NORAD

Summary

NORAD (non-coding RNA activated by DNA damage, HGNC:44311) is a long non-coding RNA gene on chromosome 20q11.23.

Predicted to enable protein sequestering activity. Predicted to be involved in regulation of mRNA stability. Biomarker of lung non-small cell carcinoma.

Source: NCBI Gene 647979 — automated summary from GO annotations (Alliance of Genome Resources).

At a glance

• Gene type: non-coding (lncRNA) — no protein product.
• GTEx eGene: eQTL in 20 tissues, sQTL in 0 (q < 0.05)

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:44311
Approved symbol	NORAD
Name	non-coding RNA activated by DNA damage
Location	20q11.23
Locus type	RNA, long non-coding
Status	Approved
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000260032
Ensembl biotype	lncRNA
OMIM	617037
Entrez	647979
RNAcentral	URS000075CEFB — lncRNA, 5378 nt, 1 organism(s)

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 5 — 5 lncRNA

ENST00000565493, ENST00000796927, ENST00000796928, ENST00000796929, ENST00000796930

RefSeq mRNA: 0

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000565493 — 1 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00002583754	36045618	36051018

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 256 present calls, max score 99.91.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 21.7056 / max 143.2698, expressed in 1807 samples.

Highest expression (Bgee): cardiac muscle of right atrium, lateral nuclear group of thalamus, substantia nigra pars compacta, substantia nigra pars reticulata, lateral globus pallidus.

Genetic regulation across tissues (GTEx eQTL / sQTL)

NORAD is an eGene in GTEx v10 — its expression is genetically regulated (eQTL) in 20 tissues and its splicing (sQTL) in 0 (q < 0.05). Strongest associations first; slope = normalized effect of the lead variant’s alternative allele.

20 significant tissue × QTL associations:

Tissue	QTL	q-value	Slope	Lead variant
Muscle Skeletal	eqtl	4.9e-14	-0.23	20:36048359:C:T
Esophagus Mucosa	eqtl	4.4e-09	-0.16	20:36085949:G:C
Testis	eqtl	8.7e-09	-0.22	20:36022334:A:G
Artery Tibial	eqtl	1.0e-04	+0.10	20:36134333:G:T
Brain Cerebellar Hemisphere	eqtl	1.5e-04	+0.23	20:36048359:C:T
Heart Left Ventricle	eqtl	1.1e-03	-0.12	20:36085949:G:C
Heart Atrial Appendage	eqtl	3.4e-03	-0.16	20:36048359:C:T
Ovary	eqtl	6.5e-03	-1.93	20:36336906:G:A
Brain Nucleus accumbens basal ganglia	eqtl	9.8e-03	+0.17	20:36018993:A:G
Cells EBV-transformed lymphocytes	eqtl	1.2e-02	+0.34	20:35223021:T:C
Artery Aorta	eqtl	1.7e-02	+0.14	20:35813128:C:T
Brain Amygdala	eqtl	1.8e-02	-0.38	20:36051737:C:A
Breast Mammary Tissue	eqtl	1.9e-02	+0.65	20:35268855:A:G
Brain Hypothalamus	eqtl	2.1e-02	+0.19	20:36746002:G:A
Brain Frontal Cortex BA9	eqtl	2.1e-02	-0.27	20:36051737:C:A
Brain Hippocampus	eqtl	2.5e-02	+0.21	20:35949238:G:A
Brain Anterior cingulate cortex BA24	eqtl	2.8e-02	+0.48	20:35904226:G:A
Adipose Subcutaneous	eqtl	2.9e-02	+0.17	20:35424169:T:G
Skin Not Sun Exposed Suprapubic	eqtl	3.2e-02	+0.20	20:35715677:T:C
Esophagus Muscularis	eqtl	3.9e-02	-0.34	20:36009670:A:G

FANTOM5 promoters

2 alternative TSS:

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
187106	21.4737	1807
209097	0.2318	91

