PCNA

Summary

PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen, HGNC:8729) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 20p12.3, encoding DNA sliding clamp PCNA (P12004). Confers DNA tethering and processivity to DNA polymerases and other proteins. It is a common-essential gene (DepMap: required in 100.0% of cancer cell lines).

The protein encoded by this gene is found in the nucleus and is a cofactor of DNA polymerase delta. The encoded protein acts as a homotrimer and helps increase the processivity of leading strand synthesis during DNA replication. In response to DNA damage, this protein is ubiquitinated and is involved in the RAD6-dependent DNA repair pathway. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. Pseudogenes of this gene have been described on chromosome 4 and on the X chromosome.

Source: NCBI Gene 5111 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): ataxia-telangiectasia-like disorder 2 (Supportive, GenCC) — +1 more curated relationship
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 32 total — 1 likely-pathogenic
• GTEx eGene: eQTL in 27 tissues, sQTL in 1 (q < 0.05)
• Phenotypes (HPO): 31
• ChEMBL bioactivity: 5 clinical-phase molecules tested; no curated mechanism-of-action drug
• Cancer dependency (DepMap): dependent in 100.0% of screened cell lines (common-essential)
• Constraint (gnomAD): pLI 0.99 (loss-of-function intolerant), LOEUF 0.42 (moderately constrained)
• MANE Select transcript: NM_182649
• Interaction hub: 7,484 STRING partners (top 1% of genes corpus-wide)

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:8729
Approved symbol	PCNA
Name	proliferating cell nuclear antigen
Location	20p12.3
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000132646
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	176740
Entrez	5111

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 16 — 11 protein_coding, 5 nonsense_mediated_decay

MANE Select: ENST00000379143

Transcript support level (Ensembl TSL; 1 = fully mRNA-supported): TSL 1: 1, TSL 5: 1

ENST00000379143, ENST00000379160, ENST00000875656, ENST00000875657, ENST00000875658, ENST00000875659, ENST00000930445, ENST00000968046, ENST00000968047, ENST00001002227, ENST00001002228, ENST00001085269, ENST00001085270, ENST00001085271, ENST00001095575, ENST00001133698

RefSeq mRNA: 2 — MANE Select: NM_182649 NM_002592, NM_182649

CCDS: CCDS13087

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000379143 — 6 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000906719	5114953	5115362
ENSE00000906720	5115449	5115572
ENSE00000906721	5117470	5117664
ENSE00001479898	5119578	5119958
ENSE00001693283	5118610	5118677
ENSE00001747465	5118769	5118866

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 287 present calls, max score 99.91.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 104.7405 / max 1904.5388, expressed in 1816 samples.

Highest expression (Bgee): oocyte, secondary oocyte, ganglionic eminence, ventricular zone, embryo.

Genetic regulation across tissues (GTEx eQTL / sQTL)

PCNA is an eGene in GTEx v10 — its expression is genetically regulated (eQTL) in 27 tissues and its splicing (sQTL) in 1 (q < 0.05). Strongest associations first; slope = normalized effect of the lead variant’s alternative allele.

showing 20 of 28 significant tissue × QTL associations:

Tissue	QTL	q-value	Slope	Lead variant
Nerve Tibial	eqtl	9.9e-19	-0.31	20:5130926:C:G
Artery Tibial	eqtl	4.3e-17	-0.31	20:5130722:C:G
Adipose Subcutaneous	eqtl	1.1e-11	-0.31	20:5078323:G:A
Breast Mammary Tissue	eqtl	3.0e-09	-0.31	20:5126986:C:CGGGCG
Skin Not Sun Exposed Suprapubic	eqtl	8.3e-08	-0.17	20:5130423:G:C
Thyroid	eqtl	3.1e-07	-0.21	20:5066339:A:G
Artery Aorta	eqtl	5.1e-07	-0.21	20:5106293:A:T
Skin Sun Exposed Lower leg	eqtl	6.1e-06	-0.15	20:5110979:C:T
Whole Blood	eqtl	2.4e-04	-0.13	20:5081806:G:A
Esophagus Mucosa	eqtl	3.0e-04	-0.10	20:5119539:G:T
Brain Nucleus accumbens basal ganglia	eqtl	1.6e-03	-0.29	20:5131759:G:T
Brain Cerebellar Hemisphere	eqtl	2.0e-03	+0.84	20:4598662:G:A
Brain Cerebellum	eqtl	2.3e-03	-0.40	20:5104242:T:C
Heart Atrial Appendage	eqtl	2.7e-03	-0.20	20:5106293:A:T
Adipose Visceral Omentum	eqtl	3.1e-03	-0.18	20:5103951:C:G
Brain Anterior cingulate cortex BA24	eqtl	7.8e-03	-0.34	20:5106293:A:T
Cells Cultured fibroblasts	eqtl	1.1e-02	-0.14	20:5830186:G:A
Adrenal Gland	sqtl	1.2e-02	-1.40	20:4939590:C:T
Ovary	eqtl	1.4e-02	-0.27	20:5078323:G:A
Brain Caudate basal ganglia	eqtl	1.9e-02	-0.31	20:5104242:T:C

FANTOM5 promoters

5 alternative TSS:

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
186290	86.6105	1815
186289	13.1631	1516
186291	3.4620	1472
186288	1.2174	630
186287	0.2874	134

