PCDH11X

Summary

PCDH11X (protocadherin 11 X-linked, HGNC:8656) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome Xq21.31, encoding Protocadherin-11 X-linked (Q9BZA7). Potential calcium-dependent cell-adhesion protein.

This gene belongs to the protocadherin gene family, a subfamily of the cadherin superfamily. The encoded protein consists of an extracellular domain containing 7 cadherin repeats, a transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic tail that differs from those of the classical cadherins. The gene is located in a major X/Y block of homology and its Y homolog, despite divergence leading to coding region changes, is the most closely related cadherin family member. The protein is thought to play a fundamental role in cell-cell recognition essential for the segmental development and function of the central nervous system. Disruption of this gene may be associated with developmental dyslexia. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.

Source: NCBI Gene 27328 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 2
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 212 total
• Phenotypes (HPO): 1
• MANE Select transcript: NM_032968

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:8656
Approved symbol	PCDH11X
Name	protocadherin 11 X-linked
Location	Xq21.31
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	PCDH-X, PCDHX, PPP1R119
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000102290
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	300246
Entrez	27328

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 9 — 7 protein_coding, 1 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined, 1 retained_intron

ENST00000298274, ENST00000361655, ENST00000361724, ENST00000373088, ENST00000373094, ENST00000373097, ENST00000406881, ENST00000504220, ENST00000682573

RefSeq mRNA: 6 — MANE Select: NM_032968 NM_001168360, NM_001168361, NM_001168362, NM_001168363, NM_032968, NM_032969

CCDS: CCDS14461, CCDS14462, CCDS55458, CCDS55459, CCDS55460, CCDS55461

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000682573 — 11 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001300322	92201375	92201455
ENSE00001327755	92263114	92263143
ENSE00001459500	92618264	92623230
ENSE00001718872	92387735	92387933
ENSE00001786328	91810473	91810578
ENSE00003659155	92468299	92468322
ENSE00003756215	91811237	91811295
ENSE00003757792	91876781	91879273
ENSE00003919140	91809466	91809634
ENSE00003921567	91779375	91779684
ENSE00003922121	91835461	91836044

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth broad, 74 present calls, max score 78.75.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth broad, TPM avg 1.5885 / max 118.9487, expressed in 276 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (3 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
196886	1.4141	275
196887	0.1106	56
196888	0.0638	27

Top tissues by expression

121 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
cortical plate	UBERON:0005343	78.75	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	75.51	gold quality
ganglionic eminence	UBERON:0004023	75.01	gold quality
ventricular zone	UBERON:0003053	73.76	gold quality
primary visual cortex	UBERON:0002436	70.64	gold quality
nucleus accumbens	UBERON:0001882	70.34	gold quality
descending thoracic aorta	UBERON:0002345	69.94	gold quality
superior frontal gyrus	UBERON:0002661	69.62	gold quality
thoracic aorta	UBERON:0001515	68.76	gold quality
prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0000451	68.55	gold quality
ascending aorta	UBERON:0001496	68.55	gold quality
placenta	UBERON:0001987	65.64	gold quality
hypothalamus	UBERON:0001898	65.47	gold quality
frontal cortex	UBERON:0001870	63.69	gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	63.20	gold quality
caudate nucleus	UBERON:0001873	61.75	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 9	UBERON:0013540	61.73	gold quality
temporal lobe	UBERON:0001871	61.19	gold quality
amygdala	UBERON:0001876	60.95	gold quality
corpus callosum	UBERON:0002336	60.82	gold quality
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0009834	60.78	gold quality
cerebral cortex	UBERON:0000956	60.20	gold quality
putamen	UBERON:0001874	60.17	gold quality
ovary	UBERON:0000992	60.02	gold quality
colonic epithelium	UBERON:0000397	58.56	gold quality
calcaneal tendon	UBERON:0003701	58.52	gold quality
left ovary	UBERON:0002119	58.22	gold quality
right ovary	UBERON:0002118	58.04	gold quality
anterior cingulate cortex	UBERON:0009835	57.79	gold quality
brain	UBERON:0000955	56.46	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 2.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-MTAB-6819	yes	256.86
E-ANND-3	yes	5.20