Top tissues by expression

showing 100 of 256 tissues by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
cardiac muscle of right atrium	UBERON:0003379	99.91	gold quality
lateral nuclear group of thalamus	UBERON:0002736	99.89	gold quality
substantia nigra pars compacta	UBERON:0001965	99.88	gold quality
substantia nigra pars reticulata	UBERON:0001966	99.88	gold quality
lateral globus pallidus	UBERON:0002476	99.87	gold quality
superior vestibular nucleus	UBERON:0007227	99.85	gold quality
medulla oblongata	UBERON:0001896	99.84	gold quality
dorsal plus ventral thalamus	UBERON:0001897	99.84	gold quality
subthalamic nucleus	UBERON:0001906	99.83	gold quality
dorsal root ganglion	UBERON:0000044	99.81	gold quality
left ventricle myocardium	UBERON:0006566	99.81	gold quality
pons	UBERON:0000988	99.80	gold quality
trigeminal ganglion	UBERON:0001675	99.80	gold quality
ventral tegmental area	UBERON:0002691	99.78	gold quality
parietal lobe	UBERON:0001872	99.77	gold quality
postcentral gyrus	UBERON:0002581	99.77	gold quality
upper arm skin	UBERON:0004263	99.75	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 46	UBERON:0006483	99.75	gold quality
inferior vagus X ganglion	UBERON:0005363	99.70	gold quality
layer of synovial tissue	UBERON:0007616	99.70	gold quality
synovial joint	UBERON:0002217	99.65	gold quality
mucosa of paranasal sinus	UBERON:0005030	99.65	gold quality
superior frontal gyrus	UBERON:0002661	99.63	gold quality
superficial temporal artery	UBERON:0001614	99.62	gold quality
caput epididymis	UBERON:0004358	99.62	gold quality
ileal mucosa	UBERON:0000331	99.60	gold quality
tibia	UBERON:0000979	99.60	gold quality
tibialis anterior	UBERON:0001385	99.60	gold quality
palpebral conjunctiva	UBERON:0001812	99.58	gold quality
urethra	UBERON:0000057	99.56	gold quality
cardia of stomach	UBERON:0001162	99.54	gold quality
mammary duct	UBERON:0001765	99.54	gold quality
epithelium of mammary gland	UBERON:0003244	99.54	gold quality
corpus epididymis	UBERON:0004359	99.52	gold quality
kidney epithelium	UBERON:0004819	99.51	gold quality
lower lobe of lung	UBERON:0008949	99.49	gold quality
penis	UBERON:0000989	99.48	gold quality
vena cava	UBERON:0004087	99.48	gold quality
pylorus	UBERON:0001166	99.47	gold quality
saphenous vein	UBERON:0007318	99.46	gold quality
renal medulla	UBERON:0000362	99.44	gold quality
trachea	UBERON:0003126	99.43	gold quality
upper leg skin	UBERON:0004262	99.43	gold quality
cauda epididymis	UBERON:0004360	99.40	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue of rectus abdominis	UBERON:0004511	99.39	gold quality
entorhinal cortex	UBERON:0002728	99.38	gold quality
occipital lobe	UBERON:0002021	99.34	gold quality
nipple	UBERON:0002030	99.34	gold quality
deltoid	UBERON:0001476	99.33	gold quality
seminal vesicle	UBERON:0000998	99.32	gold quality
adult organism	UBERON:0007023	99.31	gold quality
skin of hip	UBERON:0001554	99.29	gold quality
superior surface of tongue	UBERON:0007371	99.29	gold quality
calcaneal tendon	UBERON:0003701	99.27	gold quality
jejunum	UBERON:0002115	99.25	gold quality
tongue	UBERON:0001723	99.24	gold quality
globus pallidus	UBERON:0001875	99.22	gold quality
body of tongue	UBERON:0011876	99.21	gold quality
pharyngeal mucosa	UBERON:0000355	99.20	gold quality
midbrain	UBERON:0001891	99.20	gold quality
myocardium	UBERON:0002349	99.19	gold quality
primary visual cortex	UBERON:0002436	99.17	gold quality
corpus callosum	UBERON:0002336	99.15	gold quality
germinal epithelium of ovary	UBERON:0001304	99.14	gold quality
substantia nigra	UBERON:0002038	99.13	gold quality
parotid gland	UBERON:0001831	99.12	gold quality
pericardium	UBERON:0002407	99.12	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 23	UBERON:0013554	99.12	gold quality
oral cavity	UBERON:0000167	99.10	gold quality
pigmented layer of retina	UBERON:0001782	99.09	gold quality
endometrium	UBERON:0001295	99.07	gold quality
temporal lobe	UBERON:0001871	99.07	gold quality
cartilage tissue	UBERON:0002418	99.07	gold quality
decidua	UBERON:0002450	99.07	gold quality
medial globus pallidus	UBERON:0002477	99.06	gold quality
jejunal mucosa	UBERON:0000399	99.05	gold quality
bronchus	UBERON:0002185	99.05	gold quality
nasal cavity epithelium	UBERON:0005384	99.04	gold quality
bronchial epithelial cell	CL:0002328	99.03	gold quality
Ammon’s horn	UBERON:0001954	99.03	gold quality
mucosa of sigmoid colon	UBERON:0004993	99.01	gold quality
spinal cord	UBERON:0002240	98.99	gold quality
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0009834	98.98	gold quality
hypothalamus	UBERON:0001898	98.96	gold quality
esophagus squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006920	98.95	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue of biceps brachii	UBERON:0004502	98.93	gold quality
C1 segment of cervical spinal cord	UBERON:0006469	98.92	gold quality
cerebral cortex	UBERON:0000956	98.91	gold quality
nucleus accumbens	UBERON:0001882	98.90	gold quality
trabecular bone tissue	UBERON:0002483	98.90	gold quality
quadriceps femoris	UBERON:0001377	98.89	gold quality
epithelium of nasopharynx	UBERON:0001951	98.89	gold quality
cortical plate	UBERON:0005343	98.89	gold quality
amygdala	UBERON:0001876	98.88	gold quality
vastus lateralis	UBERON:0001379	98.85	gold quality
thoracic mammary gland	UBERON:0005200	98.85	gold quality
biceps brachii	UBERON:0001507	98.83	gold quality
mammary gland	UBERON:0001911	98.82	gold quality
frontal cortex	UBERON:0001870	98.81	gold quality
prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0000451	98.80	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 2.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-HCAD-35	yes	51.37
E-ANND-3	no	0.00

