NDST3

Summary

NDST3 (N-deacetylase and N-sulfotransferase 3, HGNC:7682) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 4q26, encoding Bifunctional heparan sulfate N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase 3 (O95803). Essential bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes both the N-deacetylation and the N-sulfation of glucosamine (GlcNAc) of the glycosaminoglycan in heparan sulfate.

This gene encodes a member of the heparan sulfate/heparin GlcNAc N-deacetylase/ N-sulfotransferase family. The encoded enzyme is a type II transmembrane protein that resides in the Golgi apparatus. This monomeric bifunctional enzyme catalyzes the N-deacetylation and N-sulfation of N-acetylglucosamine residues in heparan sulfate and heparin, which are the initial chemical modifications required for the biosynthesis of the functional oligosaccharide sequences that define the specific ligand binding activities of heparan sulfate and heparin.

Source: NCBI Gene 9348 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 6
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 84 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_004784

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:7682
Approved symbol	NDST3
Name	N-deacetylase and N-sulfotransferase 3
Location	4q26
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	HSST3
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000164100
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	603950
Entrez	9348

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 3 — 2 protein_coding, 1 retained_intron

ENST00000296499, ENST00000394488, ENST00000852871

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_004784 NM_004784

CCDS: CCDS3708

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000296499 — 14 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000996907	118143556	118143684
ENSE00000996908	118138054	118138239
ENSE00001161093	118114806	118114960
ENSE00001201937	118105018	118105105
ENSE00001201940	118034486	118034592
ENSE00001201949	118053756	118054891
ENSE00001634973	118255593	118258634
ENSE00001675525	118237046	118237220
ENSE00001709182	118253499	118253601
ENSE00001801529	118240524	118240694
ENSE00002457853	118233012	118233135
ENSE00002485035	118226886	118226982
ENSE00002502960	118242040	118242149
ENSE00002513338	118224491	118224673

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 116 present calls, max score 93.36.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth broad, TPM avg 1.4069 / max 87.1802, expressed in 370 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (7 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
49417	0.4730	170
49419	0.2294	81
49415	0.2160	94
49416	0.2122	82
49418	0.1392	57
49414	0.0988	48
49413	0.0382	17

Top tissues by expression

259 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
buccal mucosa cell	CL:0002336	93.36	gold quality
cerebellar cortex	UBERON:0002129	75.29	gold quality
cerebellar hemisphere	UBERON:0002245	75.24	gold quality
cortical plate	UBERON:0005343	74.87	gold quality
cerebellum	UBERON:0002037	74.82	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	74.20	gold quality
right hemisphere of cerebellum	UBERON:0014890	74.02	gold quality
prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0000451	72.52	gold quality
ganglionic eminence	UBERON:0004023	72.42	gold quality
nucleus accumbens	UBERON:0001882	72.33	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 9	UBERON:0013540	71.62	gold quality
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0009834	71.36	gold quality
right frontal lobe	UBERON:0002810	70.39	gold quality
frontal cortex	UBERON:0001870	70.32	gold quality
cerebellar vermis	UBERON:0004720	70.01	gold quality
neocortex	UBERON:0001950	69.75	gold quality
caudate nucleus	UBERON:0001873	69.31	gold quality
anterior cingulate cortex	UBERON:0009835	68.90	gold quality
cingulate cortex	UBERON:0003027	68.84	gold quality
putamen	UBERON:0001874	68.59	gold quality
cerebral cortex	UBERON:0000956	67.71	gold quality
telencephalon	UBERON:0001893	67.34	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 46	UBERON:0006483	66.48	silver quality
Brodmann (1909) area 23	UBERON:0013554	66.16	gold quality
forebrain	UBERON:0001890	65.44	gold quality
brain	UBERON:0000955	65.40	gold quality
superior frontal gyrus	UBERON:0002661	64.30	gold quality
primary visual cortex	UBERON:0002436	64.19	gold quality
ventricular zone	UBERON:0003053	63.79	gold quality
tibial nerve	UBERON:0001323	63.29	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 2.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-HCAD-35	yes	102.01
E-ANND-3	yes	4.87