Top tissues by expression

showing 100 of 294 tissues by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
oocyte	CL:0000023	99.91	gold quality
secondary oocyte	CL:0000655	99.86	gold quality
ganglionic eminence	UBERON:0004023	98.91	gold quality
ventricular zone	UBERON:0003053	98.87	gold quality
embryo	UBERON:0000922	98.76	gold quality
trabecular bone tissue	UBERON:0002483	98.21	gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	98.02	gold quality
endometrium epithelium	UBERON:0004811	97.90	gold quality
mucosa of sigmoid colon	UBERON:0004993	97.58	gold quality
rectum	UBERON:0001052	97.54	gold quality
mucosa of transverse colon	UBERON:0004991	97.48	gold quality
vermiform appendix	UBERON:0001154	97.42	gold quality
colonic mucosa	UBERON:0000317	97.34	gold quality
epithelium of nasopharynx	UBERON:0001951	97.23	gold quality
tongue squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006919	97.19	gold quality
bone marrow	UBERON:0002371	97.00	gold quality
caecum	UBERON:0001153	96.97	gold quality
oral cavity	UBERON:0000167	96.48	gold quality
sperm	CL:0000019	96.39	gold quality
adult organism	UBERON:0007023	96.35	gold quality
gingival epithelium	UBERON:0001949	96.32	gold quality
gingiva	UBERON:0001828	96.24	gold quality
right testis	UBERON:0004534	96.20	gold quality
pigmented layer of retina	UBERON:0001782	96.17	gold quality
esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0002469	96.06	gold quality
left testis	UBERON:0004533	95.84	gold quality
lymph node	UBERON:0000029	95.79	gold quality
palpebral conjunctiva	UBERON:0001812	95.79	gold quality
penis	UBERON:0000989	95.56	gold quality
testis	UBERON:0000473	95.43	gold quality
stromal cell of endometrium	CL:0002255	95.40	gold quality
mammalian vulva	UBERON:0000997	95.22	gold quality
right adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035827	94.99	gold quality
right adrenal gland	UBERON:0001233	94.97	gold quality
endometrium	UBERON:0001295	94.93	gold quality
thymus	UBERON:0002370	94.90	gold quality
pharyngeal mucosa	UBERON:0000355	94.88	gold quality
placenta	UBERON:0001987	94.74	gold quality
left adrenal gland	UBERON:0001234	94.69	gold quality
islet of Langerhans	UBERON:0000006	94.65	gold quality
duodenum	UBERON:0002114	94.64	gold quality
left adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035825	94.60	gold quality
jejunal mucosa	UBERON:0000399	94.59	gold quality
squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006914	94.59	gold quality
male germ cell	CL:0000015	94.53	gold quality
cervix squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006922	94.43	gold quality
transverse colon	UBERON:0001157	94.38	gold quality
adrenal cortex	UBERON:0001235	94.34	gold quality
spleen	UBERON:0002106	94.33	gold quality
cervix epithelium	UBERON:0004801	94.31	gold quality
hair follicle	UBERON:0002073	94.12	gold quality
nasal cavity mucosa	UBERON:0001826	94.10	gold quality
small intestine Peyer’s patch	UBERON:0003454	94.05	gold quality
adrenal tissue	UBERON:0018303	93.89	gold quality
esophagus squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006920	93.83	gold quality
mouth mucosa	UBERON:0003729	93.82	gold quality
olfactory segment of nasal mucosa	UBERON:0005386	93.82	gold quality
gall bladder	UBERON:0002110	93.78	gold quality
epithelium of esophagus	UBERON:0001976	93.70	gold quality
adrenal gland	UBERON:0002369	93.70	gold quality
esophagus	UBERON:0001043	93.69	gold quality
pylorus	UBERON:0001166	93.69	gold quality
large intestine	UBERON:0000059	93.57	gold quality
minor salivary gland	UBERON:0001830	93.57	gold quality
intestine	UBERON:0000160	93.51	gold quality
calcaneal tendon	UBERON:0003701	93.49	gold quality
amniotic fluid	UBERON:0000173	93.41	gold quality
colon	UBERON:0001155	93.40	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	93.36	gold quality
bone marrow cell	CL:0002092	93.35	gold quality
metanephros cortex	UBERON:0010533	93.20	gold quality
C1 segment of cervical spinal cord	UBERON:0006469	93.09	gold quality
granulocyte	CL:0000094	93.06	gold quality
small intestine	UBERON:0002108	93.03	gold quality
superior surface of tongue	UBERON:0007371	92.98	gold quality
seminal vesicle	UBERON:0000998	92.95	gold quality
descending thoracic aorta	UBERON:0002345	92.89	gold quality
germinal epithelium of ovary	UBERON:0001304	92.83	gold quality
jejunum	UBERON:0002115	92.82	gold quality
right ovary	UBERON:0002118	92.77	gold quality
skin of abdomen	UBERON:0001416	92.74	gold quality
tongue	UBERON:0001723	92.70	gold quality
uterus	UBERON:0000995	92.48	gold quality
body of stomach	UBERON:0001161	92.47	gold quality
upper leg skin	UBERON:0004262	92.46	gold quality
tibia	UBERON:0000979	92.43	gold quality
zone of skin	UBERON:0000014	92.39	gold quality
saliva-secreting gland	UBERON:0001044	92.34	gold quality
female reproductive system	UBERON:0000474	92.30	gold quality
right uterine tube	UBERON:0001302	92.29	gold quality
smooth muscle tissue	UBERON:0001135	92.26	gold quality
ectocervix	UBERON:0012249	92.26	gold quality
spinal cord	UBERON:0002240	92.25	gold quality
sigmoid colon	UBERON:0001159	92.19	gold quality
superficial temporal artery	UBERON:0001614	92.19	gold quality
parietal pleura	UBERON:0002400	92.11	gold quality
vagina	UBERON:0000996	92.08	gold quality
pancreas	UBERON:0001264	92.06	gold quality
left coronary artery	UBERON:0001626	92.05	gold quality
lower esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0035834	92.03	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 31 experiment(s), a significant marker in 27.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-MTAB-6505	yes	796.51
E-GEOD-114530	yes	732.22
E-MTAB-9435	yes	720.88
E-ENAD-20	yes	688.70
E-MTAB-10485	yes	617.20
E-MTAB-6075	yes	608.49
E-HCAD-24	yes	573.67
E-CURD-114	yes	542.39
E-GEOD-149689	yes	488.65
E-MTAB-9906	yes	479.91
E-MTAB-10287	yes	475.61
E-HCAD-10	yes	473.60
E-HCAD-32	yes	417.02
E-MTAB-11121	yes	414.43
E-MTAB-10662	yes	395.12

HPA expression

RNA tissue specificity: Tissue enhanced

showing 60 of 79 HPA tissues / cells by nTPM:

Tissue / cell	Axis	nTPM	Protein (IHC)
Bone marrow	tissue	361.5	high
Thymus	tissue	204.8
Lymph node	tissue	157.4	high
Tonsil	tissue	128.6	high
Rectum	tissue	88.0	medium
Retina	tissue	87.1
Colon	tissue	83.4	high
Appendix	tissue	80.4	high
Small intestine	tissue	68.6	high
Duodenum	tissue	66.5	medium
Placenta	tissue	65.7	medium
Esophagus	tissue	64.3	medium
Frontal cortex	tissue	61.8
Skin 1	tissue	59.4	medium
Caudate putamen	tissue	58.5
Testis	tissue	58.3	high
Liver	tissue	51.7	not detected
Stomach 1	tissue	50.9	low
Urinary bladder	tissue	47.8	not detected
Breast	tissue	47.7	medium
Smooth muscle	tissue	44.7	low
Spleen	tissue	42.0	low
Adrenal gland	tissue	42.0	low
Vagina	tissue	41.8	medium
Ovary	tissue	40.9	not detected
Kidney	tissue	40.8	medium
Parathyroid gland	tissue	39.8	low
Thyroid gland	tissue	39.3	medium
Cervix	tissue	39.0	medium
Fallopian tube	tissue	36.8	medium
Seminal vesicle	tissue	36.1	medium
Endometrium 1	tissue	35.7	not detected
Lung	tissue	35.3	low
Salivary gland	tissue	33.5	not detected
Gallbladder	tissue	32.7	medium
Pancreas	tissue	30.6	low
Prostate	tissue	30.2	medium
Adipose tissue	tissue	29.3	not detected
Epididymis	tissue	29.2	medium
Heart muscle	tissue	28.6	low
Choroid plexus	tissue	25.5
Skeletal muscle	tissue	25.1	low
Tongue	tissue	24.9
Pituitary gland	tissue	24.7
Corpus callosum	tissue	18.3
Nucleus accumbens	tissue	16.4
Cerebellum	tissue	15.9	low
Spinal cord	tissue	15.3
Pons	tissue	14.8
Postcentral gyrus	tissue	14.8
Hippocampus	tissue	14.4	not detected
Medulla oblongata	tissue	14.2
Locus coeruleus	tissue	14.2
Midbrain	tissue	14.0
Substantia nigra	tissue	13.5
Superior colliculi	tissue	13.3
Thalamus	tissue	13.1
Periaqueductal gray	tissue	12.6
Hypothalamus	tissue	12.2
Hippocampal formation	tissue	12.0

