NORAD

Summary

NORAD (non-coding RNA activated by DNA damage, HGNC:44311) is a long non-coding RNA gene on chromosome 20q11.23.

Predicted to enable protein sequestering activity. Predicted to be involved in several processes, including determination of adult lifespan; hair follicle development; and skeletal muscle fiber development. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm. Biomarker of lung non-small cell carcinoma.

Source: NCBI Gene 647979 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene type: non-coding (lncRNA) — no protein product; not a drug target. Variant/disease associations are omitted (they would be positional, from an overlapping protein-coding gene).

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:44311
Approved symbol	NORAD
Name	non-coding RNA activated by DNA damage
Location	20q11.23
Locus type	RNA, long non-coding
Status	Approved
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000260032
Ensembl biotype	lncRNA
OMIM	617037
Entrez	647979
RNAcentral	URS000075CEFB — lncRNA, 5378 nt, 1 organism(s)

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 5 — 5 lncRNA

ENST00000565493, ENST00000796927, ENST00000796928, ENST00000796929, ENST00000796930

RefSeq mRNA: 0 — MANE Select: None

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000565493 — 1 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00002583754	36045618	36051018

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 256 present calls, max score 99.91.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 21.7056 / max 143.2698, expressed in 1807 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (2 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
187106	21.4737	1807
209097	0.2318	91

Top tissues by expression

256 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
cardiac muscle of right atrium	UBERON:0003379	99.91	gold quality
lateral nuclear group of thalamus	UBERON:0002736	99.89	gold quality
substantia nigra pars compacta	UBERON:0001965	99.88	gold quality
substantia nigra pars reticulata	UBERON:0001966	99.88	gold quality
lateral globus pallidus	UBERON:0002476	99.87	gold quality
superior vestibular nucleus	UBERON:0007227	99.85	gold quality
medulla oblongata	UBERON:0001896	99.84	gold quality
dorsal plus ventral thalamus	UBERON:0001897	99.84	gold quality
subthalamic nucleus	UBERON:0001906	99.83	gold quality
dorsal root ganglion	UBERON:0000044	99.81	gold quality
left ventricle myocardium	UBERON:0006566	99.81	gold quality
pons	UBERON:0000988	99.80	gold quality
trigeminal ganglion	UBERON:0001675	99.80	gold quality
ventral tegmental area	UBERON:0002691	99.78	gold quality
parietal lobe	UBERON:0001872	99.77	gold quality
postcentral gyrus	UBERON:0002581	99.77	gold quality
upper arm skin	UBERON:0004263	99.75	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 46	UBERON:0006483	99.75	gold quality
inferior vagus X ganglion	UBERON:0005363	99.70	gold quality
layer of synovial tissue	UBERON:0007616	99.70	gold quality
synovial joint	UBERON:0002217	99.65	gold quality
mucosa of paranasal sinus	UBERON:0005030	99.65	gold quality
superior frontal gyrus	UBERON:0002661	99.63	gold quality
superficial temporal artery	UBERON:0001614	99.62	gold quality
caput epididymis	UBERON:0004358	99.62	gold quality
ileal mucosa	UBERON:0000331	99.60	gold quality
tibia	UBERON:0000979	99.60	gold quality
tibialis anterior	UBERON:0001385	99.60	gold quality
palpebral conjunctiva	UBERON:0001812	99.58	gold quality
urethra	UBERON:0000057	99.56	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 2.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-HCAD-35	yes	51.37
E-ANND-3	no	0.00

