NPTX2

Summary

NPTX2 (neuronal pentraxin 2, HGNC:7953) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 7q22.1, encoding Neuronal pentraxin-2 (P47972). Likely to play role in the modification of cellular properties that underlie long-term plasticity.

This gene encodes a member of the family of neuronal petraxins, synaptic proteins that are related to C-reactive protein. This protein is involved in excitatory synapse formation. It also plays a role in clustering of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-type glutamate receptors at established synapses, resulting in non-apoptotic cell death of dopaminergic nerve cells. Up-regulation of this gene in Parkinson disease (PD) tissues suggests that the protein may be involved in the pathology of PD.

Source: NCBI Gene 4885 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 84 total
• Dosage sensitivity (ClinGen): haploinsufficiency no evidence, triplosensitivity no evidence
• MANE Select transcript: NM_002523

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:7953
Approved symbol	NPTX2
Name	neuronal pentraxin 2
Location	7q22.1
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000106236
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	600750
Entrez	4885

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 3 — 2 protein_coding, 1 retained_intron

ENST00000265634, ENST00000466102, ENST00000903470

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_002523 NM_002523

CCDS: CCDS5657

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000265634 — 5 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000707342	98627165	98627344
ENSE00000877526	98619643	98619859
ENSE00000977232	98617285	98617887
ENSE00001040393	98628402	98629869
ENSE00003504643	98624922	98625166

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 217 present calls, max score 97.86.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth broad, TPM avg 6.5131 / max 465.4134, expressed in 698 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (1 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
79831	6.5131	698

Top tissues by expression

283 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
type B pancreatic cell	CL:0000169	97.86	gold quality
islet of Langerhans	UBERON:0000006	97.86	gold quality
adenohypophysis	UBERON:0002196	97.68	gold quality
pituitary gland	UBERON:0000007	97.09	gold quality
orbitofrontal cortex	UBERON:0004167	94.27	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 46	UBERON:0006483	93.70	gold quality
lateral nuclear group of thalamus	UBERON:0002736	93.67	gold quality
postcentral gyrus	UBERON:0002581	91.34	gold quality
prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0000451	90.99	gold quality
right testis	UBERON:0004534	90.48	gold quality
parietal lobe	UBERON:0001872	89.66	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 10	UBERON:0013541	89.46	gold quality
descending thoracic aorta	UBERON:0002345	89.34	gold quality
left testis	UBERON:0004533	89.31	gold quality
left adrenal gland	UBERON:0001234	89.30	gold quality
CA1 field of hippocampus	UBERON:0003881	89.08	gold quality
middle temporal gyrus	UBERON:0002771	88.95	gold quality
right adrenal gland	UBERON:0001233	88.94	gold quality
thoracic aorta	UBERON:0001515	88.85	gold quality
ascending aorta	UBERON:0001496	88.76	gold quality
superior frontal gyrus	UBERON:0002661	88.74	gold quality
Ammon’s horn	UBERON:0001954	88.68	gold quality
frontal cortex	UBERON:0001870	88.61	gold quality
testis	UBERON:0000473	88.44	gold quality
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0009834	88.44	gold quality
left adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035825	88.26	gold quality
adrenal cortex	UBERON:0001235	88.06	gold quality
frontal pole	UBERON:0002795	87.91	gold quality
cerebral cortex	UBERON:0000956	87.43	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 9	UBERON:0013540	87.41	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 9 experiment(s), a significant marker in 9.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-MTAB-5061	yes	958.97
E-GEOD-81547	yes	829.70
E-GEOD-81608	yes	408.08
E-GEOD-83139	yes	369.88
E-ENAD-27	yes	298.03
E-GEOD-134144	yes	31.09
E-HCAD-31	yes	26.42
E-GEOD-135922	yes	21.18
E-ANND-3	no	0.00

