MYL11

gene
On this page

Also known as MRLC2HUMMLC2B

Summary

MYL11 (myosin light chain 11, HGNC:29824) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 16p11.2, encoding Myosin regulatory light chain 11 (Q96A32). Myosin regulatory subunit that plays an essential role to maintain muscle integrity during early development.

Predicted to enable calcium ion binding activity. Predicted to be a structural constituent of muscle. Involved in muscle contraction. Located in lysosomal membrane. Implicated in distal arthrogryposis type 1C.

Source: NCBI Gene 29895 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

  • Gene–disease (curated): arthrogryposis, distal, type 1C (Strong, GenCC)
  • GWAS associations: 4
  • Clinical variants (ClinVar): 29 total
  • Phenotypes (HPO): 32
  • MANE Select transcript: NM_013292

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

FieldValue
HGNC IDHGNC:29824
Approved symbolMYL11
Namemyosin light chain 11
Location16p11.2
Locus typegene with protein product
StatusApproved
AliasesMRLC2, HUMMLC2B
Ensembl geneENSG00000180209
Ensembl biotypeprotein_coding
OMIM617378
Entrez29895

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 13 — 12 protein_coding, 1 retained_intron

ENST00000322861, ENST00000563718, ENST00000563728, ENST00000566955, ENST00000568749, ENST00000879527, ENST00000879528, ENST00000879529, ENST00000879530, ENST00000949434, ENST00000949435, ENST00000949436, ENST00000949437

RefSeq mRNA: 3 — MANE Select: NM_013292 NM_001324458, NM_001324459, NM_013292

CCDS: CCDS10677

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000322861 — 7 exons

ExonStartEnd
ENSE000012251353037582030375912
ENSE000013575413037480230374860
ENSE000016501973037642330376527
ENSE000017429933037614530376220
ENSE000036243953037779630377991
ENSE000037860813037662030376698
ENSE000037880953037765430377702

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 184 present calls, max score 99.93.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth broad, TPM avg 61.6260 / max 14005.9060, expressed in 193 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (7 alternative TSS)

Promoter IDTPM avgSamples expressed
15364261.1961139
1536440.112745
1536430.101731
1536460.086734
1536450.063727
1536400.032719
1536410.03258

Top tissues by expression

291 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

TissueAnatomy IDExpression scoreQuality
biceps brachiiUBERON:000150799.93gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue of biceps brachiiUBERON:000450299.92gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue of rectus abdominisUBERON:000451199.91gold quality
triceps brachiiUBERON:000150999.89gold quality
hindlimb stylopod muscleUBERON:000425299.87gold quality
quadriceps femorisUBERON:000137799.85gold quality
vastus lateralisUBERON:000137999.85gold quality
gastrocnemiusUBERON:000138899.85gold quality
gluteal muscleUBERON:000200099.83gold quality
diaphragmUBERON:000110399.82gold quality
body of tongueUBERON:001187699.82gold quality
skeletal muscle tissueUBERON:000113499.73gold quality
deltoidUBERON:000147699.06gold quality
muscle organUBERON:000163098.54gold quality
tibialis anteriorUBERON:000138598.42gold quality
muscle of legUBERON:000138398.04gold quality
muscle tissueUBERON:000238593.84gold quality
tongueUBERON:000172391.29gold quality
pharyngeal mucosaUBERON:000035588.93gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testisCL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:000047385.96gold quality
superior surface of tongueUBERON:000737183.77gold quality
trabecular bone tissueUBERON:000248381.68gold quality
oral cavityUBERON:000016780.06gold quality
minor salivary glandUBERON:000183078.41gold quality
granulocyteCL:000009477.39gold quality
mouth mucosaUBERON:000372976.38gold quality
heart right ventricleUBERON:000208075.87gold quality
saliva-secreting glandUBERON:000104474.46gold quality
myocardiumUBERON:000234974.30gold quality
left ventricle myocardiumUBERON:000656674.13gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 3 experiment(s), a significant marker in 3.