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

207 targeting NDST3, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-3924	100.00	72.09	2394
HSA-MIR-5011-5P	100.00	83.46	5820
HSA-MIR-3163	100.00	77.23	8605
HSA-LET-7A-3P	100.00	74.03	3932
HSA-LET-7B-3P	100.00	74.08	3913
HSA-LET-7F-1-3P	100.00	74.02	3928
HSA-MIR-98-3P	100.00	74.08	3907
HSA-MIR-3613-3P	100.00	76.36	7965
HSA-MIR-513A-5P	100.00	69.77	2465
HSA-MIR-4768-5P	100.00	69.49	2861
HSA-MIR-6833-3P	100.00	70.63	3197
HSA-MIR-656-3P	100.00	72.15	2788
HSA-MIR-5692A	100.00	74.40	6850
HSA-MIR-1277-5P	100.00	73.95	5056
HSA-MIR-6077	99.99	68.04	2299
HSA-MIR-548C-3P	99.99	74.01	7587
HSA-MIR-4282	99.99	75.36	6408
HSA-MIR-371B-5P	99.99	75.34	4759
HSA-MIR-4775	99.98	75.00	6394
HSA-MIR-4482-3P	99.98	72.50	3147
HSA-MIR-520D-5P	99.98	73.34	4883
HSA-MIR-524-5P	99.98	73.43	4882
HSA-MIR-27A-3P	99.98	72.13	2955
HSA-MIR-27B-3P	99.98	72.13	2955
HSA-MIR-9985	99.98	72.11	2939
HSA-MIR-373-5P	99.98	75.36	4753
HSA-MIR-616-5P	99.98	75.58	4775
HSA-MIR-12136	99.98	72.81	5713
HSA-MIR-5696	99.98	72.36	4487
HSA-MIR-548N	99.98	71.94	4170

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 7)

• A case-control study evaluating the entire genome for genes associated with the risk of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder demnstrated polymorphisms of NDST3 in case patients. (PMID:24253340)
• study provides evidence that the minor allele of rs11098403, an SNP near NDST3, is significantly associated with a reduced risk of schizophrenia in a Han Chinese population, further confirming the data obtained from Caucasians (PMID:25139529)
• A genome-wide association study provided suggestive evidence that the NDST3 variation predisposed patients to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. (PMID:26731438)
• Study does not support that the NDST3 gene plays a major role in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depressive disorder in the Han Chinese population. (PMID:29140583)
• Hsa_circ_0001017 inhibits proliferation and metastasis via regulating the let-7g-3p/NDST3 axis in glioma. (PMID:34284545)
• NDST3 deacetylates alpha-tubulin and suppresses V-ATPase assembly and lysosomal acidification. (PMID:34435379)
• Genetic Variance in Heparan Sulfation Is Associated With Salt Sensitivity. (PMID:39247955)

Cross-species orthologs

6 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	si:dkey-121b10.7	ENSDARG00000059948
danio_rerio	hs3st3b1a	ENSDARG00000099149
mus_musculus	Ndst3	ENSMUSG00000027977
rattus_norvegicus	Ndst3	ENSRNOG00000015781
drosophila_melanogaster	sfl	FBGN0020251
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00002028

Paralogs (10): HS3ST1 (ENSG00000002587), NDST1 (ENSG00000070614), HS3ST2 (ENSG00000122254), HS3ST3B1 (ENSG00000125430), NDST4 (ENSG00000138653), HS3ST3A1 (ENSG00000153976), HS3ST6 (ENSG00000162040), NDST2 (ENSG00000166507), HS3ST4 (ENSG00000182601), HS3ST5 (ENSG00000249853)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Bifunctional heparan sulfate N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase 3 — O95803 (reviewed: O95803)

Alternative names: Glucosaminyl N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase 3, N-heparan sulfate sulfotransferase 3

All UniProt accessions (1): O95803

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Essential bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes both the N-deacetylation and the N-sulfation of glucosamine (GlcNAc) of the glycosaminoglycan in heparan sulfate. Modifies the GlcNAc-GlcA disaccharide repeating sugar backbone to make N-sulfated heparosan, a prerequisite substrate for later modifications in heparin biosynthesis. Has high deacetylase activity but low sulfotransferase activity.

Subunit / interactions. Monomer.

Subcellular location. Golgi apparatus membrane.