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

65 targeting NPTX2, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-3163	100.00	77.23	8605
HSA-MIR-1277-5P	100.00	73.95	5056
HSA-MIR-5692B	100.00	71.32	2622
HSA-MIR-5692C	100.00	71.32	2622
HSA-MIR-5011-5P	100.00	83.46	5820
HSA-MIR-4425	100.00	67.59	1049
HSA-MIR-4476	100.00	68.18	2030
HSA-MIR-6876-5P	100.00	67.68	2126
HSA-MIR-450A-1-3P	100.00	69.33	1837
HSA-MIR-96-5P	99.95	72.80	2140
HSA-MIR-128-3P	99.95	71.17	2484
HSA-MIR-216A-3P	99.95	71.19	2505
HSA-MIR-12133	99.92	71.82	2006
HSA-MIR-1271-5P	99.91	71.99	1972
HSA-MIR-10523-5P	99.91	69.22	2038
HSA-MIR-374A-5P	99.90	71.34	2923
HSA-MIR-374B-5P	99.90	69.98	2734
HSA-MIR-627-3P	99.90	71.42	3316
HSA-MIR-6783-3P	99.89	67.92	2059
HSA-MIR-182-5P	99.87	74.03	2589
HSA-MIR-369-3P	99.85	70.52	2264
HSA-MIR-4668-5P	99.79	70.58	3782
HSA-MIR-148A-3P	99.74	73.77	1700
HSA-MIR-148B-3P	99.74	73.75	1700
HSA-MIR-152-3P	99.74	73.75	1703
HSA-MIR-1825	99.72	68.11	1089
HSA-MIR-1179	99.71	68.70	1040
HSA-MIR-3679-3P	99.64	69.88	1599
HSA-MIR-9851-3P	99.63	69.68	1110
HSA-MIR-486-3P	99.51	66.82	1901

Functional genomics

ClinGen dosage: haploinsufficiency 0 (no evidence), triplosensitivity 0 (no evidence). ClinGen Gene Dosage Map

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 34)

• The purpose of the present study was to assess the toxic effect of taipoxin in SCLC-cell lines and to determine if toxicity correlates to NPR and NP1 and NP2 expression levels. (PMID:16115696)
• study tested for the association of four SNPs of NPTX2 & haplotypes consisting of the SNPs with autism, between autistic patients & controls in a Japanese population; no significant difference was observed in allele, genotype or haplotype frequencies (PMID:17408830)
• pancreatic cancer cytology samples had statistically significant higher levels of NPTX2 methylation compared with benign diseases (PMID:17895837)
• Neuronal pentraxin II is highly upregulated in Parkinson’s disease and a novel component of Lewy bodies. (PMID:17987278)
• Homoplasmic cybrids harboring the 8993T–>G NARP mutation were also protected from death (75% vs 15% survival at 72 hours) by the supplemented medium and their ATP content was similar to controls (PMID:19667215)
• NPTX2, as a tumor-suppressor, plays an anti-tumor effect on pancreatic cancer and its low expression, due to promoter hypermethylation, may play a role in the tumorigenesis of pancreatic cancer. (PMID:21161403)
• Data indicate that the aberrantly methylated NPTX2 gene may help to distinguish between chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer with conventional diagnostic tools and could become a valuable diagnostic marker. (PMID:21778928)
• Demonstrate for the first time that NARP mutation significantly enhances apoptotic death as a result of three distinct lethal mitochondrial apoptotic insults including oxidative, Ca(2+), and lipid stress. (PMID:21812817)
• This study demonistrated that childhood-onset mood disorders and suicide attempt association between HOMER1 rs2290639 and between NPTX2 markers rs705315 and rs1681248. (PMID:22460132)
• This study showed that the NPTX2 protein is down-regulated in human primary pancreatic cancers and in pancreatic cancer cell lines. (PMID:22806544)
• Detection of aberrant methylation of NPTX2 in pure pancreatic juice samples could be useful as a molecular marker to discriminate between patients with malignant and benign disease of the pancreas (PMID:23360791)
• Promoter methylation of NPTX2 is associated with glioblastoma. (PMID:23624749)
• The visual cortex of NARP-deficient transgenic mice is hyperexcitable and unable to express ocular dominance, although many aspects of visual function are unimpaired. (PMID:23889936)
• NPTX2 repressed NF-kappaB activity by inhibiting AKT through a p53-PTEN-dependent pathway, thus explaining the hypermethylation and downregulation of NPTX2 in NF-kappaB-activated high-risk glioblastomas. (PMID:24078801)
• NPTX2 is overexpressed specifically in ccRCC primary tumors. (PMID:24962026)
• we show that NPTX2 is a marker of poor prognosis for neuroblastoma patients. (PMID:26294210)
• Decreased NPTX2 expression in rectal adenocarcinomas is associated with improved response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation and improved prognosis. (PMID:27083956)
• Neuronal pentraxin 2 predicts medial temporal atrophy and memory decline across the Alzheimer’s disease spectrum. This research may advance the current understanding of Alzheimer’s disease etiopathogenesis, while expanding early diagnostic techniques through the use of novel pro-inflammatory biomarkers, such as NPTX2. (PMID:27444967)
• PTX2 was identified PTX2 as a novel partner for FX, and both proteins cooperated to prevent their SR-AI-mediated uptake by macrophages. (PMID:28213380)
• NPTX2 in human cerebrospinal fluid is reduced in subjects with Alzheimer’s disease and shows robust correlations with cognitive performance and hippocampal volume. (PMID:28440221)
• MicroRNA-96 is a potential tumor repressor by inhibiting NPTX2 in renal cell carcinoma. (PMID:31498486)
• Frontal cortex chitinase and pentraxin neuroinflammatory alterations during the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. (PMID:32066474)
• Neuronal pentraxin 2: a synapse-derived CSF biomarker in genetic frontotemporal dementia. (PMID:32273328)
• Cerebrospinal fluid profile of NPTX2 supports role of Alzheimer’s disease-related inhibitory circuit dysfunction in adults with Down syndrome. (PMID:32807227)
• Neuronal pentraxin II (NPTX2) hypermethylation promotes cell proliferation but inhibits cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in gastric cancer cells by suppressing the p53 signaling pathway. (PMID:33896384)
• Do pentraxin 3 and neural pentraxin 2 have different facet function in hepatocellular carcinoma? (PMID:33905035)
• Diagnostic value of neuronal pentraxin II methylation in patients with pancreatic cancer: Meta-analysis. (PMID:34105851)
• Silencing circular RNA circ_0054537 and upregulating microRNA-640 suppress malignant progression of renal cell carcinoma via regulating neuronal pentraxin-2 (NPTX2). (PMID:34565284)
• Neuronal pentraxin-2 (NPTX2) serum levels during an acute psychotic episode in patients with schizophrenia. (PMID:35482070)
• A Combination of Neurofilament Light, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein, and Neuronal Pentraxin-2 Discriminates Between Frontotemporal Dementia and Other Dementias. (PMID:36120776)
• NPTX2 Promotes Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma through METTL3-Mediated N6-Methyladenosine Methylation of SNAIL. (PMID:36638907)
• NPTX2 in Cerebrospinal Fluid Predicts the Progression From Normal Cognition to Mild Cognitive Impairment. (PMID:37345460)
• Assessments of the Utilities of CSF NPTX2 for Disease Progression in Cognitively Normal Individuals Who Progress to Clinical MCI and AD. (PMID:37614206)
• A model of human neural networks reveals NPTX2 pathology in ALS and FTLD. (PMID:38355792)