ExperimentMarker?Max mean expression
E-GEOD-124472yes15278.23
E-HCAD-56yes11292.30
E-ANND-3no0.00

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): MEF2A

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 2)

  • A cDNA clone encoding human fast skeletal myosin regulatory light chain (HSRLC) has been isolated and characterized from a fetal muscle cDNA library. (PMID:14756420)
  • Mutations in MYLPF Cause a Novel Segmental Amyoplasia that Manifests as Distal Arthrogryposis. (PMID:32707087)

Cross-species orthologs

6 orthologs

OrganismSymbolGene ID
danio_reriomylpfbENSDARG00000002589
danio_reriomylpfaENSDARG00000053254
mus_musculusMylpfENSMUSG00000030672
rattus_norvegicusMyl11ENSRNOG00000017645
caenorhabditis_elegansWBGENE00003369
caenorhabditis_elegansWBGENE00003370

Paralogs (7): MYL9 (ENSG00000101335), MYL12A (ENSG00000101608), MYL10 (ENSG00000106436), MYL7 (ENSG00000106631), MYL2 (ENSG00000111245), MYL12B (ENSG00000118680), MYL5 (ENSG00000215375)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Myosin regulatory light chain 11Q96A32 (reviewed: Q96A32)

Alternative names: Fast skeletal myosin light chain 2, MLC2B, Myosin light chain 11, Myosin regulatory light chain 2, skeletal muscle isoform

All UniProt accessions (4): Q96A32, H3BML9, H3BN54, H3BPK4

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Myosin regulatory subunit that plays an essential role to maintain muscle integrity during early development. Plays a role in muscle contraction.

Subunit / interactions. Myosin is a hexamer of 2 heavy chains and 4 light chains.

Tissue specificity. Expressed in fetal and adult skeletal muscle.

Disease relevance. Arthrogryposis, distal, 1C (DA1C) [MIM:619110] A form of distal arthrogryposis, a disease characterized by congenital joint contractures that mainly involve two or more distal parts of the limbs, in the absence of a primary neurological or muscle disease. DA1C patients show multiple congenital contractures, scoliosis, short stature, and segmental amyoplasia. DA1C inheritance can be autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

RefSeq proteins (3): NP_001311387, NP_001311388, NP_037424* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

IDNameType
IPR002048EF_hand_domDomain
IPR011992EF-hand-dom_pairHomologous_superfamily
IPR018247EF_Hand_1_Ca_BSBinding_site
IPR050403Myosin_RLCFamily

Pfam: PF13405

UniProt features (22 total): modified residue 7, sequence variant 4, binding site 4, domain 3, sequence conflict 2, initiator methionine 1, chain 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

ModelpLDDTFraction very-high
AF-Q96A32-F184.430.60

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (4): 38; 40; 42; 49

Post-translational modifications (7): 15, 16, 25, 35, 75, 101, 2

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

2 pathways

IDPathway
R-HSA-445355Smooth Muscle Contraction
R-HSA-397014Muscle contraction

MSigDB gene sets: 288 (showing top): GOBP_MUSCLE_TISSUE_DEVELOPMENT, MORF_MBD4, MORF_RAB5A, GOCC_VACUOLAR_MEMBRANE, GCANCTGNY_MYOD_Q6, MORF_RAD21, HUMMERICH_BENIGN_SKIN_TUMOR_DN, HUMMERICH_MALIGNANT_SKIN_TUMOR_DN, KEGG_TIGHT_JUNCTION, MORF_PSMC2, CAGCTG_AP4_Q5, HUMMERICH_SKIN_CANCER_PROGRESSION_DN, COUP_01, SRF_Q5_01, MORF_SKP1A

GO Biological Process (4): muscle contraction (GO:0006936), skeletal muscle tissue development (GO:0007519), actin-myosin filament sliding (GO:0033275), muscle tissue morphogenesis (GO:0060415)

GO Molecular Function (4): calcium ion binding (GO:0005509), structural constituent of muscle (GO:0008307), protein binding (GO:0005515), metal ion binding (GO:0046872)

GO Cellular Component (5): cytoplasm (GO:0005737), lysosomal membrane (GO:0005765), cytosol (GO:0005829), muscle myosin complex (GO:0005859), myosin complex (GO:0016459)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-1 pathways:

CategoryPathways
Muscle contraction1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

CategoryTerms
cellular anatomical structure2
muscle system process1
striated muscle tissue development1
skeletal muscle organ development1
actin-mediated cell contraction1
muscle organ morphogenesis1
tissue morphogenesis1
metal ion binding1
structural molecule activity1
binding1
cation binding1
intracellular anatomical structure1
lysosome1
lytic vacuole membrane1
cytoplasm1
myosin II complex1
contractile muscle fiber1
actin cytoskeleton1
protein-containing complex1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