Tissue specificity. Expressed in brain, kidney, liver, fetal and adult lung, adult pancreas, placenta, fetal spleen and fetal thymus. Not detected in adult/ fetal heart and skeletal muscle.

Pathway. Glycan metabolism; heparan sulfate biosynthesis. Glycan metabolism; heparin biosynthesis.

Miscellaneous. The presence of 4 different heparan sulfate N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase enzymes in mammals, as well as differences in their enzyme activity suggest that some initiate heparan sulfate modification/sulfation reactions, whereas other later on fill in or extend already modified heparan sulfate sequences.

Similarity. Belongs to the sulfotransferase 1 family. NDST subfamily.

Isoforms (3)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
O95803-1	1	yes
O95803-2	2
O95803-3	3

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_004775* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000863	Sulfotransferase_dom	Domain
IPR021930	Heparan_SO4_deacetylase_dom	Domain
IPR027417	P-loop_NTPase	Homologous_superfamily
IPR037359	NST/OST	Family
IPR056793	HSNSD_N	Domain

Pfam: PF00685, PF12062, PF25119

Enzyme classification (BRENDA):

• EC 2.8.2.8 — [heparan sulfate]-glucosamine N-sulfotransferase (BRENDA: 11 organisms, 86 substrates, 14 inhibitors, 13 Km, 0 kcat entries)

Substrate kinetics (BRENDA)

5 substrates with measured Km, best-characterized 5. Km ranges are aggregated across organisms/conditions.

Substrate	Km (mM)	Measurements
3’-PHOSPHOADENYLYLSULFATE	0.005–0.108	6
N-DEACETYLASE K5-POLYSACCHARIDE	0.0009–0.0224	3
N,O-DESULFOHEPARAN SULFATE TETRASACCHARIDE	2.5	1
N-DESULFOHEPARAN SULFATE	1.89	1
N-DESULFOHEPARIN	0.013	1

Catalyzed reactions (Rhea), 1 shown:

• alpha-D-glucosaminyl-heparan sulfate + 3’-phosphoadenylyl sulfate = N-sulfo-alpha-D-glucosaminyl-heparan sulfate + adenosine 3’,5’-bisphosphate + 2 H(+) (RHEA:21980)

UniProt features (24 total): glycosylation site 6, splice variant 5, binding site 3, topological domain 2, region of interest 2, chain 1, disulfide bond 1, transmembrane region 1, sequence variant 1, sequence conflict 1, active site 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-O95803-F1	90.55	0.76

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Catalytic / active sites (1): 605 (for sulfotransferase activity)

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (3): 605–609; 703; 824–828

Disulfide bonds (1): 809–819

Glycosylation sites (6): 146, 226, 342, 392, 658, 794

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

5 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-2022928	HS-GAG biosynthesis
R-HSA-1430728	Metabolism
R-HSA-1630316	Glycosaminoglycan metabolism
R-HSA-1638091	Heparan sulfate/heparin (HS-GAG) metabolism
R-HSA-71387	Metabolism of carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives

MSigDB gene sets: 141 (showing top): ATACCTC_MIR202, GOBP_CARBOHYDRATE_DERIVATIVE_METABOLIC_PROCESS, BRN2_01, GOBP_HEPARAN_SULFATE_PROTEOGLYCAN_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_CARBOHYDRATE_DERIVATIVE_BIOSYNTHETIC_PROCESS, AACTTT_UNKNOWN, CREBP1_01, GOBP_PROTEIN_O_LINKED_GLYCOSYLATION, GOBP_GLYCOPROTEIN_METABOLIC_PROCESS, REACTOME_METABOLISM_OF_CARBOHYDRATES_AND_CARBOHYDRATE_DERIVATIVES, GOMF_HEPARAN_SULFATE_SULFOTRANSFERASE_ACTIVITY, E4BP4_01, GOMF_HYDROLASE_ACTIVITY_ACTING_ON_ESTER_BONDS, GOMF_CARBOXYLIC_ESTER_HYDROLASE_ACTIVITY, GOMF_DEACETYLASE_ACTIVITY

GO Biological Process (2): heparan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process (GO:0015012), heparin proteoglycan biosynthetic process (GO:0030210)