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

217 targeting PCDH11X, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-6867-5P	100.00	82.21	3464
HSA-MIR-1277-5P	100.00	73.95	5056
HSA-MIR-3163	100.00	77.23	8605
HSA-MIR-4795-3P	100.00	74.62	4024
HSA-MIR-3613-3P	100.00	76.36	7965
HSA-MIR-8485	100.00	77.57	4731
HSA-MIR-5011-5P	100.00	83.46	5820
HSA-MIR-188-3P	100.00	68.76	1240
HSA-MIR-4668-3P	100.00	68.74	2635
HSA-MIR-190A-3P	100.00	80.35	5520
HSA-MIR-196A-1-3P	99.99	72.15	2772
HSA-MIR-548C-3P	99.99	74.01	7587
HSA-MIR-4282	99.99	75.36	6408
HSA-MIR-3662	99.99	73.82	5684
HSA-MIR-186-5P	99.99	70.83	3707
HSA-MIR-4789-3P	99.99	70.75	2484
HSA-MIR-511-3P	99.99	68.85	1467
HSA-MIR-4775	99.98	75.00	6394
HSA-MIR-32-5P	99.98	75.21	1964
HSA-MIR-92A-3P	99.98	75.21	1960
HSA-MIR-92B-3P	99.98	75.25	1955
HSA-MIR-25-3P	99.98	74.60	1817
HSA-MIR-363-3P	99.98	74.72	1821
HSA-MIR-367-3P	99.98	74.83	1819
HSA-MIR-4482-3P	99.98	72.50	3147
HSA-MIR-548N	99.98	71.94	4170
HSA-MIR-12136	99.98	72.81	5713
HSA-MIR-520D-5P	99.98	73.34	4883
HSA-MIR-524-5P	99.98	73.43	4882
HSA-MIR-5696	99.98	72.36	4487

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 13)

• By confirming the suspected lack of X-Y homologous status for PCDH11 in non-human primates, our results reinforce the hypothesis of a hominid-specific role for this gene in brain development (PMID:16825765)
• a candidate for the evolution of hominid-specific characteristics including the sexual dimorphism of cerebral asymmetry, a putative correlate of language (PMID:16874762)
• This paper proposes that the PCDH11X/Y gene pair generates epigenetic diversity relating to the species capacity for language including predisposition to psychosis. (PMID:18502103)
• We consider that a stronger case can be mounted for the Protocadherin11X/Y gene pair located in the hominid specific Xq21.3/Yp11.2 region of homology that was generated by a duplication from the X (PMID:19125366)
• Genetic variation in PCDH11X is associated with susceptibility to late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. (PMID:19136949)
• The present article investigated the patterns of alternative splicing and expression of the PCDH11X/Y genes. (PMID:19859901)
• An association between late-onset Alzheimer disease and the PCDH11X polymorphisms, was not detected. (PMID:20523261)
• association not found for rs5984894 polymorphism in PCDH11X in Alzheimer’s disease in Italy (PMID:20555150)
• PCDH11X gene polymorphism does not play a major role in the genetic predisposition to late-onset Alzheimer disease in this Han Chinese population. (PMID:20707987)
• our data…failed to confirm the association between PCDH11X polymorphisms and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (PMID:21276771)
• PCDH11X expression was detected in the fetal neocortex, ganglionic eminences, cerebellum, and inferior olive. In the adult brain, the cerebral cortex, hippocampal formation, and cerebellum and brain stem were immunoreactive. (PMID:22744706)
• the PCDH11X/Y gene pair determines cerebral asymmetry by initiating the right shift in Homo sapiens (PMID:23600975)
• PCDH11X, expressed in brain is implicated in cell-cell communication, verbal ability, cerebral asymmetry, and dendritic synaptic plasticity, may be regarded as a new candidate gene for dyslexia. (PMID:24591081)

Cross-species orthologs

3 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	pcdh11	ENSDARG00000098652
mus_musculus	Pcdh11x	ENSMUSG00000034755
rattus_norvegicus	Pcdh11x	ENSRNOG00000069840