2122 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein AProtein BPartner UniProtScore
MYL11CNPY2Q9Y2B0883
MYL11MYLIPQ8WY64760
MYL11MYH3P11055683
MYL11TNNC2P02585671
MYL11MYH7P12883664
MYL11MYL4P11783659
MYL11TNNT3P45378636
MYL11TNNI1P19237629
MYL11MYH1P12882615
MYL11TNNI2P48788603
MYL11MYBPC3Q14896576
MYL11MYBPC2Q14324570
MYL11ACTN2P35609555
MYL11XPR1Q9UBH6549
MYL11PSAPL1Q6NUJ1544

IntAct

32 interactions, top by confidence:

ABTypeScore
MYL11GFAPpsi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.560
GRNMYL11psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.560
MYL11PEX1psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.560
MYL11WFS1psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.560
MYL11JPH3psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.560
HSPB8VWA8psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.530
LIN37RPLP1psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
ABTB2IFT56psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
MECOMATP2A1psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
RSPH6AATP2A1psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
TLE3COL1A1psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
TNFSF14HAX1psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
LATS1ATP2A1psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
TSPAN33ATP2A1psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
MFGE8MYH7Bpsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
MRPS23MYH7Bpsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
RSPO1MYH7Bpsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
TTC4MYH7Bpsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
PPARAGOLIM4psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
ATF1MYO1Cpsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350

BioGRID (16): MYLPF (Affinity Capture-MS), MYLPF (Affinity Capture-MS), MYLPF (Affinity Capture-RNA), MYLPF (Two-hybrid), MYLPF (Affinity Capture-MS), MYLPF (Affinity Capture-MS), MYLPF (Affinity Capture-MS), MYLPF (Affinity Capture-MS), MYLPF (Affinity Capture-MS), MYLPF (Affinity Capture-MS), MYLPF (Affinity Capture-MS), MYLPF (Affinity Capture-MS), MYLPF (Affinity Capture-MS), MYLPF (Affinity Capture-MS), MYLPF (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A4IF97, B7SNI3, F1SSF9, O14950, O93409, P02608, P02609, P02610, P02611, P02612, P04112, P04113, P04466, P05944, P05963, P07461, P08051, P08052, P08733, P10916, P13543, P13832, P13833, P15845, P18666, P19105, P19625, P19626, P24032, P24732, P24844, P29269, P40423, P41691, P51667, P97457, Q01449, Q02045, Q09510, Q0P571

Diamond homologs: A2WN93, A2WNH1, A2Y609, A3E3H0, A3E4D8, A3E4F9, A4IF97, A4UHC0, A8CEP3, A8I1Q0, B7SNI3, F1SSF9, O14950, O93409, O94739, P02597, P02598, P02608, P02609, P02610, P02611, P02612, P02613, P04112, P04113, P04353, P04464, P04466, P05419, P05944, P05963, P07461, P08051, P08052, P08733, P0DH95, P0DH96, P10916, P11120, P13543

SIGNOR signaling

1 interactions.

AEffectBMechanism
“MYOD1/SWI/SNF complex”“up-regulates quantity by expression”MYLPF“transcriptional regulation”

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

29 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

ClassificationCount (floor)
Pathogenic0
Likely pathogenic0
Uncertain significance25
Likely benign1
Benign0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

584 predictions. Top by Δscore:

VariantEffectΔscore
16:30376141:CCAG:Cacceptor_loss1.0000
16:30376142:CAGG:Cacceptor_loss1.0000
16:30376143:A:AGacceptor_gain1.0000
16:30376143:AG:Aacceptor_gain1.0000
16:30376144:G:GAacceptor_loss1.0000
16:30376144:G:GGacceptor_gain1.0000
16:30376144:GG:Gacceptor_gain1.0000
16:30376221:G:GGdonor_gain1.0000
16:30376411:A:AGacceptor_gain1.0000
16:30376412:A:Gacceptor_gain1.0000
16:30376418:TCCA:Tacceptor_loss1.0000
16:30376419:CCAG:Cacceptor_loss1.0000
16:30376421:A:AGacceptor_gain1.0000
16:30376421:AG:Aacceptor_gain1.0000
16:30376421:AGGCC:Aacceptor_gain1.0000
16:30376422:G:GAacceptor_gain1.0000
16:30376422:GG:Gacceptor_gain1.0000
16:30376422:GGC:Gacceptor_gain1.0000
16:30376422:GGCC:Gacceptor_gain1.0000
16:30376422:GGCCG:Gacceptor_gain1.0000
16:30376523:CAAGG:Cdonor_gain1.0000
16:30376524:AAGG:Adonor_gain1.0000
16:30376525:AGG:Adonor_gain1.0000
16:30376526:GG:Gdonor_gain1.0000
16:30376526:GGG:Gdonor_gain1.0000
16:30376527:GG:Gdonor_gain1.0000
16:30376527:GGTG:Gdonor_loss1.0000
16:30376528:G:GGdonor_gain1.0000
16:30376528:G:Tdonor_gain1.0000
16:30376608:T:TAacceptor_gain1.0000

AlphaMissense

1147 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

VariantProtein changeam_pathogenicity
16:30376148:T:CF34L1.000
16:30376150:C:AF34L1.000
16:30376150:C:GF34L1.000
16:30376501:T:CL84P1.000
16:30375909:A:CK31N0.999
16:30375909:A:TK31N0.999
16:30376145:G:CA33P0.999
16:30376149:T:CF34S0.999
16:30376160:G:CD38H0.999
16:30376161:A:CD38A0.999
16:30376161:A:TD38V0.999
16:30376182:T:AI45K0.999
16:30376182:T:GI45R0.999
16:30376197:T:CL50P0.999
16:30376488:T:CF80L0.999
16:30376490:C:AF80L0.999
16:30376490:C:GF80L0.999
16:30377668:T:CL124P0.999
16:30377842:T:AV151D0.999
16:30375908:A:TK31I0.998
16:30376162:C:AD38E0.998
16:30376162:C:GD38E0.998
16:30376176:G:TG43V0.998
16:30376194:A:CD49A0.998
16:30376194:A:TD49V0.998
16:30376197:T:AL50H0.998
16:30376487:C:AN79K0.998
16:30376487:C:GN79K0.998
16:30376489:T:CF80S0.998
16:30376489:T:GF80C0.998

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000240179 (16:30370832 TAA>T), RS1000385193 (16:30377214 CA>C,CAA), RS1000653113 (16:30369674 C>A,G), RS1000845733 (16:30372528 C>G), RS1001274748 (16:30372325 G>A), RS1001310302 (16:30371885 C>T), RS1001526053 (16:30378102 C>T), RS1001619879 (16:30370491 T>A,C), RS1001630955 (16:30376961 C>T), RS1001773677 (16:30369942 G>C,T), RS1001914662 (16:30377378 G>A,C,T), RS1002327358 (16:30373426 T>C), RS1003306939 (16:30371882 T>C), RS1003332189 (16:30374837 T>C), RS1004126820 (16:30373941 A>C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:617378 | disease phenotypes: MIM:619110, MIM:108120

GenCC curated gene-disease

DiseaseClassificationInheritance
arthrogryposis, distal, type 1CStrongAutosomal dominant

Mondo (3): breast ductal adenocarcinoma (MONDO:0005590), arthrogryposis, distal, type 1C (MONDO:0030847), distal arthrogryposis (MONDO:0019942)

Orphanet (1): Distal arthrogryposis (Orphanet:97120)

HPO phenotypes

32 total (30 of 32 shown, HPO-id order):

HPOTerm
HP:0000006Autosomal dominant inheritance
HP:0000007Autosomal recessive inheritance
HP:0000028Cryptorchidism
HP:0000160Narrow mouth
HP:0000175Cleft palate
HP:0000193Bifid uvula
HP:0000205Pursed lips
HP:0000218High palate
HP:0000233Thin vermilion border
HP:0000278Retrognathia
HP:0000466Limited neck range of motion
HP:0000470Short neck
HP:0000581Blepharophimosis
HP:0001181Adducted thumb
HP:0001239Wrist flexion contracture
HP:0001762Talipes equinovarus
HP:0001836Camptodactyly of toe
HP:0001838Rocker bottom foot
HP:0002650Scoliosis
HP:0002987Elbow flexion contracture
HP:0003044Shoulder flexion contracture
HP:0003273Hip contracture
HP:0003577Congenital onset
HP:0004209Clinodactyly of the 5th finger
HP:0004322Short stature
HP:0004325Decreased body weight
HP:0006070Metacarpophalangeal joint contracture
HP:0006380Knee flexion contracture
HP:0010880Increased nuchal translucency
HP:0033357Limited head rotation

