PARM1

Summary

PARM1 (prostate androgen-regulated mucin-like protein 1, HGNC:24536) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 4q13.3, encoding Prostate androgen-regulated mucin-like protein 1 (Q6UWI2). May regulate TLP1 expression and telomerase activity, thus enabling certain prostatic cells to resist apoptosis.

Located in several cellular components, including Golgi apparatus; endosome; and nucleoplasm.

Source: NCBI Gene 25849 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 3
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 47 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_015393

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:24536
Approved symbol	PARM1
Name	prostate androgen-regulated mucin-like protein 1
Location	4q13.3
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	DKFZP564O0823, Cipar1, WSC4
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000169116
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	617688
Entrez	25849

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 8 — 8 protein_coding

ENST00000307428, ENST00000513238, ENST00000856900, ENST00000856901, ENST00000856902, ENST00000946485, ENST00000946486, ENST00000946487

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_015393 NM_015393

CCDS: CCDS47077

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000307428 — 4 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001127443	75012425	75013150
ENSE00001486503	75046163	75050113
ENSE00001486504	75033883	75033961
ENSE00002023036	74933116	74933370

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 271 present calls, max score 98.43.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth broad, TPM avg 14.0130 / max 683.4132, expressed in 810 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (5 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
48291	11.2470	770
48289	1.1416	359
48292	1.1268	328
48290	0.2856	147
203244	0.2120	112

Top tissues by expression

297 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
urethra	UBERON:0000057	98.43	gold quality
saphenous vein	UBERON:0007318	98.29	gold quality
decidua	UBERON:0002450	98.27	gold quality
rectum	UBERON:0001052	97.97	gold quality
mucosa of sigmoid colon	UBERON:0004993	97.80	gold quality
colonic mucosa	UBERON:0000317	97.58	gold quality
right lobe of thyroid gland	UBERON:0001119	97.29	gold quality
islet of Langerhans	UBERON:0000006	97.16	gold quality
left lobe of thyroid gland	UBERON:0001120	97.15	gold quality
thyroid gland	UBERON:0002046	96.77	gold quality
vena cava	UBERON:0004087	96.30	gold quality
descending thoracic aorta	UBERON:0002345	96.13	gold quality
seminal vesicle	UBERON:0000998	96.12	gold quality
pigmented layer of retina	UBERON:0001782	95.67	gold quality
hair follicle	UBERON:0002073	95.65	gold quality
retina	UBERON:0000966	95.64	gold quality
popliteal artery	UBERON:0002250	95.49	gold quality
tibial artery	UBERON:0007610	95.48	gold quality
aorta	UBERON:0000947	95.36	gold quality
thoracic aorta	UBERON:0001515	95.22	gold quality
right coronary artery	UBERON:0001625	95.11	gold quality
ascending aorta	UBERON:0001496	95.08	gold quality
right atrium auricular region	UBERON:0006631	94.81	gold quality
cardiac atrium	UBERON:0002081	94.57	gold quality
cauda epididymis	UBERON:0004360	94.46	gold quality
mucosa of transverse colon	UBERON:0004991	94.25	gold quality
prostate gland	UBERON:0002367	94.13	gold quality
lower lobe of lung	UBERON:0008949	93.72	gold quality
transverse colon	UBERON:0001157	93.53	gold quality
coronary artery	UBERON:0001621	93.48	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 9 experiment(s), a significant marker in 8.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-GEOD-86618	yes	431.38
E-GEOD-135922	yes	30.50
E-GEOD-125970	yes	28.80
E-CURD-112	yes	14.85
E-MTAB-6678	yes	13.02
E-CURD-119	yes	11.66
E-GEOD-83139	yes	9.60
E-ENAD-27	no	3.70
E-ANND-3	no	0.00