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• NORAD is highly conserved and abundant, with expression levels of approximately 500-1,000 copies per cell. Remarkably, inactivation of NORAD triggers dramatic aneuploidy in previously karyotypically stable cell lines. NORAD maintains genomic stability by sequestering PUMILIO proteins, which repress the stability and translation of mRNAs to which they bind. (PMID:26724866)
• High LINC00657 expression is associated with breast cancer. (PMID:26942882)
• A recent paper by the Mendell group identifies NORAD, a novel lncRNA that is regulated in response to DNA damage and plays a key role in maintaining genome integrity by modulating the activity the RNA binding proteins PUM2 and PUM1. (PMID:27157388)
• Through binding to PUM1 and PUM2, NORAD modulates the mRNA levels of their targets, which are enriched for genes involved in chromosome segregation during cell division. Our results suggest that some cytoplasmic lncRNAs function by modulating the activities of RNA-binding proteins, an activity which positions them at key junctions of cellular signalling pathways. (PMID:27406171)
• Our data indicate that increased NORAD expression might serve as a novel molecular predictor of poor prognosis in ESCC patients and maybe a potential target for diagnosis and gene therapy. (PMID:28482344)
• Low NORAD expression is associated with pituitary null cell adenomas. (PMID:28656268)
• Long non-coding RNA 657 suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth by acting as a molecular sponge of miR-106a-5p to regulate PTEN expression (PMID:28919047)
• Results show that NORAD is highly expressed in pancreatic cancer tissues and upregulated in hypoxic conditions. NORAD upregulation is correlated with shorter overall survival. Furthermore, NORAD overexpression promoted the migration and invasion of pancreatic carcinoma cells, while its depletion inhibited EMT and metastasis. NORAD may function as a ceRNA to regulate the expression of RHOA through competition for miR-125a. (PMID:29121972)
• SAM68 is required for efficient recruitment of PUM2 to NORAD, regulation of Pum activity by NORAD, and proper chromosome segregation in mammalian cells. (PMID:29386330)
• High NORAD expression is associated with metastasis in bladder cancer. (PMID:29605462)
• we show that NORAD upregulates transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling and regulates TGF-beta-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like phenotype (PMID:29722104)
• The discovery of MALAT1, NEAT1, and NORAD lncRNA-binding proteins has been reported. (PMID:29972301)
• Taken together, these data demonstrate a novel mechanism of hepatocyte growth promotion during hepatitis C virus infection involving a miR-373-NORAD-Wee1 axis. (PMID:30089699)
• NORAD could serve as a ceRNA in cervical cancer progression by modulating miR-590-3p/SIP1 axis. (PMID:30119219)
• LINC00657 can induce the neuropathic pain development via regulating miR-136/ZEB1 axis. (PMID:30203524)
• LINC00657 might be involved in regulating esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC’s) response to radiation; and it functioned as an oncogene in ESCC by targeting miR-615-3p and JunB. (PMID:30227324)
• High NORAD expression is associated with gastric cancer. (PMID:30453063)
• that NORAD has a tumor-promoting effect in hepatocellular carcinoma and describes a novel mechanism whereby NORAD regulates the TGF-beta pathway as a ceRNA of Homo sapiens (hsa)-miR-202-5p (PMID:30537113)
• Overexpression of long non-coding RNA NORAD promotes invasion and migration in malignant melanoma via regulating the MIR-205-EGLN2 pathway. (PMID:30843652)
• We found that upregulation of LINC00657 and downregulation of miR-106a are significantly associated with the development of Colorectal cancer (CRC). Also, a positive correlation was detected between their serum levels. In addition, serum LINC00657 can distinguish adenomatous polyposis (AP) patients and/or ulcerative colitis (UC) patients from controls (PMID:30927333)
• study identifies NORAD as a novel metastasis suppressor, elucidates its regulatory and functional mechanisms, and highlights its prognostic value (PMID:30967631)
• NORAD serves as a competing endogenous RNA for miR1365p. Gain and lossoffunction experiments confirmed that miR1365p reversed the promoting effects of NORAD in nonsmall cell lung cancer. (PMID:31059060)
• Silencing the long noncoding RNA NORAD inhibits gastric cancer cell proliferation and invasion by the RhoA/ROCK1 pathway. (PMID:31115002)
• The results of our study show that NORAD plays an important role in regulating cancer cell functions of osteosarcoma, possibly through endogenously competing with hsa-miR-199a-3p (PMID:31169973)
• High NORAD expression is associated with cell proliferation and migration in prostate cancer. (PMID:31342822)
• PUM binding is required for maintenance of genomic stability by NORAD whereas binding of RBMX is dispensable for this function. (PMID:31343408)
• Long noncoding RNA NORAD regulates MPP+-induced Parkinson’s disease model cells. (PMID:31421205)
• Long noncoding RNA LINC00657 induced by SP1 contributes to the non-small cell lung cancer progression through targeting miR-26b-5p/COMMD8 axis. (PMID:31566716)
• NORAD affects the progression of diabetic nephropathy through targeting miR-520h to upregulate TLR4 (PMID:31630796)
• Regulatory mechanism of lncRNA NORAD on proliferation and invasion of ovarian cancer cells through miR-199a-3p. (PMID:32141533)
• LINC00657 promotes malignant progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma via regulating microRNA-150. (PMID:32196599)
• Long noncoding RNA NORAD regulates angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells via miR5903p under hypoxic conditions. (PMID:32323787)
• LINC00657/miR-26a-5p/CKS2 ceRNA network promotes the growth of esophageal cancer cells via the MDM2/p53/Bcl2/Bax pathway. (PMID:32426838)
• LncNORAD interference inhibits tumor growth and lung cancer cell proliferation, invasion and migration by down-regulating CXCR4 to suppress RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway. (PMID:32495879)
• LncRNA NORAD targets miR-410-3p to regulate drug resistance sensitivity of osteosarcoma. (PMID:32538761)
• NORAD orchestrates endometrial cancer progression by sequestering FUBP1 nuclear localization to promote cell apoptosis. (PMID:32555178)
• Knockdown of LINC00657 inhibits ox-LDL-induced endothelial cell injury by regulating miR-30c-5p/Wnt7b/beta-catenin. (PMID:32577947)
• Long non-coding RNA NORAD functions as a microRNA-204-5p sponge to repress the progression of Parkinson’s disease in vitro by increasing the solute carrier family 5 member 3 expression. (PMID:32687247)
• LINC00657 promotes colorectal cancer stem-like cell invasion by functioning as a miR-203a sponge. (PMID:32703458)
• Silencing of Long Non-Coding RNA (LncRNA) Non-Coding RNA Activated by DNA Damage (NORAD) Inhibits Proliferation, Invasion, Migration, and Promotes Apoptosis of Glioma Cells via Downregulating the Expression of AKR1B1. (PMID:32778640)

Cross-species orthologs

0 orthologs

Protein

Non-coding RNA — no protein product; not a drug target.

Function

No curated pathway, Gene-Ontology, or interaction data.

Disease & clinical

No curated disease, variant, or cancer-driver associations.

Drugs & pharmacology

No drug or pharmacology data — not an established drug target.