GWAS associations

4 associations (top):

StudyTraitp-value
GCST001613_17Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis3.000000e-06
GCST010703_269Brain morphology (MOSTest)4.000000e-13
GCST010796_3833Electrocardiogram morphology (amplitude at temporal datapoints)9.000000e-09
GCST010796_3834Electrocardiogram morphology (amplitude at temporal datapoints)3.000000e-08

EFO canonical traits (2, from GWAS)

EFO IDTrait name
EFO:0004346neuroimaging measurement
EFO:0004327electrocardiography

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

DescriptorNameTree numbers
D018270Carcinoma, Ductal, BreastC04.557.470.200.025.232.500; C04.557.470.615.132.500; C04.588.180.390; C17.800.090.500.390

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

12 total (human), top 12 by PubMed support.

ChemicalActions (top 5)PubMed papers
methylmercuric chlorideincreases expression1
bisphenol Aincreases expression1
sodium arseniteaffects expression1
monomethylarsonous acidincreases expression1
clothianidindecreases expression1
incobotulinumtoxinAdecreases expression1
Resveratrolaffects cotreatment, decreases expression1
Arsenicaffects methylation1
Folic Aciddecreases expression1
Plant Extractsaffects cotreatment, decreases expression1
Triclosanincreases expression1
Valproic Acidincreases methylation1

Cellosaurus cell lines

8 cell lines: 8 cancer cell line

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

CellosaurusNameCategorySex
CVCL_1820HPB-ALLCancer cell lineMale
CVCL_7959HPB-MLTCancer cell lineMale
CVCL_E8ATHPB-MaCancer cell lineMale
CVCL_E8AUHPB-Ma clone 10-2Cancer cell lineMale
CVCL_E8AVX4-MaRBLECancer cell lineMale
CVCL_E8AWR5-MaRBLECancer cell lineMale
CVCL_UJ09HPB/ADRCancer cell lineMale
CVCL_UJ10HPB/VP-16Cancer cell lineMale

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

12 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

TrialPhaseStatusTitle
NCT03414970PHASE3ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITINGHypofractionated Radiation Therapy After Mastectomy in Preventing Recurrence in Patients With Stage IIa-IIIa Breast Cancer
NCT00461344PHASE2TERMINATEDDocetaxel + Doxorubicin as Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients With Breast Cancer
NCT07499999PHASE2NOT_YET_RECRUITINGRandomized Double-Blind Phase II Trial of Baby Exemestane Versus Baby Tamoxifen in Post-Menopausal Women at High Risk for Breast Cancer
NCT00637364PHASE1/PHASE2SUSPENDEDHigh Intensity Focused Ultrasound Tumor Treatment for Pancreatic Cancer Pain
NCT02779855PHASE1/PHASE2COMPLETEDTalimogene Laherparepvec in Combination With Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Triple Negative Breast Cancer
NCT01753908EARLY_PHASE1COMPLETEDBroccoli Sprout Extract in Treating Patients With Breast Cancer
NCT01796041EARLY_PHASE1COMPLETEDIntraoperative Imaging of Breast Cancer With Indocyanine Green
NCT01208974Not specifiedACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITINGNipple-Areola Complex (NAC) Irradiation After Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy and Reconstruction
NCT01875198Not specifiedTERMINATEDOncologic Impact of Splenectomy-omitting Radical Pancreatectomy in Well-selected Left-sided Pancreatic Cancer
NCT03543397Not specifiedUNKNOWNMRI in Ductal Carcinoma in Situ (DCIS)
NCT03834532Not specifiedCOMPLETEDLiving Well After Breast Surgery
NCT05137756Not specifiedCOMPLETEDMercuri Analysis Contribution on Handicap Evaluation in ArthrogypOsis, a Congenital Neuromuscular Disease