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• NORAD is highly conserved and abundant, with expression levels of approximately 500-1,000 copies per cell. Remarkably, inactivation of NORAD triggers dramatic aneuploidy in previously karyotypically stable cell lines. NORAD maintains genomic stability by sequestering PUMILIO proteins, which repress the stability and translation of mRNAs to which they bind. (PMID:26724866)
• High LINC00657 expression is associated with breast cancer. (PMID:26942882)
• A recent paper by the Mendell group identifies NORAD, a novel lncRNA that is regulated in response to DNA damage and plays a key role in maintaining genome integrity by modulating the activity the RNA binding proteins PUM2 and PUM1. (PMID:27157388)
• Through binding to PUM1 and PUM2, NORAD modulates the mRNA levels of their targets, which are enriched for genes involved in chromosome segregation during cell division. Our results suggest that some cytoplasmic lncRNAs function by modulating the activities of RNA-binding proteins, an activity which positions them at key junctions of cellular signalling pathways. (PMID:27406171)
• Our data indicate that increased NORAD expression might serve as a novel molecular predictor of poor prognosis in ESCC patients and maybe a potential target for diagnosis and gene therapy. (PMID:28482344)
• Low NORAD expression is associated with pituitary null cell adenomas. (PMID:28656268)
• Long non-coding RNA 657 suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth by acting as a molecular sponge of miR-106a-5p to regulate PTEN expression (PMID:28919047)
• Results show that NORAD is highly expressed in pancreatic cancer tissues and upregulated in hypoxic conditions. NORAD upregulation is correlated with shorter overall survival. Furthermore, NORAD overexpression promoted the migration and invasion of pancreatic carcinoma cells, while its depletion inhibited EMT and metastasis. NORAD may function as a ceRNA to regulate the expression of RHOA through competition for miR-125a. (PMID:29121972)
• SAM68 is required for efficient recruitment of PUM2 to NORAD, regulation of Pum activity by NORAD, and proper chromosome segregation in mammalian cells. (PMID:29386330)
• High NORAD expression is associated with metastasis in bladder cancer. (PMID:29605462)
• we show that NORAD upregulates transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling and regulates TGF-beta-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like phenotype (PMID:29722104)
• The discovery of MALAT1, NEAT1, and NORAD lncRNA-binding proteins has been reported. (PMID:29972301)
• Taken together, these data demonstrate a novel mechanism of hepatocyte growth promotion during hepatitis C virus infection involving a miR-373-NORAD-Wee1 axis. (PMID:30089699)
• NORAD could serve as a ceRNA in cervical cancer progression by modulating miR-590-3p/SIP1 axis. (PMID:30119219)
• LINC00657 can induce the neuropathic pain development via regulating miR-136/ZEB1 axis. (PMID:30203524)
• LINC00657 might be involved in regulating esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC’s) response to radiation; and it functioned as an oncogene in ESCC by targeting miR-615-3p and JunB. (PMID:30227324)
• High NORAD expression is associated with gastric cancer. (PMID:30453063)
• that NORAD has a tumor-promoting effect in hepatocellular carcinoma and describes a novel mechanism whereby NORAD regulates the TGF-beta pathway as a ceRNA of Homo sapiens (hsa)-miR-202-5p (PMID:30537113)