Paralogs (33): CDH1 (ENSG00000039068), CDH10 (ENSG00000040731), CDH3 (ENSG00000062038), CDH19 (ENSG00000071991), CDHR2 (ENSG00000074276), CDH17 (ENSG00000079112), CDH7 (ENSG00000081138), PCDH11Y (ENSG00000099715), CDHR5 (ENSG00000099834), CDH20 (ENSG00000101542), CDH23 (ENSG00000107736), CDH9 (ENSG00000113100), CDH6 (ENSG00000113361), CDH26 (ENSG00000124215), CDHR3 (ENSG00000128536), CDH15 (ENSG00000129910), CDH24 (ENSG00000139880), CDH11 (ENSG00000140937), CDH13 (ENSG00000140945), CDH18 (ENSG00000145526), CDHR1 (ENSG00000148600), CDH22 (ENSG00000149654), CDH8 (ENSG00000150394), CDH12 (ENSG00000154162), PCDH1 (ENSG00000156453), DCHS1 (ENSG00000166341), PCDH7 (ENSG00000169851), CDH2 (ENSG00000170558), CDH4 (ENSG00000179242), CDH5 (ENSG00000179776), PCDH9 (ENSG00000184226), DCHS2 (ENSG00000197410), PCDH20 (ENSG00000280165)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Protocadherin-11 X-linked — Q9BZA7 (reviewed: Q9BZA7)

Alternative names: Protocadherin on the X chromosome, Protocadherin-S

All UniProt accessions (1): Q9BZA7

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Potential calcium-dependent cell-adhesion protein.

Subcellular location. Cell membrane.

Tissue specificity. Expressed strongly in fetal brain and brain (cortex, amygdala, thalamus, substantia nigra, hippocampus, caudate nucleus and corpus callosum). Expressed at low level in testis.

Isoforms (8)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q9BZA7-1	1	yes
Q9BZA7-2	2
Q9BZA7-3	3
Q9BZA7-4	4
Q9BZA7-5	5
Q9BZA7-6	6
Q9BZA7-7	7, Protocadherin-Xa
Q9BZA7-8	8

RefSeq proteins (6): NP_001161832, NP_001161833, NP_001161834, NP_001161835, NP_116750, NP_116751 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR002126	Cadherin-like_dom	Domain
IPR013164	Cadherin_N	Domain
IPR013585	Protocadherin	Domain
IPR015919	Cadherin-like_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR020894	Cadherin_CS	Conserved_site
IPR050174	Protocadherin/Cadherin-CA	Family

Pfam: PF00028, PF08266, PF08374

UniProt features (34 total): splice variant 9, domain 7, glycosylation site 6, region of interest 3, topological domain 2, sequence variant 2, sequence conflict 2, signal peptide 1, chain 1, transmembrane region 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q9BZA7-F1	64.22	0.33

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Glycosylation sites (6): 27, 48, 54, 344, 553, 773

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 150 (showing top): STAEGE_EWING_FAMILY_TUMOR, STARK_PREFRONTAL_CORTEX_22Q11_DELETION_DN, SCHLESINGER_METHYLATED_DE_NOVO_IN_CANCER, GOBP_CELL_CELL_ADHESION, BLALOCK_ALZHEIMERS_DISEASE_UP, SCHLOSSER_SERUM_RESPONSE_DN, AACTTT_UNKNOWN, ATCATGA_MIR433, DBP_Q6, BREDEMEYER_RAG_SIGNALING_NOT_VIA_ATM_UP, FREAC7_01, CTAWWWATA_RSRFC4_Q2, ACEVEDO_LIVER_CANCER_WITH_H3K27ME3_DN, RAMASWAMY_METASTASIS_DN, WGTTNNNNNAAA_UNKNOWN

GO Biological Process (2): cell adhesion (GO:0007155), homophilic cell-cell adhesion (GO:0007156)

GO Molecular Function (2): calcium ion binding (GO:0005509), cell adhesion molecule binding (GO:0050839)

GO Cellular Component (2): plasma membrane (GO:0005886), membrane (GO:0016020)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular process	1
cell-cell adhesion	1
metal ion binding	1
protein binding	1
membrane	1
cell periphery	1
cellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1416 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
PCDH11X	TGIF2LY	Q8IUE0	887
PCDH11X	PRKY	O43930	859
PCDH11X	TGIF2LX	Q8IUE1	854
PCDH11X	AMELY	Q99218	845
PCDH11X	TSPY1	P09002	842
PCDH11X	AMELX	Q99217	800
PCDH11X	TBL1Y	Q9BQ87	789
PCDH11X	PABPC5	Q96DU9	762
PCDH11X	MYH7B	A7E2Y1	654
PCDH11X	NRXN1	Q9ULB1	641
PCDH11X	CTNNB1	P35222	633
PCDH11X	NRXN2	Q9P2S2	630
PCDH11X	FYN	P06241	595
PCDH11X	TGIF2	Q9GZN2	587
PCDH11X	EPHA1	P21709	578