Brain sub-regions (HPA Brain Atlas): detected in 191; highest nTPM — Lateral funiculus (white matter) (32.4), Blood vessel (30.1), Corpus callosum, genu (white matter) (30.1), Corpus callosum, splenium (white matter) (29.7), Dorsal funiculus (white matter) (29.2).

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): AHR, AP1, ATF1, ATM, CDX1, CDX2, CEBPA, CREB1, CRX, DNMT1, E2F1, E2F2, E2F4, EMX2, EP300, EZH2, FOSL1, FOXC1, GJA1, GLI2, HDAC1, HMGA1, HMGN1, HOXA1, HOXC8, ING1, JUN, KLF6, KMT2A, KMT2B, MBD2, MEF2A, MYB, MYC, NCOA3, NFE2L2, NFKB, NR4A1, PARP1, PPARG

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

Targeting PCNA by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific).

showing 30 of 41 miRNAs:

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-548C-3P	99.99	74.01	7587
HSA-MIR-513B-5P	99.99	69.96	2150
HSA-MIR-3682-5P	99.93	67.97	1163
HSA-MIR-1297	99.91	73.41	3162
HSA-MIR-8087	99.90	69.55	1351
HSA-MIR-548AR-3P	99.85	71.26	3889
HSA-MIR-576-5P	99.84	70.46	2582
HSA-MIR-548AZ-3P	99.82	70.56	3549
HSA-MIR-548BC	99.82	70.61	3524
HSA-MIR-548E-3P	99.82	70.59	3514
HSA-MIR-548F-3P	99.82	70.59	3540
HSA-MIR-26A-5P	99.78	73.52	2303
HSA-MIR-26B-5P	99.78	73.51	2305
HSA-MIR-548A-3P	99.76	70.58	3524
HSA-MIR-12129	99.72	67.45	1311
HSA-MIR-4699-3P	99.71	70.15	3142
HSA-MIR-4465	99.71	72.56	2096
HSA-MIR-5580-3P	99.70	69.41	2052
HSA-MIR-513C-5P	99.50	68.42	1730
HSA-MIR-514B-5P	99.50	68.19	1766
HSA-MIR-302B-5P	99.50	69.49	1857
HSA-MIR-302D-5P	99.50	69.34	1863
HSA-MIR-217-5P	99.49	69.93	1419
HSA-MIR-3123	99.47	67.15	2693
HSA-MIR-578	99.46	68.36	1787
HSA-MIR-20A-3P	99.44	69.10	1575
HSA-MIR-548AV-3P	99.43	68.50	1721
HSA-MIR-3678-3P	99.31	67.10	1432
HSA-MIR-1273H-3P	99.29	67.55	980
HSA-MIR-4263	99.18	69.25	2236

Functional genomics

gnomAD constraint: pLI 0.995, LOEUF 0.42, missense Z 3.23 — population loss-of-function intolerance (pLI ≥ 0.9 = LoF-intolerant; lower LOEUF = more constrained). gnomAD

Regional missense constraint (gnomAD RMC): no regional variation along ENST00000379143 — one region, missense o/e 0.50. DepMap (CRISPR cell-line fitness): dependent in 100.0% of screened cell lines, common-essential.

Most-dependent cell lines (DepMap gene-effect, lower = stronger; ≤ −0.5 shown): SCC-4 (-4.371), BICR 31 (-4.176), NCI-H1299 (-4.155), C2BBe1 (-4.059), SK-N-FI (-4.004), SNU-1077 (-3.995), TE-8 (-3.974), NCI-H2170 (-3.964), Detroit 562 (-3.954), NCI-H522 (-3.944), TF-1 (-3.929), CAL-33 (-3.913), GCIY (-3.909), Daoy (-3.904), KLE (-3.88).