• Overexpression of long non-coding RNA NORAD promotes invasion and migration in malignant melanoma via regulating the MIR-205-EGLN2 pathway. (PMID:30843652)
• We found that upregulation of LINC00657 and downregulation of miR-106a are significantly associated with the development of Colorectal cancer (CRC). Also, a positive correlation was detected between their serum levels. In addition, serum LINC00657 can distinguish adenomatous polyposis (AP) patients and/or ulcerative colitis (UC) patients from controls (PMID:30927333)
• study identifies NORAD as a novel metastasis suppressor, elucidates its regulatory and functional mechanisms, and highlights its prognostic value (PMID:30967631)
• NORAD serves as a competing endogenous RNA for miR1365p. Gain and lossoffunction experiments confirmed that miR1365p reversed the promoting effects of NORAD in nonsmall cell lung cancer. (PMID:31059060)
• Silencing the long noncoding RNA NORAD inhibits gastric cancer cell proliferation and invasion by the RhoA/ROCK1 pathway. (PMID:31115002)
• The results of our study show that NORAD plays an important role in regulating cancer cell functions of osteosarcoma, possibly through endogenously competing with hsa-miR-199a-3p (PMID:31169973)
• High NORAD expression is associated with cell proliferation and migration in prostate cancer. (PMID:31342822)
• PUM binding is required for maintenance of genomic stability by NORAD whereas binding of RBMX is dispensable for this function. (PMID:31343408)
• Long noncoding RNA NORAD regulates MPP+-induced Parkinson’s disease model cells. (PMID:31421205)
• Long noncoding RNA LINC00657 induced by SP1 contributes to the non-small cell lung cancer progression through targeting miR-26b-5p/COMMD8 axis. (PMID:31566716)
• NORAD affects the progression of diabetic nephropathy through targeting miR-520h to upregulate TLR4 (PMID:31630796)
• Regulatory mechanism of lncRNA NORAD on proliferation and invasion of ovarian cancer cells through miR-199a-3p. (PMID:32141533)
• LINC00657 promotes malignant progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma via regulating microRNA-150. (PMID:32196599)
• Long noncoding RNA NORAD regulates angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells via miR5903p under hypoxic conditions. (PMID:32323787)
• LINC00657/miR-26a-5p/CKS2 ceRNA network promotes the growth of esophageal cancer cells via the MDM2/p53/Bcl2/Bax pathway. (PMID:32426838)
• LncNORAD interference inhibits tumor growth and lung cancer cell proliferation, invasion and migration by down-regulating CXCR4 to suppress RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway. (PMID:32495879)
• LncRNA NORAD targets miR-410-3p to regulate drug resistance sensitivity of osteosarcoma. (PMID:32538761)
• NORAD orchestrates endometrial cancer progression by sequestering FUBP1 nuclear localization to promote cell apoptosis. (PMID:32555178)
• Knockdown of LINC00657 inhibits ox-LDL-induced endothelial cell injury by regulating miR-30c-5p/Wnt7b/beta-catenin. (PMID:32577947)
• Long non-coding RNA NORAD functions as a microRNA-204-5p sponge to repress the progression of Parkinson’s disease in vitro by increasing the solute carrier family 5 member 3 expression. (PMID:32687247)
• LINC00657 promotes colorectal cancer stem-like cell invasion by functioning as a miR-203a sponge. (PMID:32703458)
• Silencing of Long Non-Coding RNA (LncRNA) Non-Coding RNA Activated by DNA Damage (NORAD) Inhibits Proliferation, Invasion, Migration, and Promotes Apoptosis of Glioma Cells via Downregulating the Expression of AKR1B1. (PMID:32778640)