IntAct

7 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
PPP1CA	PCDH11X	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
PCDH11X	RPL10A	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
P		psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
M		psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
ATG16L1		psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (12): PCDH11X (Affinity Capture-RNA), PCDH11X (Positive Genetic), PCDH11X (Proximity Label-MS), PCDH11X (Affinity Capture-MS), PCDH11X (Proximity Label-MS), PCDH11X (Protein-peptide), RPL10A (Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS)), PCDH11Y (Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS)), PCDH11X (Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS)), PCDH11X (Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS)), PCDH11X (Affinity Capture-RNA), PCDH11X (Affinity Capture-Western)

ESM2 similar proteins: A7MB46, F8W3X3, O14917, O35902, O54800, O97799, P05622, P16234, P20786, P26618, P26619, P32926, P35546, P55286, P55289, P79749, P97291, Q05030, Q08DJ5, Q13634, Q14126, Q28889, Q5RJH3, Q68SP4, Q6KEQ9, Q6W3B0, Q6WXV7, Q6WYY1, Q6X862, Q71M42, Q7TMD7, Q7TSF0, Q7YRU7, Q80TF3, Q86SJ6, Q8AXC6, Q8AXC7, Q8BIZ0, Q8N6Y1, Q8TAB3

Diamond homologs: A7MB46, D3ZE55, D4ACX8, E9PVD3, F8W3X3, O14917, O35161, O55134, O60245, O60330, O88278, O95206, P58365, Q08174, Q24292, Q2PZL6, Q5DRA2, Q5DRA3, Q5DRA4, Q5DRA5, Q5DRA6, Q5DRA7, Q5DRA8, Q5DRA9, Q5DRB1, Q5DRB2, Q5DRB3, Q5DRB4, Q5DRB5, Q5DRB6, Q5DRB7, Q5DRB8, Q5DRB9, Q5DRC0, Q5DRC1, Q5DRC2, Q5DRC6, Q5DRC8, Q5DRC9, Q5DRD0

SIGNOR signaling

1 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
PCDH11X	down-regulates	Neurite_outgrowth

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

212 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	109
Likely benign	21
Benign	12

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

2743 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
X:91836041:TAAGG:T	donor_loss	1.0000
X:91836042:AAGG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
X:91836043:AGGT:A	donor_loss	1.0000
X:91836044:GGTG:G	donor_loss	1.0000
X:91836045:G:GA	donor_loss	1.0000
X:91836046:T:A	donor_loss	1.0000
X:91876770:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:91876770:AT:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:91876771:T:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:91876777:CCA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
X:91876778:CA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
X:91876779:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:91876779:A:AT	acceptor_loss	1.0000
X:91876780:G:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
X:91876780:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:91876780:GA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:92082865:A:AG	donor_gain	1.0000
X:92201370:TAAAG:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
X:92201371:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:92201372:A:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:92201373:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:92201374:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:92201374:GCC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:92201374:GCCA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
X:92201452:ACAGG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
X:92201453:CAGGT:C	donor_loss	1.0000
X:92201454:AGG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
X:92201456:G:A	donor_loss	1.0000
X:92201457:T:A	donor_loss	1.0000
X:92263081:T:TA	acceptor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

0 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000003181 (X:92175355 T>C), RS1000025593 (X:92396179 C>A,T), RS1000034583 (X:91913095 C>A), RS1000037871 (X:92316874 C>A,T), RS1000039472 (X:92001692 T>C), RS1000044962 (X:91836844 G>A), RS1000046981 (X:92012871 T>G), RS1000047690 (X:92083305 C>A,T), RS1000056762 (X:92397727 T>A,C), RS1000061872 (X:91869846 G>A), RS1000067525 (X:92281023 T>A,C), RS1000077342 (X:92161425 GT>G,GTT), RS1000100480 (X:91925003 G>A), RS1000103783 (X:92306716 C>G,T), RS1000107070 (X:92174594 C>T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:300246 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (1): Alzheimer disease (MONDO:0004975)