GO Molecular Function (7): heparan sulfate N-sulfotransferase activity (GO:0015016), deacetylase activity (GO:0019213), heparan sulfate N-deacetylase activity (GO:0102140), catalytic activity (GO:0003824), sulfotransferase activity (GO:0008146), transferase activity (GO:0016740), hydrolase activity (GO:0016787)

GO Cellular Component (3): Golgi membrane (GO:0000139), Golgi apparatus (GO:0005794), membrane (GO:0016020)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-4 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Heparan sulfate/heparin (HS-GAG) metabolism	1
Metabolism of carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives	1
Glycosaminoglycan metabolism	1
Metabolism	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
protein O-linked glycosylation via xylose	2
catalytic activity	2
proteoglycan biosynthetic process	1
heparan sulfate proteoglycan metabolic process	1
heparin proteoglycan metabolic process	1
heparan sulfate sulfotransferase activity	1
deacylase activity	1
deacetylase activity	1
carboxylic ester hydrolase activity	1
molecular_function	1
transferase activity, transferring sulphur-containing groups	1
Golgi apparatus	1
bounding membrane of organelle	1
cytoplasm	1
endomembrane system	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1
cellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

570 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
NDST3	SULT1C3	Q6IMI6	759
NDST3	SULT1C4	O75897	756
NDST3	SULT1B1	O43704	729
NDST3	HS2ST1	Q7LGA3	711
NDST3	GLCE	O94923	650
NDST3	EXTL1	Q92935	642
NDST3	HS6ST1	O60243	636
NDST3	EXTL3	O43909	591
NDST3	HS6ST2	Q96MM7	571
NDST3	HS6ST3	Q8IZP7	570
NDST3	EXT1	Q16394	568
NDST3	EXT2	Q93063	558
NDST3	K7EP71	K7EP71	547
NDST3	EXTL2	Q9UBQ6	544
NDST3	UST	Q9Y2C2	544

IntAct

4 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
NDST2	CLGN	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
NDST3	PYGB	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
NDST3	B3GAT3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (9): NDST3 (Affinity Capture-MS), NDST4 (Affinity Capture-MS), PYGB (Affinity Capture-MS), NDST3 (Affinity Capture-MS), KCTD13 (Affinity Capture-MS), LMF1 (Affinity Capture-MS), TUBB2B (Affinity Capture-MS), B3GAT3 (Affinity Capture-MS), RTFDC1 (Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS))

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A1D5PUP4, A2AFS3, M0R7X9, O70472, O75882, O95803, P01134, P26012, P52799, P52848, P69849, Q02353, Q05204, Q0VCJ8, Q12841, Q13635, Q15155, Q3UHN9, Q3ZBS2, Q58D84, Q5EA46, Q5JPE7, Q5R9Y1, Q5U4X8, Q5VV63, Q5ZJB7, Q5ZMH6, Q61115, Q62356, Q62632, Q6A051, Q6GQK9, Q6GQT9, Q6P988, Q6UXG2, Q7Z5A7, Q86TD4, Q90693, Q91WE9, Q96CW9

Diamond homologs: O14792, O35310, O95803, O97583, Q5GFD5, Q673U1, Q80W66, Q8BKN6, Q8BSL4, Q8IZT8, Q96QI5, Q9EQW8, Q9ESG5, Q9H3R1, Q9QZS6, Q9Y278, Q9Y661, Q9Y662, Q9Y663, P52849, Q60V90, Q966W3, Q9EQH7, Q9V3L1, P52848, P52850, Q02353, Q3UHN9, Q5U4X8, Q6GQK9, Q55GK8, Q91XQ5

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

84 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	77
Likely benign	2
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