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• PCNA physically interacts with and directly binds AP endonuclease 1 (APE1) in whole cell extracts, thus demonstrating involvement of multiprotein reactions during long-patch base excision repair. (PMID:11601988)
• It is hypothesized from these observations that pol epsilon and PCNA have separate but associated functions early in S phase and that pol epsilon participates with PCNA in DNA replication late in S phase. (PMID:11741962)
• Functional interaction of MutY homolog with proliferating cell nuclear antigen in fission yeast (and in human) (PMID:11805113)
• The over-expression of PCNA in the lens epithelium of fetus and children suggests that PCNA might be related to the development of cataract. (PMID:11864421)
• The promoter of the human proliferating cell nuclear antigen gene is not sufficient for cell cycle-dependent regulation in organotypic cultures of keratinocytes (PMID:11877408)
• association with histone deacetylase activity, integrating DNA replication and chromatin modification (PMID:11929879)
• Human cell DNA replication is mediated by a discrete multiprotein complex. The eluted complex contains DNA polymerase delta, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and replication protein A. (PMID:11968016)
• the interaction of PCNA with DNA polymerase delta is mediated through the small subunit of the enzyme (PMID:11986310)
• Expression of c-erbB-2 in node negative breast cancer does not correlate with estrogen receptor status, predictors of hormone responsiveness, or PCNA expression. (PMID:12088102)
• presence in CNS tumors correlates with histological type and grade (PMID:12125971)
• RAD6-dependent DNA repair is linked to modification of PCNA by ubiquitin and SUMO. (PMID:12226657)
• expressive quantity of PCNA was more in hypertrophic scars and less in chronic skin ulcers (PMID:12382578)
• PCNA protein expression may help evaluate the malignancy of hypopharyngeal carcinoma and make prognostic judgement of the patients. (PMID:12390713)
• relationship between the mast cell density and the context of clinicopathological parameters and expression of p185, estrogen receptor, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen in gastric carcinoma (PMID:12439914)
• clinical significance of E-cadherin and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression in adenoid cystic carcinoma (PMID:12452045)
• abnormal expressions of COX-2, p53, PCNA, and nm23 associate with malignant potential, lymph node metastasis and clinical stage, and they might therefore play a role in development of gastric cancer (PMID:12452062)
• The content variation of Zn, Se, Mo, Cu, Ni could be possessed of certain effect on p53 mutation and PCNA overexpression of esophageal epithelium in the high risk area. (PMID:12479101)
• beta-catenin, p53 and PCNA may play important roles in the carcinogenesis of colorectal adenoma. (PMID:12515622)
• Expression of p57kip2, Rb protein and PCNA and their relationships with clinicopathology in human pancreatic cancer. (PMID:12532471)
• HBV infection may increase expression of PCNA and GST-pi. (PMID:12632497)
• PCNA binds to two distinct functional sites on WRN (PMID:12633936)
• the E2F site in the human PCNA 5’ promoter is a serum-responsive element (PMID:12782299)
• PCNA expression was significantly higher in recurrent aphthous ulcers than in normal oral mucosal tissue. (PMID:12857440)
• Upergulation of PCNA by overexpression of tuberous sclerosis gene products. (PMID:12893285)
• PARP-1 and p21 could cooperate in regulating the functions of PCNA during DNA replication/repair. (PMID:12930846)
• results demonstrate for the first time a novel role for human proliferating cell nuclear antigen(PCNA)in transcriptional repression and in modulating chromatin modification with reciprocal modulation of p300 acetyltransferase and PCNA by each other (PMID:12937166)
• combination of protein p53 induction and ionizing radiation activate the proliferating cell nuclear antigen gene (PMID:12947108)
• The expression of PCNA is associated with the increased malignancy. (PMID:14558955)
• Expression of PCNA was significantly higher than in normal pancreatic tissue. Correlated with the histological grade. Expression rate consistent with exacerbation of cancer. Also correlated significantly with prognosis and p53 expression. (PMID:14612290)
• in hepatocellular carcinoma, PCNA participates both in DNA synthesis and repair and that highly proliferating cancers may display a sustained DNA-repair. (PMID:14642618)
• Detection of PCNA and CD44mRNA expression in colorectal cancer may be useful for evaluating liver metastasis of cancer cells. (PMID:14669354)
• These results suggest that PCNA trimers bound to DNA during the S phase are organized as distinct pools able to bind selectively different partners. Among them, p125-pol delta and DNA ligase I interact with PCNA in a mutually exclusive manner (PMID:14729473)
• The overall expression of PCNA in all stages of fetal testis development was higher than pRb1 expression. (PMID:14871261)
• proliferating cell nuclear antigen is required in different ways in 5’ and 3’ nick-directed excision in human mismatch repair (PMID:14871894)
• PCNA expression in bone marrow plasma cells constitutes a good prognostic indicator of disease activity in patients with multiple myeloma. (PMID:15000866)
• Expression of this apoptosis-related protein may be a useful marker in cervix cancer development. (PMID:15033825)
• XRCC1 co-localizes with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) at DNA replication foci, observed exclusively in the S phase of undamaged HeLa cells (PMID:15107487)
• Monoubiquitinated but not unmodified PCNA interacts with polymerase eta, and we found two motifs in poleta involved in this interaction. Our findings provide a mechanism by which monoubiquitination of PCNA might mediate the polymerase switch (PMID:15149598)
• In aids encephalopathy, although virtually all cells positive for HIV-1 p24 were PCNA+, there were many PCNA+ cells where HIV-1 p24 expression was not detected. (PMID:15161643)
• A marker of human esophageal neoplastic progression (PMID:15221970)

Cross-species orthologs

6 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	pcna	ENSDARG00000054155
mus_musculus	Pcna	ENSMUSG00000027342
rattus_norvegicus	Pcna	ENSRNOG00000021264
drosophila_melanogaster	PCNA	FBGN0005655
drosophila_melanogaster	PCNA2	FBGN0032813
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00003955

Mouse-model phenotypes

Observed phenotypes of the mouse ortholog (MGI:97503) from MGI (Alliance of Genome Resources) — knockout/mutant phenotypes, ranked by annotation count. 15 distinct phenotype terms.

Mouse phenotype (MP)	Records
abnormal somatic hypermutation frequency	4
infertility	2
small testis	1
arrest of spermatogenesis	1
decreased body weight	1
abnormal meiosis	1
increased lean body mass	1
absent germ cells	1
abnormal class switch recombination	1
decreased percent body fat/body weight	1
decreased white fat cell number	1
decreased susceptibility to weight gain	1
embryonic lethality before implantation, complete penetrance	1
embryonic lethality during organogenesis, incomplete penetrance	1
abnormal adipose tissue development	1

Additional cross-species homologs

Sequence homologs in species beyond Ensembl Compara’s model organisms, by Diamond local protein alignment (% sequence identity; best hit per species). Lower-identity rows are more distant homologs. The matched accessions’ gene symbols aren’t in biobtree yet, so each row shows the UniProt accession.

Organism	UniProt	Identity	Method
Plasmodium falciparum K1	P31008	100.0%	Diamond
Plasmodium falciparum 3D7	P61074	100.0%	Diamond
Macaca fascicularis	P61258	100.0%	Diamond
Coturnix japonica	Q9DDF1	99.6%	Diamond
Gallus gallus	Q9DEA3	99.6%	Diamond
Bos taurus	Q3ZBW4	99.2%	Diamond
Cricetulus griseus	P57761	98.5%	Diamond
Haplochromis burtoni	Q6B6N4	98.5%	Diamond
Brassica napus	Q43124	97.7%	Diamond
Arabidopsis thaliana	Q9M7Q7	97.7%	Diamond
Anguilla japonica	Q9W644	96.2%	Diamond
Nicotiana tabacum	O82797	95.8%	Diamond
Catharanthus roseus	P24314	95.8%	Diamond
Daucus carota	Q00268	95.5%	Diamond
Oryza sativa Japonica Group	P17070	95.0%	Diamond
Zea mays	Q43266	95.0%	Diamond
Lathyrus oleraceus	O82134	94.9%	Diamond
Glycine max	P22177	94.9%	Diamond
Populus nigra	Q9MAY3	91.7%	Diamond
Sarcophaga crassipalpis	O16852	90.4%	Diamond
Xenopus laevis	P18248	89.3%	Diamond
Bombyx mori	O01377	80.4%	Diamond
Styela clava	P53358	72.3%	Diamond
Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	P15873	70.5%	Diamond
Kluyveromyces lactis NRRL Y-1140	Q6CVH2	70.5%	Diamond
Thermochaetoides thermophila DSM 1495	G0SF70	68.0%	Diamond
Schizosaccharomyces pombe 972h-	Q03392	68.0%	Diamond
Dictyostelium discoideum	Q54K47	60.1%	Diamond
Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus	P11038	46.3%	Diamond
Orgyia pseudotsugata multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus	O10308	31.5%	Diamond

Genomic neighbors (locus context)

Genes flanking this one on the chromosome (NCBI/Entrez gene neighborhood). Positional context only — some neighbors share regulatory elements (bidirectional promoters, antisense/overlapping transcripts), but chromosomal adjacency is not itself a functional relationship (see Interactions for that).