Cross-species orthologs

4 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	nptx2a	ENSDARG00000037794
danio_rerio	nptx2b	ENSDARG00000045164
mus_musculus	Nptx2	ENSMUSG00000059991
rattus_norvegicus	Nptx2	ENSRNOG00000001006

Paralogs (5): CRP (ENSG00000132693), APCS (ENSG00000132703), PTX3 (ENSG00000163661), NPTX1 (ENSG00000171246), PTX4 (ENSG00000251692)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Neuronal pentraxin-2 — P47972 (reviewed: P47972)

Alternative names: Neuronal pentraxin II

All UniProt accessions (1): P47972

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Likely to play role in the modification of cellular properties that underlie long-term plasticity. Binds to agar matrix in a calcium-dependent manner.

Subunit / interactions. Homooligomer or heterooligomer (probably pentamer) with neuronal pentraxin receptor (NPTXR).

Subcellular location. Secreted.

Tissue specificity. Brain, pancreas, liver, heart and skeletal muscle. Highest levels are seen in the testis.

Cofactor. Binds 2 calcium ions per subunit.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_002514* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001759	PTX_dom	Domain
IPR013320	ConA-like_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR030476	Pentaxin_CS	Conserved_site
IPR051360	Neuronal_Pentraxin_Related	Family

Pfam: PF00354

UniProt features (17 total): binding site 7, glycosylation site 3, sequence conflict 3, signal peptide 1, chain 1, disulfide bond 1, domain 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P47972-F1	81.95	0.48

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (7): 277; 355; 355; 356; 357; 357; 367