3214 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
4:118053755:GACT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
4:118114802:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
4:118114802:AAAG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
4:118114956:CCTTA:C	donor_gain	1.0000
4:118114957:CTTA:C	donor_gain	1.0000
4:118114958:TTA:T	donor_gain	1.0000
4:118114959:TA:T	donor_gain	1.0000
4:118114959:TAG:T	donor_loss	1.0000
4:118114960:AGTAA:A	donor_loss	1.0000
4:118114961:G:A	donor_loss	1.0000
4:118114961:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
4:118114962:T:A	donor_loss	1.0000
4:118114963:A:AT	donor_loss	1.0000
4:118114964:AGTAA:A	donor_loss	1.0000
4:118143551:TTCA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
4:118143552:TCAG:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
4:118143553:CAG:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
4:118143554:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
4:118143555:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
4:118143555:G:GT	acceptor_loss	1.0000
4:118143680:ACCCT:A	donor_gain	1.0000
4:118143681:CCCT:C	donor_gain	1.0000
4:118143682:CCT:C	donor_gain	1.0000
4:118143682:CCTG:C	donor_loss	1.0000
4:118143683:CT:C	donor_gain	1.0000
4:118143685:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
4:118143686:TAAG:T	donor_loss	1.0000
4:118143687:AA:A	donor_loss	1.0000
4:118224489:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
4:118224490:G:GA	acceptor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

5795 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
4:118054841:G:C	D311H	1.000
4:118054842:A:C	D311A	1.000
4:118054842:A:T	D311V	1.000
4:118114886:C:G	H384D	1.000
4:118114888:T:A	H384Q	1.000
4:118114888:T:G	H384Q	1.000
4:118138094:C:A	P422H	1.000
4:118138096:C:G	H423D	1.000
4:118138099:C:G	H424D	1.000
4:118138101:T:A	H424Q	1.000
4:118138101:T:G	H424Q	1.000
4:118138141:T:A	W438R	1.000
4:118138141:T:C	W438R	1.000
4:118138171:A:C	S448R	1.000
4:118138173:C:A	S448R	1.000
4:118138173:C:G	S448R	1.000
4:118143557:T:A	V471D	1.000
4:118143566:G:C	R474T	1.000
4:118143583:T:C	F480L	1.000
4:118143585:C:A	F480L	1.000
4:118143585:C:G	F480L	1.000
4:118253570:A:T	K824I	1.000
4:118253571:A:C	K824N	1.000
4:118253571:A:T	K824N	1.000
4:118053983:A:C	S25R	0.999
4:118053985:C:A	S25R	0.999
4:118053985:C:G	S25R	0.999
4:118054838:G:C	D310H	0.999
4:118054839:A:C	D310A	0.999
4:118054839:A:T	D310V	0.999

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000012600 (4:118073755 A>C), RS1000016608 (4:118200178 T>A), RS1000019507 (4:118102031 C>A,G,T), RS1000033086 (4:118061734 A>G), RS1000053498 (4:118201754 T>G), RS1000092522 (4:118119317 T>C), RS1000101895 (4:118161538 C>T), RS1000108517 (4:118201573 G>A), RS1000114086 (4:118170687 C>T), RS10001247 (4:118170438 A>G), RS1000133194 (4:118150998 C>A,T), RS10001520 (4:118140673 A>G), RS1000175081 (4:118254175 G>A), RS10001926 (4:118215739 A>T), RS1000204379 (4:118149319 A>G)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:603950 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

6 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST002277_1	Schizophrenia	3.000000e-08
GCST006218_54	Erosive tooth wear (severe vs non-severe)	3.000000e-08
GCST006950_9	Feeling worry	4.000000e-08
GCST007201_468	Schizophrenia	4.000000e-08
GCST008395_4	End-stage kidney disease	9.000000e-07
GCST009391_427	Metabolite levels	6.000000e-06

EFO canonical traits (2, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0009589	worry measurement
EFO:0010384	phosphatidylcholine 38:2 measurement

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

16 total (human), top 16 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
bisphenol A	decreases methylation, increases expression	2
benzo(e)pyrene	increases methylation	1
aflatoxin B2	increases methylation	1
entinostat	decreases expression	1
2,2’,4,4’,5-brominated diphenyl ether	decreases expression	1
Arsenic Trioxide	decreases expression	1
Vorinostat	decreases expression	1
Cadmium	increases abundance, decreases expression	1
Carbamazepine	affects expression	1
Methapyrilene	increases methylation	1
Phthalic Acids	increases methylation	1
Valproic Acid	affects expression	1
Aflatoxin B1	decreases methylation	1
Asbestos, Crocidolite	increases methylation	1
Cadmium Chloride	decreases expression, increases abundance	1
Okadaic Acid	increases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.