Symbol	Type	Entrez
PROKR2	protein-coding	128674
CDS2	protein-coding	8760
PCNA-AS1	ncRNA	100302739
TMEM230	protein-coding	29058
RASSF2	protein-coding	9770
SLC23A2	protein-coding	9962

Protein

Protein identifiers

DNA sliding clamp PCNA — P12004 (reviewed: P12004)

Alternative names: Cyclin, Proliferating cell nuclear antigen

All UniProt accessions (1): P12004

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Confers DNA tethering and processivity to DNA polymerases and other proteins. Auxiliary protein of DNA polymerase delta and epsilon, is involved in the control of DNA replication by increasing the polymerases’ processivity during elongation of the leading strand. Induces a robust stimulatory effect on the 3’-5’ exonuclease and 3’-phosphodiesterase, but not apurinic-apyrimidinic (AP) endonuclease, APEX2 activities. Has to be loaded onto DNA in order to be able to stimulate APEX2. Plays a key role in DNA damage response (DDR) by being conveniently positioned at the replication fork to coordinate DNA replication with DNA repair and DNA damage tolerance pathways. Acts as a loading platform to recruit DDR proteins that allow completion of DNA replication after DNA damage and promote postreplication repair: monoubiquitinated PCNA leads to recruitment of translesion (TLS) polymerases, while ‘Lys-63’-linked polyubiquitination of PCNA is involved in error-free pathway and employs recombination mechanisms to synthesize across the lesion.

Subunit / interactions. Homotrimer. Interacts with p300/EP300; the interaction occurs on chromatin in UV-irradiated damaged cells. Interacts with CREBBP (via transactivation domain and C-terminus); the interaction occurs on chromatin in UV-irradiated damaged cells. Directly interacts with POLD1, POLD3 and POLD4 subunits of the DNA polymerase delta complex, POLD3 being the major interacting partner; the interaction with POLD3 is inhibited by CDKN1A/p21(CIP1). Forms a complex with the replication factor C complex in the presence of ATP. Interacts with EXO1, POLH, POLK, DNMT1, ERCC5, FEN1, CDC6 and POLDIP2. Interacts with POLB. Interacts with APEX2; this interaction is triggered by reactive oxygen species and increased by misincorporation of uracil in nuclear DNA. Forms a ternary complex with DNTTIP2 and core histone. Interacts with KCTD10 and PPP1R15A. Interacts with SMARCA5/SNF2H. Interacts with BAZ1B/WSTF; the interaction is direct and is required for BAZ1B/WSTF binding to replication foci during S phase. Interacts with HLTF and SHPRH. Interacts with NUDT15; this interaction is disrupted in response to UV irradiation and acetylation. Interacts with CDKN1A/p21(CIP1) and CDT1; interacts via their PIP-box which also recruits the DCX(DTL) complex. The interaction with CDKN1A inhibits POLD3 binding. Interacts with DDX11. Interacts with EGFR; positively regulates PCNA. Interacts with PARPBP. Interacts (when ubiquitinated) with SPRTN; leading to enhance RAD18-mediated PCNA ubiquitination. Interacts (when polyubiquitinated) with ZRANB3; the interaction stimulates ZRANB3 endonuclease activity and is required for ZRANB3 recruitment to DNA replication sites. Interacts with SMARCAD1. Interacts with CDKN1C. Interacts with PCLAF (via PIP-box). Interacts with RTEL1 (via PIP-box); the interaction is direct and essential for the suppression of telomere fragility. Interacts with FAM111A (via PIP-box); the interaction is direct and required for PCNA loading on chromatin binding. Interacts with LIG1. Interacts with SETMAR. Interacts with ANKRD17. Interacts with FBXO18/FBH1 (via PIP-box); the interaction recruits the DCX(DTL) complex and promotes ubiquitination and degradation of FBXO18/FBH1. Interacts with POLN. Interacts with SDE2 (via PIP-box); the interaction is direct and prevents ultraviolet light induced monoubiquitination. Component of the replisome complex composed of at least DONSON, MCM2, MCM7, PCNA and TICRR; interaction at least with PCNA occurs during DNA replication. Interacts with MAPK15; the interaction is chromatin binding dependent and prevents MDM2-mediated PCNA destruction by inhibiting the association of PCNA with MDM2. Interacts with PARP10 (via PIP-box). Interacts with DDI2. Interacts with HMCES (via PIP-box). Interacts with TRAIP (via PIP-box). Interacts with UHRF2. Interacts with ALKBH2; this interaction is enhanced during the S-phase of the cell cycle. Interacts with ATAD5; the interaction promotes USP1-mediated PCNA deubiquitination. Interacts with DNA damage up-regulated protein DDUP. Interacts (when phosphorylated) with GRB2. Interacts with ANG. Interacts with nuclear UNG (isoform 2); this interaction mediates UNG recruitment to S-phase replication foci. Interacts with ERCC6L2 (via an atypical PIP-box); this interaction facilitates cenrtomeric localization of ERCC6L2. Interacts with REV1 (via BRCT domain); this interaction is enhanced with a monoubiquitinated form of PCNA and mediates REV1 recruitment to stalled DNA replication. (Microbial infection) Interacts with herpes virus 8 protein LANA1.

Subcellular location. Nucleus.

Post-translational modifications. Phosphorylated. Phosphorylation at Tyr-211 by EGFR stabilizes chromatin-associated PCNA. Acetylated by CREBBP and p300/EP300; preferentially acetylated by CREBBP on Lys-80, Lys-13 and Lys-14 and on Lys-77 by p300/EP300 upon loading on chromatin in response to UV irradiation. Lysine acetylation disrupts association with chromatin, hence promoting PCNA ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation in response to UV damage in a CREBBP- and EP300-dependent manner. Acetylation disrupts interaction with NUDT15 and promotes degradation. Ubiquitinated. Following DNA damage, can be either monoubiquitinated to stimulate direct bypass of DNA lesions by specialized DNA polymerases or polyubiquitinated to promote recombination-dependent DNA synthesis across DNA lesions by template switching mechanisms. Following induction of replication stress, monoubiquitinated by the UBE2B-RAD18 complex on Lys-164, leading to recruit translesion (TLS) polymerases, which are able to synthesize across DNA lesions in a potentially error-prone manner. An error-free pathway also exists and requires non-canonical polyubiquitination on Lys-164 through ‘Lys-63’ linkage of ubiquitin moieties by the E2 complex UBE2N-UBE2V2 and the E3 ligases, HLTF, RNF8 and SHPRH. This error-free pathway, also known as template switching, employs recombination mechanisms to synthesize across the lesion, using as a template the undamaged, newly synthesized strand of the sister chromatid. Monoubiquitination at Lys-164 also takes place in undamaged proliferating cells, and is mediated by the DCX(DTL) complex, leading to enhance PCNA-dependent translesion DNA synthesis. Sumoylated during S phase. Methylated on glutamate residues by DCPH1/C6orf211.