Disulfide bonds (1): 253–313

Glycosylation sites (3): 148, 189, 393

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 139 (showing top): FXR_IR1_Q6, GOBP_COGNITION, GOBP_BEHAVIOR, BROWNE_HCMV_INFECTION_8HR_UP, GOBP_ASSOCIATIVE_LEARNING, TATTATA_MIR374, BROWNE_HCMV_INFECTION_16HR_UP, TGACCTY_ERR1_Q2, CERVERA_SDHB_TARGETS_1_DN, BROWNE_HCMV_INFECTION_12HR_UP, HANN_RESISTANCE_TO_BCL2_INHIBITOR_UP, GOBP_CELL_CELL_SIGNALING, KRASNOSELSKAYA_ILF3_TARGETS_DN, YOKOE_CANCER_TESTIS_ANTIGENS, OCT1_03

GO Biological Process (2): chemical synaptic transmission (GO:0007268), associative learning (GO:0008306)

GO Molecular Function (3): carbohydrate binding (GO:0030246), metal ion binding (GO:0046872), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (4): extracellular region (GO:0005576), presynapse (GO:0098793), glutamatergic synapse (GO:0098978), synapse (GO:0045202)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
binding	2
cellular anatomical structure	2
synapse	2
anterograde trans-synaptic signaling	1
learning	1
cation binding	1
cell junction	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1132 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
NPTX2	AVP	P01185	833
NPTX2	NLGN1	Q8N2Q7	788
NPTX2	GRIA4	P48058	781
NPTX2	RCN2	Q14257	753
NPTX2	NPTXR	O95502	691
NPTX2	OCA2	Q04671	669
NPTX2	HOMER1	Q86YM7	664
NPTX2	GRIA1	P42261	656
NPTX2	PDYN	P01213	638
NPTX2	PMCH	P20382	606
NPTX2	OXT	P01178	576
NPTX2	HCRTR1	O43613	556
NPTX2	HCRT	O43612	543
NPTX2	NPAS4	Q8IUM7	524
NPTX2	PICK1	Q9NRD5	512

IntAct

24 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
NPTX2	FZD6	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
NPTX2	FZD6	psi-mi:“MI:0403”(colocalization)	0.560
FBXO2	TMEM131L	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
CYB5D2	ABLIM1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
BATF3	TARSL2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CYB5D2	CBX6	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
LYPD4	DPYSL4	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
MYC		psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
OS9	GXYLT2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
BATF3	TARS3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
LYPD4	PIK3C2A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
NPTX2	NPTXR	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CLEC4F	ITGAV	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
IGFL1	COL6A1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
NPTX1	NPTXR	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (25): NPTX2 (Affinity Capture-MS), NPTX2 (Affinity Capture-MS), NPTX2 (Affinity Capture-MS), RGPD5 (Affinity Capture-MS), NDE1 (Affinity Capture-MS), NPTX2 (Affinity Capture-MS), NPTX1 (Affinity Capture-MS), NDEL1 (Affinity Capture-MS), Nptxr (Co-fractionation), Nptx1 (Co-fractionation), NPTXR (Affinity Capture-MS), NPTX2 (Affinity Capture-MS), NPTX2 (Affinity Capture-MS), MAPK3 (Affinity Capture-MS), NPTX2 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A2AV25, A5PJQ2, A5PMY6, A6H6E2, B7ZNG0, O00548, O35764, O43278, O70340, O95502, P21757, P21758, P30204, P47970, P47971, P47972, P48759, P58660, P59900, P97738, Q05585, Q15818, Q24K15, Q2M1P5, Q5RFW0, Q61483, Q62443, Q6AZY7, Q6MG84, Q6ZMJ2, Q86VZ4, Q8BJS4, Q8C850, Q8CB67, Q8K299, Q8N539, Q8NI99, Q8R0Z6, Q95LU3, Q96NZ8

Diamond homologs: A0A1D5NSM8, A0JNA2, A2AVA0, A2AX52, D3YXF5, O02839, O19063, O35764, O43405, O70340, O76536, O89029, O95502, O96530, P02741, P02743, P06205, P06206, P06207, P06681, P07202, P07629, P08607, P09871, P0C6B8, P10643, P12246, P13944, P14151, P14847, P15697, P18337, P23680, P32018, P47970, P47971, P47972, P48199, P49254, P49262

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

84 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	77
Likely benign	3
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