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): ESR1

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

151 targeting PARM1, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-6867-5P	100.00	82.21	3464
HSA-MIR-6873-3P	100.00	71.42	2626
HSA-MIR-4262	100.00	73.26	3931
HSA-MIR-4776-3P	100.00	68.73	1340
HSA-MIR-6833-3P	100.00	70.63	3197
HSA-MIR-7110-3P	100.00	73.18	2486
HSA-MIR-340-5P	100.00	72.50	4437
HSA-MIR-4768-5P	100.00	69.49	2861
HSA-MIR-190A-3P	100.00	80.35	5520
HSA-MIR-5692A	100.00	74.40	6850
HSA-MIR-5193	100.00	67.26	1744
HSA-MIR-10401-5P	99.99	65.79	948
HSA-MIR-181A-5P	99.99	72.96	2995
HSA-MIR-181B-5P	99.99	72.97	2996
HSA-MIR-181C-5P	99.99	72.95	2996
HSA-MIR-181D-5P	99.99	73.04	2997
HSA-MIR-4500	99.99	72.72	2367
HSA-MIR-186-5P	99.99	70.83	3707
HSA-MIR-371B-5P	99.99	75.34	4759
HSA-LET-7A-5P	99.98	72.29	1790
HSA-LET-7B-5P	99.98	72.31	1790
HSA-LET-7C-5P	99.98	72.29	1790
HSA-LET-7E-5P	99.98	72.29	1790
HSA-LET-7F-5P	99.98	72.56	1784
HSA-LET-7G-5P	99.98	72.37	1784
HSA-LET-7I-5P	99.98	72.37	1788
HSA-MIR-98-5P	99.98	72.33	1787
HSA-MIR-5696	99.98	72.36	4487
HSA-MIR-373-5P	99.98	75.36	4753
HSA-MIR-616-5P	99.98	75.58	4775

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 4)

• Ectopic expression of hPARM-1 in PC3 prostate cancer cells increased colony formation, suggesting a probable role in cell proliferation. (PMID:18027867)
• PARM1 does not play a major role in the development of epispadias (PMID:22766399)
• Our results strongly suggest the oncogenic potential of PARM-1. (PMID:23902727)
• Neurexophilin and PC-esterase domain family member 4 (NXPE4) and prostate androgen-regulated mucin-like protein 1 (PARM1) as prognostic biomarkers for colorectal cancer. (PMID:31297877)

Cross-species orthologs

2 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Parm1	ENSMUSG00000034981
rattus_norvegicus	Parm1	ENSRNOG00000002579

Protein

Protein identifiers

Prostate androgen-regulated mucin-like protein 1 — Q6UWI2 (reviewed: Q6UWI2)

All UniProt accessions (2): Q6UWI2, D6RBB6

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. May regulate TLP1 expression and telomerase activity, thus enabling certain prostatic cells to resist apoptosis.

Subcellular location. Cell membrane. Golgi apparatus membrane. Endosome membrane.

Tissue specificity. Widely expressed with highest levels in heart, kidney and placenta.

Post-translational modifications. Highly N-glycosylated and O-glycosylated.

Induction. By androgens.

Similarity. Belongs to the PARM family.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_056208* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR031431	PARM1	Family

Pfam: PF17061

UniProt features (18 total): glycosylation site 4, compositionally biased region 4, sequence conflict 2, topological domain 2, signal peptide 1, chain 1, modified residue 1, sequence variant 1, transmembrane region 1, region of interest 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q6UWI2-F1	52.35	0.04

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Post-translational modifications (1): 298

Glycosylation sites (4): 58, 62, 80, 176

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 190 (showing top): BENPORATH_ES_WITH_H3K27ME3, KAAB_HEART_ATRIUM_VS_VENTRICLE_UP, GAUSSMANN_MLL_AF4_FUSION_TARGETS_A_DN, BROWNE_HCMV_INFECTION_16HR_UP, YAO_TEMPORAL_RESPONSE_TO_PROGESTERONE_CLUSTER_1, CHANDRAN_METASTASIS_DN, chr4q13, MODULE_66, SHEDDEN_LUNG_CANCER_GOOD_SURVIVAL_A4, WONG_ENDMETRIUM_CANCER_DN, SCHAEFFER_PROSTATE_DEVELOPMENT_48HR_DN, CREIGHTON_ENDOCRINE_THERAPY_RESISTANCE_5, RICKMAN_HEAD_AND_NECK_CANCER_A, DOUGLAS_BMI1_TARGETS_DN, FLECHNER_BIOPSY_KIDNEY_TRANSPLANT_REJECTED_VS_OK_DN

GO Biological Process (0):