Disease relevance. Ataxia-telangiectasia-like disorder 2 (ATLD2) [MIM:615919] A neurodegenerative disorder due to defects in DNA excision repair. ATLD2 is characterized by developmental delay, ataxia, sensorineural hearing loss, short stature, cutaneous and ocular telangiectasia, and photosensitivity. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Miscellaneous. Antibodies against PCNA are present in sera from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Similarity. Belongs to the PCNA family.

RefSeq proteins (2): NP_002583, NP_872590* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000730	Pr_cel_nuc_antig	Family
IPR022648	Pr_cel_nuc_antig_N	Domain
IPR022649	Pr_cel_nuc_antig_C	Domain
IPR022659	Pr_cel_nuc_antig_CS	Conserved_site
IPR046938	DNA_clamp_sf	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF00705, PF02747

UniProt features (66 total): strand 23, mutagenesis site 17, helix 12, modified residue 5, cross-link 3, chain 1, DNA-binding region 1, sequence variant 1, region of interest 1, turn 1, disulfide bond 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

showing 30 of 103 structures by resolution:

PDB	Title	Method	Resolution (Å)
1U7B	Crystal structure of hPCNA bound to residues 331-350 of the flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1)	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.88
8F5Q	Crystal structure of human PCNA in complex with the PIP box of FBH1	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.9
9N3L	Co-crystal structure of PCNA bound to HSP90alpha inhibitor, SNX2112	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.9
5E0U	Human PCNA variant (S228I) complexed with p21 at 1.9 Angstroms	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.93
5MLO	Crystal structure of human PCNA in complex with ZRANB3 PIP box peptide	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.96
4RJF	Crystal structure of the human sliding clamp at 2.0 angstrom resolution	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.01
5E0V	Human PCNA variant (S228I) complexed with FEN1 at 2.1 Angstroms	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.07
3VKX	Structure of PCNA	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.1
6HVO	Crystal structure of human PCNA in complex with three peptides of p12 subunit of human …	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.1
4ZTD	Crystal Structure of Human PCNA in complex with a TRAIP peptide	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.2
5YCO	Complex structure of PCNA with UHRF2	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.2
5MOM	Crystal Structure of PCNA encoding the hypomorphic mutation S228I	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.27
1VYM	NATIVE HUMAN PCNA	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.3
2ZVM	Crystal structure of PCNA in complex with DNA polymerase iota fragment	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.3
5YD8	Crystal structure of human PCNA in complex with APIM of human ZRANB3	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.3
6K3A	Crystal structure of human PCNA in complex with DNMT1 PIP box motif.	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.3
7KQ0	PCNA bound to peptide mimetic	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.4
5MLW	Crystal structure of human PCNA in complex with ZRANB3 APIM motif peptide	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.45
2ZVL	Crystal structure of PCNA in complex with DNA polymerase kappa fragment	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.5
5MAV	Crystal structure of human PCNA in complex with PARG (poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase) …	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.58
1AXC	HUMAN PCNA	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.6
1U76	Crystal structure of hPCNA bound to residues 452-466 of the DNA polymerase-delta-p66 …	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.6
4D2G	Crystal structure of human PCNA in complex with p15 peptide	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.65
5E0T	Human PCNA mutant - S228I	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.67
2ZVK	Crystal structure of PCNA in complex with DNA polymerase eta fragment	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.7
7EFA	Crystal structure of the complex between the C-terminal domain of mouse MUTYH and human …	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.7
9VGW	Crystal structure of human PCNA in complex with REV1 PIP-box	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.7
8COB	Crystal structure of human PCNA in complex with ERCC6L2 PIP box peptide	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.73
6CBI	PCNA in complex with inhibitor	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.75
8UMV	Atomic model of the human CTF18-RFC-PCNA-DNA ternary complex with narrow PCNA opening …	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.75

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P12004-F1	94.38	0.89

Human Protein Atlas

Protein class: Predicted intracellular proteins, Plasma proteins, Cancer-related genes, Candidate cancer biomarkers, Disease related genes, Human disease related genes, Essential proteins

Protein evidence: Evidence at protein level

Subcellular location (HPA, imaging): nucleoplasm

Antibody reliability (HPA): IH enhanced · IF enhanced

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Post-translational modifications (8)

Type	Positions
Glycyl lysine isopeptide (lys-gly) (interchain with g-cter in ubiquitin)	164
Glycyl lysine isopeptide (lys-gly) (interchain with g-cter in sumo2)	254, 164
N6-acetyllysine	14, 77, 80, 248
Phosphotyrosine	211

Disulfide bonds (1)

Type	Positions
Disulfide bond	135–162

Mutagenesis-validated functional residues (17)

Position	Phenotype
13	inhibits acetylation, recruitment to dna damage sites, inducible ubiquitination and protein degradation, dna replication and repair …
14	inhibits acetylation, recruitment to dna damage sites, inducible ubiquitination and protein degradation, dna replication and repair …
20	inhibits acetylation, recruitment to dna damage sites, inducible ubiquitination and protein degradation, dna replication and repair …
40	complete loss of interaction with uhrf2.
43–45	no effect on pold3-binding. impairs binding to alkbh2.
77	inhibits recruitment to dna damage sites, but nuclear localization is similar as the wild-type; in association with a-80.
77	inhibits acetylation, recruitment to dna damage sites, inducible ubiquitination and protein degradation, dna replication and repair …
80	inhibits recruitment to dna damage sites, but nuclear localization is similar as the wild-type; in association with a-77.
80	inhibits acetylation, recruitment to dna damage sites, inducible ubiquitination and protein degradation, dna replication and repair …
125–128	strong decrease in pold3-binding. impairs binding to alkbh2.
128	complete loss of interaction with uhrf2.
164	abolishes ubiquitination. no effect on interaction with shprh.
188–190	no effect on pold3-binding. no effect on alkbh2-binding.
211	alters chromatin-associated pcna stability and its function in dna replication and repair.
250	complete loss of interaction with uhrf2.
251–254	decrease in pold3-binding.
252	complete loss of interaction with uhrf2.