1253 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
7:98619630:C:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
7:98619631:G:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
7:98625164:AAGGT:A	donor_loss	1.0000
7:98625167:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
7:98627163:A:AC	acceptor_loss	1.0000
7:98627341:GCAG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
7:98627343:AGG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
7:98627344:GG:G	donor_loss	1.0000
7:98627345:G:A	donor_loss	1.0000
7:98627346:T:A	donor_loss	1.0000
7:98628393:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
7:98628394:T:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
7:98628397:CCCA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
7:98628398:CCA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
7:98628399:CAG:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
7:98628400:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
7:98628401:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
7:98617884:CGAGG:C	donor_loss	0.9900
7:98617885:GAGG:G	donor_loss	0.9900
7:98617886:AGG:A	donor_loss	0.9900
7:98617887:GGT:G	donor_loss	0.9900
7:98617888:GTAGC:G	donor_loss	0.9900
7:98617889:T:G	donor_loss	0.9900
7:98619611:T:TA	acceptor_gain	0.9900
7:98619613:T:TA	acceptor_gain	0.9900
7:98619633:T:TA	acceptor_gain	0.9900
7:98619634:G:A	acceptor_gain	0.9900
7:98619637:T:TA	acceptor_gain	0.9900
7:98624918:CCAG:C	acceptor_loss	0.9900
7:98624920:A:AG	acceptor_gain	0.9900

AlphaMissense

2788 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
7:98625150:T:C	L291P	1.000
7:98627215:T:G	C313W	1.000
7:98627222:T:A	W316R	1.000
7:98627222:T:C	W316R	1.000
7:98627334:G:A	G353E	1.000
7:98628470:G:C	W379C	1.000
7:98628470:G:T	W379C	1.000
7:98617721:T:C	L87P	0.999
7:98625035:T:C	C253R	0.999
7:98625037:C:G	C253W	0.999
7:98625083:T:C	S269P	0.999
7:98625084:C:T	S269F	0.999
7:98625109:C:A	N277K	0.999
7:98625109:C:G	N277K	0.999
7:98625120:T:C	L281P	0.999
7:98625153:T:C	L292P	0.999
7:98627213:T:C	C313R	0.999
7:98627214:G:A	C313Y	0.999
7:98627224:G:C	W316C	0.999
7:98627224:G:T	W316C	0.999
7:98627238:G:A	G321D	0.999
7:98627238:G:T	G321V	0.999
7:98627243:T:A	W323R	0.999
7:98627243:T:C	W323R	0.999
7:98627333:G:A	G353R	0.999
7:98627333:G:C	G353R	0.999
7:98627337:A:C	Q354P	0.999
7:98627338:A:C	Q354H	0.999
7:98627338:A:T	Q354H	0.999
7:98627340:A:T	E355V	0.999

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000018280 (7:98628909 G>A), RS1000180672 (7:98624249 A>G), RS1000347891 (7:98617735 G>A), RS1000474776 (7:98629084 T>A,C), RS1000694831 (7:98617298 G>T), RS1000955854 (7:98624771 T>C,G), RS1001067905 (7:98627945 G>A), RS1001076948 (7:98622536 C>T), RS1001373061 (7:98627715 C>T), RS1001487509 (7:98617884 C>G,T), RS1001949394 (7:98622946 A>C), RS1001982028 (7:98623203 G>A,C), RS1002506648 (7:98626243 A>C), RS1002567563 (7:98617275 C>A,T), RS1003080658 (7:98619161 A>G)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:600750 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

0 associations (top):

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

44 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Valproic Acid	affects cotreatment, increases expression, affects expression	10
methylmercuric chloride	increases expression, affects cotreatment	4
trichostatin A	affects cotreatment, increases expression	3
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases expression, increases methylation	3
entinostat	increases expression, affects cotreatment	2
(+)-JQ1 compound	increases expression	2
Arsenic Trioxide	decreases expression, increases expression	2
Vorinostat	increases expression, affects cotreatment	2
Estradiol	increases expression, affects cotreatment	2
Phenylmercuric Acetate	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	2
Progesterone	affects cotreatment, increases expression	2
Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin	increases expression	2
propionaldehyde	increases expression	1
terbufos	increases methylation	1
arsenite	increases methylation	1
butyraldehyde	increases expression	1
S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)cysteine	increases expression, affects response to substance	1
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide	affects cotreatment, increases expression, decreases expression	1
dorsomorphin	affects cotreatment, increases expression, decreases expression	1
bisphenol S	increases expression	1
Gefitinib	decreases expression	1
Decitabine	affects expression	1
Acetaminophen	increases expression	1
Arsenic	affects methylation	1
Atrazine	increases expression	1
Cisplatin	affects expression	1
Copper	affects binding, decreases expression	1
Diethylhexyl Phthalate	decreases expression	1
Disulfiram	affects binding, decreases expression	1
Fonofos	increases methylation	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.