GO Molecular Function (1): protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (10): Golgi membrane (GO:0000139), nucleoplasm (GO:0005654), early endosome (GO:0005769), late endosome (GO:0005770), Golgi apparatus (GO:0005794), cytosol (GO:0005829), plasma membrane (GO:0005886), endosome membrane (GO:0010008), endosome (GO:0005768), membrane (GO:0016020)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	3
endosome	3
bounding membrane of organelle	2
cytoplasm	2
endomembrane system	2
binding	1
Golgi apparatus	1
nuclear lumen	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1
membrane	1
cell periphery	1
cytoplasmic vesicle membrane	1
cytoplasmic vesicle	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1136 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
PARM1	AKNAD1	Q5T1N1	489
PARM1	SUSD1	Q6UWL2	456
PARM1	MON1B	Q7L1V2	438
PARM1	KIF26A	Q9ULI4	419
PARM1	NDNF	Q8TB73	402
PARM1	GPKOW	Q92917	382
PARM1	ATP6AP1L	Q52LC2	380
PARM1	CSDC2	Q9Y534	372
PARM1	SLC35A5	Q9BS91	354
PARM1	TMEM184A	Q6ZMB5	346
PARM1	MYBPC1	Q00872	343
PARM1	SPATS2L	Q9NUQ6	322
PARM1	RPS25	P25111	321
PARM1	UBAP1L	F5GYI3	311
PARM1	TBC1D24	Q9ULP9	311

IntAct

5 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
PARM1	UBQLN2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
PARM1	ORC4	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
PARM1	UBQLN2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000

BioGRID (14): UBQLN2 (Two-hybrid), CENPH (Affinity Capture-MS), STEAP2 (Affinity Capture-MS), ERGIC2 (Affinity Capture-MS), ORC4 (Affinity Capture-MS), SCCPDH (Affinity Capture-MS), SORBS3 (Affinity Capture-MS), SNX17 (Affinity Capture-MS), GALNT16 (Affinity Capture-MS), LRRC16A (Affinity Capture-MS), LGALS1 (Affinity Capture-MS), IL6ST (Affinity Capture-MS), ULBP3 (Affinity Capture-MS), STEAP3 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A2R8Y7Y5, A1KXC4, A6QLF8, J3KML8, O00592, O35188, O55145, O57604, P06484, P07141, P13838, P14220, P15702, P16150, P18827, P20934, P26260, P34740, P47951, P59647, P78423, P97808, Q08DZ5, Q1ECS6, Q28270, Q28645, Q29RT9, Q3MIW9, Q3TNW5, Q52S86, Q58Y74, Q5RAF8, Q62170, Q64314, Q6MG22, Q6P9X9, Q6UWI2, Q6UXF1, Q86YL7, Q8BHE4

Diamond homologs: Q5RAF8, Q6P9X9, Q6UWI2, Q923D3

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

47 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	33
Likely benign	4
Benign	1

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

1073 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
4:74933366:TGCAG:T	donor_loss	1.0000
4:74933368:CAGGT:C	donor_loss	1.0000
4:74933369:AGG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
4:74933370:GGTA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
4:74933371:G:GA	donor_loss	1.0000
4:74933372:T:G	donor_loss	1.0000
4:75033959:CAGG:C	donor_loss	1.0000
4:75033960:AGG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
4:75033961:GGTGA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
4:75033962:G:C	donor_loss	1.0000
4:75033963:T:G	donor_loss	1.0000
4:75046272:GAT:G	donor_gain	1.0000
4:74933332:TCTAC:T	donor_gain	0.9900
4:74933778:G:T	donor_gain	0.9900
4:75012419:CCACA:C	acceptor_loss	0.9900
4:75012420:CACAG:C	acceptor_loss	0.9900
4:75012421:ACAGG:A	acceptor_loss	0.9900
4:75012422:CAG:C	acceptor_loss	0.9900
4:75012423:A:C	acceptor_loss	0.9900
4:75012424:G:A	acceptor_loss	0.9900
4:75013126:G:GT	donor_gain	0.9900
4:75013147:TCAGG:T	donor_loss	0.9900
4:75013148:CAGGT:C	donor_loss	0.9900
4:75013149:AGG:A	donor_loss	0.9900
4:75013150:GGT:G	donor_loss	0.9900
4:75013151:G:GC	donor_loss	0.9900
4:75013152:T:A	donor_loss	0.9900
4:75019313:A:AG	donor_gain	0.9900
4:75025705:TGC:T	donor_gain	0.9900
4:75033881:A:AG	acceptor_gain	0.9900