Cross-species orthologs

0 orthologs

Mouse-model phenotypes

Observed phenotypes of the mouse ortholog (MGI:1914767) from MGI (Alliance of Genome Resources) — knockout/mutant phenotypes, ranked by annotation count. 5 distinct phenotype terms.

Mouse phenotype (MP)	Records
kyphosis	1
premature aging	1
intervertebral disk degeneration	1
increased susceptibility to injury	1
abnormal nucleus pulposus morphology	1

Genomic neighbors (locus context)

Genes flanking this one on the chromosome (NCBI/Entrez gene neighborhood). Positional context only — some neighbors share regulatory elements (bidirectional promoters, antisense/overlapping transcripts), but chromosomal adjacency is not itself a functional relationship (see Interactions for that).

Symbol	Type	Entrez
EPB41L1-AS1	ncRNA	100130373
EPB41L1	protein-coding	2036
CNBD2	protein-coding	140894
PHF20	protein-coding	51230
SCAND1	protein-coding	51282
DLGAP4-AS1	ncRNA	101926987
DLGAP4	protein-coding	22839
AAR2	protein-coding	25980

Protein

Non-coding RNA — no protein product.

Function

Gene-set membership (MSigDB)

This non-coding RNA is a member of 71 curated MSigDB gene sets — regulatory-target and signature collections that include it (it has no protein-based pathway / GO / interaction data).