Orphanet (2): Early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease (Orphanet:1020), NON RARE IN EUROPE: Alzheimer disease (Orphanet:238616)

HPO phenotypes

1 total (1 of 1 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0002511	Alzheimer disease

GWAS associations

2 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST000315_1	Alzheimer’s disease	2.000000e-07
GCST001613_10	Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis	4.000000e-08

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D000544	Alzheimer Disease	C10.228.140.380.100; C10.574.945.249; F03.615.400.100

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

13 total (human), top 13 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
sodium arsenite	affects binding, increases reaction	1
butyraldehyde	decreases expression	1
2-palmitoylglycerol	increases expression	1
Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation, increases methylation	1
Catechin	decreases expression, affects cotreatment	1
DEET	decreases expression	1
Oxygen	increases expression	1
Smoke	decreases expression	1
Triclosan	increases expression	1
Valproic Acid	decreases methylation	1
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium	decreases expression	1
Aflatoxin B1	decreases methylation	1

Cellosaurus cell lines

2 cell lines: 2 transformed cell line

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

Cellosaurus	Name	Category	Sex
CVCL_A2QH	GM27434	Transformed cell line	Male
CVCL_A2QI	GM27435	Transformed cell line	Female

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

300 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00009191	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Depression in Alzheimer’s Disease Study (DIADS)
NCT00009217	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treatment of Behavioral Symptoms in Alzheimer’s Disease
NCT00018278	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Electrophysiologic Measures of Treatment Response in Alzheimer Disease
NCT00035204	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Study of the Effects on Sleep, Attention, and Gastrointestinal Tolerance of Galantamine and Donepezil in Patients With Alzheimer’s Disease
NCT00042172	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treatment for Early Memory Loss
NCT00046358	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Effect of Short-Term Statins and NSAIDs on Levels of Beta-Amyloid, a Protein Associated With Alzheimer’s Disease
NCT00104442	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of the Effects of Current Drug Treatments on Levels of Certain Brain Chemicals in Alzheimer’s Disease
NCT00120874	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Memantine and Comprehensive, Individualized Management of Alzheimer’s Disease and Caregiver Training
NCT00142324	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	CALM-AD
NCT00165724	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Alzheimer’s Disease Long-term Follow-up Study (ALF Study)
NCT00165750	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Correlation Between Regional Brain Volume and Response to Donepezil Treatment in AD Patients
NCT00202124	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Double Blind Study of Trp01 in Patients With Alzheimer’s Disease
NCT00208819	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Comparison of Two Standard Therapies in the Management of Dementia With Agitation
NCT00216515	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Efficacy of Galantamine on the Attention and the Frontal Function of the Patients With Dementia of Alzheimer Type
NCT00230568	PHASE4	COMPLETED	EARTH 413: A Study of Aricept in Hispanic Patients With Mild to Moderate Alzheimer’s Disease (AD)
NCT00234637	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Rivastigmine Monotherapy and Combination Therapy With Memantine in Patients With Moderately Severe Alzheimer’s Disease Who Failed to Benefit From Previous Cholinesterase Inhibitor Treatment
NCT00245206	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Side Effects of Newer Antipsychotics in Older Adults
NCT00254033	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Apathy Associated With Alzheimer’s Disease
NCT00260624	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Escitalopram Treatment of Patients With Agitated Dementia
NCT00303277	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Do HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitors Affect Abeta Levels?
NCT00305903	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Safety and Tolerability of Rivastigmine With Add-on Memantine in Patients With Probable Alzheimer’s Disease
NCT00306124	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Dopaminergic Enhancement of Learning and Memory in Healthy Adults and Patients With Dementia/Mild Cognitive Impairment
NCT00334906	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Memantine in Assessment of Selected Measures of Volumetric Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Cognition in Moderate AD (Alzheimer’s Disease)
NCT00369603	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Functional Brain Imaging of Medication Treatment Response in Mild Alzheimer’s Disease Patients
NCT00375557	PHASE4	WITHDRAWN	Safety and Efficacy of Divalproex and Quetiapine in Elderly Alzheimer’s Dementia Patients
NCT00381381	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Clinical Response of Choline Acetyltransferase and Apolipoprotein Epsilon Gene Polymorphisms to Donepezil in Alzheimer’s Disease
NCT00385684	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Low-Dose Opiate Therapy for Discomfort in Dementia (L-DOT)
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