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

26 curated (TAS) of 65; 0 disease pathways. Curated-first; evidence = TAS (manually curated) vs IEA (electronic inference).

showing 60 of 65 pathways:

ID	Pathway	Evidence
R-HSA-5696400	Dual Incision in GG-NER	curated
R-HSA-6782135	Dual incision in TC-NER	curated
R-HSA-8866654	E3 ubiquitin ligases ubiquitinate target proteins	curated
R-HSA-69205	G1/S-Specific Transcription	curated
R-HSA-5696397	Gap-filling DNA repair synthesis and ligation in GG-NER	curated
R-HSA-6782210	Gap-filling DNA repair synthesis and ligation in TC-NER	curated
R-HSA-5685942	HDR through Homologous Recombination (HRR)	curated
R-HSA-5358565	Mismatch repair (MMR) directed by MSH2:MSH6 (MutSalpha)	curated
R-HSA-5651801	PCNA-Dependent Long Patch Base Excision Repair	curated
R-HSA-69091	Polymerase switching	curated
R-HSA-174411	Polymerase switching on the C-strand of the telomere	curated
R-HSA-174414	Processive synthesis on the C-strand of the telomere	curated
R-HSA-69183	Processive synthesis on the lagging strand	curated
R-HSA-110314	Recognition of DNA damage by PCNA-containing replication complex	curated
R-HSA-69166	Removal of the Flap Intermediate	curated
R-HSA-174437	Removal of the Flap Intermediate from the C-strand	curated
R-HSA-4615885	SUMOylation of DNA replication proteins	curated
R-HSA-9968295	Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes by error-prone mismatch repair (MMR)	curated
R-HSA-6804114	TP53 Regulates Transcription of Genes Involved in G2 Cell Cycle Arrest	curated
R-HSA-174417	Telomere C-strand (Lagging Strand) Synthesis	curated
R-HSA-5656169	Termination of translesion DNA synthesis	curated
R-HSA-1362277	Transcription of E2F targets under negative control by DREAM complex	curated
R-HSA-110320	Translesion Synthesis by POLH	curated
R-HSA-5656121	Translesion synthesis by POLI	curated
R-HSA-5655862	Translesion synthesis by POLK	curated
R-HSA-110312	Translesion synthesis by REV1	curated
R-HSA-73884	Base Excision Repair	—
R-HSA-1640170	Cell Cycle	—
R-HSA-69278	Cell Cycle, Mitotic	—
R-HSA-73886	Chromosome Maintenance	—
R-HSA-73893	DNA Damage Bypass	—
R-HSA-5693532	DNA Double-Strand Break Repair	—
R-HSA-73894	DNA Repair	—
R-HSA-69306	DNA Replication	—
R-HSA-69190	DNA strand elongation	—
R-HSA-180786	Extension of Telomeres	—
R-HSA-1538133	G0 and Early G1	—
R-HSA-69206	G1/S Transition	—
R-HSA-74160	Gene expression (Transcription)	—
R-HSA-212436	Generic Transcription Pathway	—
R-HSA-5696399	Global Genome Nucleotide Excision Repair (GG-NER)	—
R-HSA-5693567	HDR through Homologous Recombination (HRR) or Single Strand Annealing (SSA)	—
R-HSA-5693538	Homology Directed Repair	—
R-HSA-69186	Lagging Strand Synthesis	—
R-HSA-69109	Leading Strand Synthesis	—
R-HSA-392499	Metabolism of proteins	—
R-HSA-5358508	Mismatch Repair	—
R-HSA-5358606	Mismatch repair (MMR) directed by MSH2:MSH3 (MutSbeta)	electronic
R-HSA-453279	Mitotic G1 phase and G1/S transition	—
R-HSA-5696398	Nucleotide Excision Repair	—
R-HSA-597592	Post-translational protein modification	—
R-HSA-8852135	Protein ubiquitination	—
R-HSA-73857	RNA Polymerase II Transcription	—
R-HSA-110373	Resolution of AP sites via the multiple-nucleotide patch replacement pathway	—
R-HSA-73933	Resolution of Abasic Sites (AP sites)	—
R-HSA-69242	S Phase	—
R-HSA-3108232	SUMO E3 ligases SUMOylate target proteins	—
R-HSA-2990846	SUMOylation	—
R-HSA-9968297	Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes by error-prone base excision repair (BER)	electronic
R-HSA-69239	Synthesis of DNA	—

MSigDB gene sets: 691 (showing top): GSE45365_NK_CELL_VS_BCELL_UP, GOBP_DNA_TEMPLATED_DNA_REPLICATION_MAINTENANCE_OF_FIDELITY, E2F_Q4, GOBP_CHROMOSOME_ORGANIZATION, KALMA_E2F1_TARGETS, REACTOME_DNA_REPLICATION, MODULE_52, E2F_Q4_01, GOBP_RESPONSE_TO_NITROGEN_COMPOUND, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_DNA_REPLICATION, BORCZUK_MALIGNANT_MESOTHELIOMA_UP, GNF2_MSH2, GOBP_HEPATICOBILIARY_SYSTEM_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_EPITHELIUM_DEVELOPMENT, MODULE_451

GO Biological Process (26): leading strand elongation (GO:0006272), mismatch repair (GO:0006298), chromatin organization (GO:0006325), heart development (GO:0007507), translesion synthesis (GO:0019985), epithelial cell differentiation (GO:0030855), replication fork processing (GO:0031297), response to estradiol (GO:0032355), cellular response to UV (GO:0034644), estrous cycle (GO:0044849), positive regulation of DNA repair (GO:0045739), positive regulation of DNA replication (GO:0045740), response to cadmium ion (GO:0046686), cellular response to hydrogen peroxide (GO:0070301), response to dexamethasone (GO:0071548), liver regeneration (GO:0097421), DNA repair-dependent chromatin remodeling (GO:0140861), response to L-glutamate (GO:1902065), mitotic DNA replication (GO:1902969), mitotic telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication (GO:1902990), DNA replication (GO:0006260), regulation of DNA replication (GO:0006275), DNA repair (GO:0006281), DNA damage response (GO:0006974), response to oxidative stress (GO:0006979), response to lipid (GO:0033993)

GO Molecular Function (15): purine-specific mismatch base pair DNA N-glycosylase activity (GO:0000701), chromatin binding (GO:0003682), damaged DNA binding (GO:0003684), enzyme binding (GO:0019899), nuclear estrogen receptor binding (GO:0030331), DNA polymerase processivity factor activity (GO:0030337), receptor tyrosine kinase binding (GO:0030971), dinucleotide insertion or deletion binding (GO:0032139), MutLalpha complex binding (GO:0032405), histone acetyltransferase binding (GO:0035035), identical protein binding (GO:0042802), protein-containing complex binding (GO:0044877), DNA polymerase binding (GO:0070182), DNA binding (GO:0003677), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (13): cyclin-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme complex (GO:0000307), chromosome, telomeric region (GO:0000781), chromatin (GO:0000785), nucleus (GO:0005634), nuclear lamina (GO:0005652), nucleoplasm (GO:0005654), replication fork (GO:0005657), centrosome (GO:0005813), replisome (GO:0030894), nuclear replication fork (GO:0043596), PCNA complex (GO:0043626), extracellular exosome (GO:0070062), PCNA-p21 complex (GO:0070557)