BROWNE_HCMV_INFECTION_6HR_DN, BERTUCCI_MEDULLARY_VS_DUCTAL_BREAST_CANCER_DN, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_MRNA_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, GRAESSMANN_APOPTOSIS_BY_DOXORUBICIN_DN, GRAESSMANN_RESPONSE_TO_MC_AND_DOXORUBICIN_DN, GOBP_MACROMOLECULE_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, BROWNE_HCMV_INFECTION_48HR_DN, GOBP_POST_TRANSCRIPTIONAL_REGULATION_OF_GENE_EXPRESSION, MCBRYAN_PUBERTAL_BREAST_4_5WK_DN, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, BROWNE_HCMV_INFECTION_14HR_DN, HU_GENOTOXIC_DAMAGE_24HR, chr20q11, CHANDRAN_METASTASIS_UP, BOYLAN_MULTIPLE_MYELOMA_C_D_UP, LEIN_NEURON_MARKERS, KRIGE_RESPONSE_TO_TOSEDOSTAT_24HR_UP, SENGUPTA_NASOPHARYNGEAL_CARCINOMA_WITH_LMP1_UP, MCBRYAN_PUBERTAL_BREAST_6_7WK_UP, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_MRNA_METABOLIC_PROCESS, DIDO1_TARGET_GENES, FOXD2_TARGET_GENES, HMG20B_TARGET_GENES, MAFG_TARGET_GENES, NFE2L1_TARGET_GENES, PSMB5_TARGET_GENES, TAF9B_TARGET_GENES, CASP8AP2_TARGET_GENES, ZNF257_TARGET_GENES, ZNF592_TARGET_GENES, ZNF618_TARGET_GENES, ZNF766_TARGET_GENES, MARTORIATI_MDM4_TARGETS_FETAL_LIVER_DN, THUM_SYSTOLIC_HEART_FAILURE_UP, MURARO_PANCREAS_BETA_CELL, HAY_BONE_MARROW_NEUTROPHIL, LAKE_ADULT_KIDNEY_C8_DECENDING_THIN_LIMB, LAKE_ADULT_KIDNEY_C10_THIN_ASCENDING_LIMB, LAKE_ADULT_KIDNEY_C18_COLLECTING_DUCT_PRINCIPAL_CELLS_MEDULLA, LAKE_ADULT_KIDNEY_C19_COLLECTING_DUCT_INTERCALATED_CELLS_TYPE_A_MEDULLA, MENON_FETAL_KIDNEY_4_PODOCYTES, DESCARTES_MAIN_FETAL_ENDOCARDIAL_CELLS, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_GENE_EXPRESSION, ZC3H11A_TARGET_GENES, ZNF41_TARGET_GENES, ZNF140_TARGET_GENES, ZBED5_TARGET_GENES, ZNF784_TARGET_GENES, ADA2_TARGET_GENES, TRAVAGLINI_LUNG_PLATELET_MEGAKARYOCYTE_CELL, FAN_OVARY_CL16_LYMPHATIC_ENDOTHELIAL_CELL, GOMF_PROTEIN_SEQUESTERING_ACTIVITY, GOMF_MOLECULAR_SEQUESTERING_ACTIVITY, FEKIR_HEPARG_SIDE_POP_VS_HEPARG_DN, GOBP_NUCLEIC_ACID_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, SU_HO_CONV_CENT_CHONDROSARCOMA_C1_HIGH_GRADE_CHONDROSARCOMA_2, SU_HO_CONV_CENT_CHONDROSARCOMA_STROMAL_C4_CANCER_ASSOCIATED_FIBROBLAST, GSE29615_DAY3_VS_DAY7_LAIV_FLU_VACCINE_PBMC_UP, GOBP_MRNA_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_NUCLEOBASE_CONTAINING_COMPOUND_CATABOLIC_PROCESS

ncRNA interactions

Experimentally supported non-coding-RNA interaction partners (NPInter).

showing 1 of 471 interaction partners:

Partner	Partner type	Level	Source
LINC00657	lncRNA	RNA-Protein	Literature mining;High-throughput data

Disease & clinical

ncRNA disease associations

Curated non-coding-RNA → disease associations (LncRNADisease, HMDD) — these are RNA-level associations for this gene, not the positional variant data omitted above.

showing 30 of 54 ncRNA–disease associations:

Disease	Causal?	Validated by
Breast Neoplasms	Yes	RNA Pull-Down, Western Blot, Migration Assay, qRT-PCR, RIP, Luciferase Report Assay, Invasion Assay, ChIP
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck	Yes	CCK8, qRT-PCR, Luciferase Report Assay
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung	Yes	Western Blot, CCK8, qRT-PCR, RIP, Luciferase Report Assay
Breast Neoplasms	No	Western Blot, Tunel, CCK8, qRT-PCR, RIP, Luciferase Report Assay, BrdU, Transwell Assay
Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury	Yes	Western Blot, Transfection, Tunel, CCK8, qRT-PCR, Luciferase Report Assay, ELISA
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial	Yes	qRT-PCR
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular	Yes	CCK8, qRT-PCR, Flow Cytometry, Western Blot
Stomach Neoplasms	Yes	CCK8, qRT-PCR, Luciferase Report Assay, Western Blot
Thyroid Neoplasms	Yes	CCK8, qRT-PCR, Luciferase Report Assay, Transwell Assay
Esophageal Neoplasms	Yes	Western Blot, Wound Healing Assay, Flow Cytometry, qRT-PCR, CCK8, Transwell Assay
Sars-Cov-2 Vaccination Breakthrough Infections	No	RNA-seq, Bioinformatics Analysis
Sjogren’s Syndrome		qRT-PCR, Microarray
Colitis, Ulcerative	Yes	Western Blot, Transfection, Flow Cytometry, qRT-PCR, RIP, MTT, Luciferase Report Assay, ELISA, EdU Staining
Coronary Disease	No	qRT-PCR, ELISA
Prostatic Neoplasms	Yes	In Vivo Experiment, qRT-PCR, RNA-seq
Atherosclerosis	Yes	RNA Pull-Down, Western Blot, qRT-PCR, Luciferase Report Assay, H&E Staining, ELISA, IHC
Chronic Constriction Injury	Yes	qRT-PCR, Luciferase Report Assay, Western Blot
Osteosarcoma	Yes	qRT-PCR, RIP
Psoriasis	Yes	In Vivo Experiment, RNA Pull-Down, Western Blot, Transfection, qRT-PCR, FISH, RIP, MTT, Luciferase Report Assay, Cell Proliferation Assay
Stomach Neoplasms		Western Blot, CCK8, qRT-PCR, Flow Cytometry, Transwell Assay
Osteonecrosis	Yes	Western Blot, Transfection, qRT-PCR, Luciferase Report Assay, Cell Apoptosis Assay, Cell Proliferation Assay
COVID-19	No	Bioinformatics Analysis
Lung Neoplasms	Yes	Western Blot, CCK8, qRT-PCR, Luciferase Report Assay, Transwell Assay
Pancreatic Neoplasms	Yes	In Vivo Experiment, RNA Pull-Down, Western Blot, Flow Cytometry, RIP, qRT-PCR, MTT, Luciferase Report Assay
Glioma	Yes	Western Blot, CCK8, qRT-PCR, RIP, Flow Cytometry, Colony Formation Assay, Transwell Assay
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck	No	qRT-PCR, Microarray
Melanoma	Yes	Western Blot, ISH, qRT-PCR, Luciferase Report Assay, Transwell Assay
Colorectal Neoplasms	No	qRT-PCR
Ovarian Neoplasms	Yes	Wound Healing Assay, CCK8, qRT-PCR, Luciferase Report Assay, Transwell Assay
Kidney Neoplasms	No	CCK8, qRT-PCR, Luciferase Report Assay, Transwell Assay

Drugs & pharmacology

ncRNA–drug associations

Curated non-coding-RNA → drug associations (drug response / resistance / target).

7 ncRNA–drug associations:

Drug	Relation	Effect	Condition
Doxorubicin	drug_resistance	resistant	“cell line (SK-N-SH, IMR-32)”
Oxaliplatin	drug_resistance	resistant	“cell line (SGC-7901, KATO III)”
Cisplatin	drug_resistance	resistant	cell line (A549)
Gemcitabine	drug_resistance	resistant	“cell line<U+00A0>(5637, RT4, T24, J82)”
Cisplatin	drug_resistance	resistant	“cell line (H446, A549)”
Bufalin	drug_resistance	resistant	“cell line (OVCAR-3, ES-2)”
Fluorouracil	drug_resistance	resistant	“cell line (HCT-116, SW480)”