AlphaMissense

1962 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
4:75033895:C:A	A261D	0.998
4:75046226:C:A	N304K	0.998
4:75046226:C:G	N304K	0.998
4:75033916:C:A	A268D	0.997
4:75033937:G:A	G275E	0.997
4:75033885:A:C	S258R	0.996
4:75033887:C:A	S258R	0.996
4:75033887:C:G	S258R	0.996
4:75033892:C:A	A260D	0.996
4:75033910:T:A	V266D	0.996
4:75033936:G:A	G275R	0.995
4:75033936:G:C	G275R	0.995
4:75046217:C:A	N301K	0.995
4:75046217:C:G	N301K	0.995
4:75033898:T:A	I262N	0.994
4:75033946:C:A	A278D	0.994
4:75013144:A:C	S255R	0.993
4:75013146:T:A	S255R	0.993
4:75013146:T:G	S255R	0.993
4:75033913:T:A	I267N	0.993
4:75033925:T:G	L271R	0.993
4:75033928:T:G	L272R	0.993
4:75033931:T:A	V273E	0.993
4:75033952:T:C	L280P	0.993
4:75033961:G:T	R283M	0.993
4:75046211:G:C	W299C	0.993
4:75046211:G:T	W299C	0.993
4:75033943:C:A	A277E	0.992
4:75046231:T:C	L306P	0.992
4:75046237:A:T	D308V	0.992

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000099771 (4:75016616 A>T), RS1000121137 (4:75039906 C>T), RS1000126788 (4:74972253 T>C), RS1000179559 (4:74973677 C>A), RS1000182357 (4:74996403 C>G,T), RS1000198529 (4:74988825 G>T), RS1000311512 (4:74940964 TCACTGC>T), RS10003137 (4:74942554 T>A,C,G), RS1000324736 (4:74945549 A>G), RS1000326793 (4:74958681 G>A), RS1000335747 (4:75002511 G>A), RS1000350461 (4:75028808 T>C), RS1000357596 (4:74985423 A>T), RS1000395033 (4:75036502 A>G), RS1000412974 (4:74951686 G>A)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:617688 | disease phenotypes: MIM:192350

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (1): VACTERL/vater association (MONDO:0008642)

Orphanet (1): VACTERL/VATER association (Orphanet:887)

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

3 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST004744_34	Lung adenocarcinoma	3.000000e-06
GCST005784_2	Bone mineral density (femoral neck) in inflammatory bowel disease	2.000000e-07
GCST008456_8	Childhood steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome	3.000000e-08

EFO canonical traits (1, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0007785	femoral neck bone mineral density

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

33 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Valproic Acid	affects cotreatment, increases expression	6
sodium arsenite	affects methylation, decreases expression	2
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation, increases methylation	2
Estradiol	decreases expression	2
Phenylmercuric Acetate	affects cotreatment, increases expression	2
aristolochic acid I	decreases expression	1
triphenyl phosphate	affects expression	1
butyraldehyde	decreases expression	1
zinc chromate	increases abundance, increases expression	1
S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)cysteine	decreases expression	1
chromium hexavalent ion	increases abundance, increases expression	1
2-palmitoylglycerol	increases expression	1
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
abrine	decreases expression	1
dorsomorphin	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Resveratrol	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Temozolomide	increases expression	1
Sunitinib	increases expression	1
Zoledronic Acid	increases expression	1
Acetaminophen	increases expression	1
Cadmium	decreases expression, increases abundance	1
Cytarabine	decreases expression	1
Doxorubicin	decreases expression	1
Lipopolysaccharides	increases expression, affects cotreatment	1
Silicon Dioxide	decreases expression	1
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	increases expression	1
Zinc	increases expression	1
Cyclosporine	increases expression	1
Asbestos, Serpentine	decreases expression	1
Cadmium Chloride	decreases expression, increases abundance	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

1 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT03799705	Not specified	COMPLETED	Genetic Variants in Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD) Synthesis Pathway