper	affects binding, increases reaction, increases activity, decreases expression, affects reaction (+3 more)	4
sodium arsenite	affects cotreatment, increases abundance, increases expression, affects phosphorylation	3
N,N,N’,N’-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine	decreases reaction, increases expression	3
zinc chloride	decreases phosphorylation, affects binding, decreases reaction, increases reaction, decreases expression (+1 more)	2
Benzo(a)pyrene	decreases expression, increases methylation	2
Disulfiram	affects binding, decreases expression, affects reaction, increases expression	2
Potassium Dichromate	affects phosphorylation, increases expression	2
Aflatoxin B1	decreases methylation, increases methylation	2
Copper Sulfate	decreases expression, increases expression	2
1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride	affects binding, increases reaction	1
dicrotophos	increases expression	1
alexidine	affects reaction, increases expression	1
methylmercuric chloride	decreases expression	1
bisphenol A	increases activity	1
lead acetate	affects phosphorylation	1
thallium sulfate	affects reaction, increases expression	1
arsenite	increases expression, increases degradation	1
bisphenol A diglycidyl ether	increases activity	1
manganese chloride	affects cotreatment, increases abundance, increases expression	1
gallium nitrate	increases expression	1
aflatoxin B2	decreases methylation	1
nickel sulfate	affects phosphorylation	1
cupric oxide	increases expression	1
aluminum sulfate	decreases expression	1
chromium hexavalent ion	decreases response to substance, affects binding, decreases reaction, decreases activity	1
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine	affects binding, decreases reaction, increases reaction	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

496 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT05657860	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Guanfacine Extended Release for the Reduction of Aggression and Self-injurious Behavior Associated With Prader-Willi Syndrome
NCT05744479	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Metformin for Antipsychotic-induced Weight Gain in Adults With Intellectual Disability
NCT06107829	PHASE4	WITHDRAWN	Valbenazine Treatment of Tardive Dyskinesia in Adults With Intellectual/Developmental Disabilities
NCT06997198	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Deutetrabenazine Treatment for Tardive Dyskinesia in Intellectual/Developmental Disabilities
NCT00391261	PHASE4	COMPLETED	An Open-label Trial of Metformin for Weight Control of Pediatric Patients on Antipsychotic Medications.
NCT01028820	PHASE4	COMPLETED	FMRI Brain Activation of Aripiprazole Treatment in Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT01333865	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Study of Memantine Hydrochloride (Namenda®) for Cognitive and Behavioral Impairment in Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT01337700	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Milnacipran in Autism and the Functional Locus Coeruleus and Noradrenergic Model of Autism
NCT01695200	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT02096952	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Methylphenidate ER Liquid Formulation in Adults With ASD and ADHD
NCT02235467	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Multisite Study: Parental Training Using Video Modelling to Develop Social Skills in Children With Autism
NCT02940574	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Neural and Behavioral Effects of Oxytocin in Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT03333629	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Promoting Positive Outcomes for Individuals With ASD: Linking Early Detection, Treatment, and Long-term Outcomes
NCT03337646	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Evaluation of the Effect and Safety of Lisdexamfetamine in Children Aged 6-12 With ADHD and Autism
NCT03538431	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Improving Driving in Young People With Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT03757585	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Natural Treatments for the Management of Emotional Dysregulation in Youth With Non-verbal Learning Disability (NVLD) and/or Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)
NCT04903353	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Pragmatic Trial Comparing Weight Gain in Children With Autism Taking Risperidone Versus Aripiprazole
NCT05063656	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Biomarker-Driven Pharmacological Treatment of Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder With Gabapentin
NCT05146245	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Antipsychotics in Children 2: Studying TDM in an RCT
NCT05916339	PHASE4	RECRUITING	AWARE: Management of ADHD in Autism Spectrum Disorder
NCT05954052	PHASE4	TERMINATED	A Study of Glutathione in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
NCT06853665	PHASE4	RECRUITING	The TEAM Study - Treatment Efficacy for Autism/Attention Using Mixed Amphetamine
NCT07054697	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Pilot-RCT With Individualized Homeopathic Treatment in the Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
NCT07161804	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Pilot RCT Using Homeopathic Medicines in ASD
NCT07439042	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Buspirone for Anxiety in Autistic Youth
NCT02270736	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Clinical Study to Investigate the Efficacy and Safety of NT 201 Compared to Placebo in the Treatment of Chronic Troublesome Drooling Associated With Neurological Disorders and/or Intellectual Disability
NCT01302964	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Mirtazapine Treatment of Anxiety in Children and Adolescents With Pervasive Developmental Disorders
NCT01706523	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Open Label Extension Study of STX209 (Arbaclofen) in Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT01825798	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Treatment of Overweight Induced by Antipsychotic Medication in Young People With Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)
NCT01972074	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Behavioral and Neural Response to Memantine in Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder
NCT02985749	PHASE3	COMPLETED	A Study of Oxytocin for the Treatment of Social Impairment in Individuals With High Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder
NCT03197922	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Treatment of Encopresis in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT03504917	PHASE3	TERMINATED	A Study of Balovaptan in Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorder With a 2-Year Open-Label Extension
NCT03553875	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Memantine for the Treatment of Social Deficits in Youth With Disorders of Impaired Social Interactions
NCT03640156	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Modulating Socially Adaptive Mirror System Functioning in Autism by Oxytocin
NCT03715153	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Efficacy and Safety of Bumetanide Oral Liquid Formulation in Children Aged From 2 to Less Than 7 Years Old With Autism Spectrum Disorder.
NCT03715166	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Efficacy and Safety of Bumetanide Oral Liquid Formulation in Children and Adolescents Aged From 7 to Less Than 18 Years Old With Autism Spectrum Disorder
NCT04233502	PHASE3	WITHDRAWN	Efficacy and Safety of Slenyto for Insomnia in Children With ASD
NCT04578756	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Open-Label, Flexible-dose Study to Evaluate the Long-Term Safety and Tolerability of Cariprazine in the Treatment of Pediatric Participants With Schizophrenia, Bipolar I Disorder, or Autism Spectrum Disorder
NCT04623398	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Effect of Lithium in Patients With Autism Spectrum Disorder and Phelan-McDermid Syndrome (SHANK3 Haploinsufficiency)