Reactome top-level categories

12 top-level categories:

Category	Pathways
Translesion synthesis by Y family DNA polymerases bypasses lesions on DNA template	5
Telomere C-strand (Lagging Strand) Synthesis	2
Mismatch Repair	2
Global Genome Nucleotide Excision Repair (GG-NER)	2
Transcription-Coupled Nucleotide Excision Repair (TC-NER)	2
DNA Damage Bypass	1
G0 and Early G1	1
Extension of Telomeres	1
Processive synthesis on the C-strand of the telomere	1
SUMO E3 ligases SUMOylate target proteins	1
Resolution of AP sites via the multiple-nucleotide patch replacement pathway	1
HDR through Homologous Recombination (HRR) or Single Strand Annealing (SSA)	1

GO top-level categories

showing 60 of 70 GO namespaces:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	4
binding	3
DNA repair	2
response to oxygen-containing compound	2
positive regulation of DNA metabolic process	2
mitotic cell cycle	2
mitotic cell cycle process	2
protein binding	2
enzyme binding	2
chromosome	2
replication fork	2
nuclear protein-containing complex	2
DNA replication, synthesis of primer	1
DNA strand elongation involved in DNA replication	1
DNA replication, removal of RNA primer	1
cellular component organization	1
animal organ development	1
circulatory system development	1
DNA damage tolerance	1
DNA synthesis involved in DNA replication	1
cell differentiation	1
epithelium development	1
DNA-templated DNA replication maintenance of fidelity	1
response to lipid	1
response to UV	1
cellular response to light stimulus	1
ovulation cycle	1
regulation of DNA repair	1
positive regulation of response to stimulus	1
DNA replication	1
regulation of DNA replication	1
response to metal ion	1
cellular response to reactive oxygen species	1
response to hydrogen peroxide	1
response to glucocorticoid	1
response to ketone	1
liver development	1
animal organ regeneration	1
chromatin remodeling	1
DNA damage response	1
response to amino acid	1
response to nitrogen compound	1
nuclear DNA replication	1
telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication	1
mismatch base pair DNA N-glycosylase activity	1
DNA binding	1
nuclear receptor binding	1
enzyme activator activity	1
DNA polymerase activity	1
signaling receptor binding	1
protein tyrosine kinase binding	1
DNA insertion or deletion binding	1
mismatch repair complex binding	1
nucleic acid binding	1
serine/threonine protein kinase complex	1
chromosomal region	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1
nuclear envelope	1
nuclear periphery	1
nuclear lumen	1

Experimentally-supported GO annotations

GO terms backed by direct experimental evidence (ECO experimental codes) — 29 of 54 annotations. The rest are phylogenetic / computational / electronic (IEA).

29 experimentally-supported GO terms:

GO term	NS	Evidence
DNA repair-dependent chromatin remodeling	BP	mutant phenotype
chromatin organization	BP	direct assay
epithelial cell differentiation	BP	expression pattern
mismatch repair	BP	direct assay
mitotic DNA replication	BP	direct assay
positive regulation of DNA repair	BP	mutant phenotype
positive regulation of DNA replication	BP	mutant phenotype
translesion synthesis	BP	direct assay
PCNA complex	CC	direct assay
PCNA-p21 complex	CC	direct assay
centrosome	CC	direct assay
chromatin	CC	direct assay
chromosome, telomeric region	CC	high-throughput assay
extracellular exosome	CC	high-throughput assay
nuclear replication fork	CC	direct assay
nucleoplasm	CC	direct assay
nucleus	CC	direct assay
replication fork	CC	direct assay
DNA polymerase binding	MF	physical interaction
MutLalpha complex binding	MF	direct assay
chromatin binding	MF	direct assay
damaged DNA binding	MF	direct assay
dinucleotide insertion or deletion binding	MF	direct assay
enzyme binding	MF	physical interaction
histone acetyltransferase binding	MF	physical interaction
identical protein binding	MF	physical interaction
protein-containing complex binding	MF	direct assay
purine-specific mismatch base pair DNA N-glycosylase activity	MF	direct assay
receptor tyrosine kinase binding	MF	physical interaction

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

showing 15 of 7,484 interactions by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
PCNA	RAD18	Q9NS91	977
PCNA	UBE2V2	Q15819	958
PCNA	UBE2N	P61088	934
PCNA	UBE2I	P50550	912
PCNA	CDC45	O75419	911
PCNA	ESCO1	Q5FWF5	902
PCNA	POLD2	P49005	900
PCNA	LIG1	P18858	899
PCNA	REV3L	O60673	892
PCNA	ESCO2	Q56NI9	890
PCNA	FEN1	P39748	883
PCNA	CCNA2	P20248	883
PCNA	RFC3	P40938	876
PCNA	CDK2	P24941	873
PCNA	RFC5	P40937	873

IntAct

Human interaction partners of PCNA in IntAct, one row per partner (best MIscore; records = supporting IntAct interaction records).

showing 30 of 331 partners by confidence:

Partner	Interaction type	MIscore	Records
CDKN1A	physical association	0.980	33
FEN1	direct interaction	0.960	18
POLD3	direct interaction	0.870	6
PCLAF	physical association	0.800	3
CHAF1A	physical association	0.730	2
MSH3	physical association	0.720	6
POLD2	physical association	0.680	2
NCR2	direct interaction	0.670	7
TMEM218	physical association	0.670	4
POLD1	association	0.670	2
CDKN2A	association	0.610	7
ZRANB3	association	0.600	8
GADD45A	physical association	0.590	3
MAF1	physical association	0.580	4
ALDOA	physical association	0.570	4
B2M	physical association	0.570	3
ENO1	physical association	0.570	3
GAPDH	physical association	0.570	3
ANXA2	physical association	0.570	2
EEF1A1	physical association	0.570	2
PGK1	physical association	0.570	2
PRDX6	physical association	0.570	2
CMTM5	physical association	0.560	3
NUTF2	physical association	0.560	3
SLC30A8	physical association	0.560	3
SPG21	physical association	0.560	3
HLTF	association	0.560	2
E7	physical association	0.550	10
POM121C	association	0.550	2
HSCB	physical association	0.550	1

BioGRID (1,326 interactions; top human partners by supporting records in a sample of 600 records): CDKN1A (Two-hybrid; 32 records), FEN1 (Affinity Capture-MS; 23 records), DTL (Affinity Capture-Western; 15 records), GADD45A (Affinity Capture-Western; 14 records), RAD18 (Biochemical Activity; 14 records), POLH (Affinity Capture-Western; 12 records), RFC1 (Co-fractionation; 10 records), CDT1 (Reconstituted Complex; 8 records), CDK2 (Affinity Capture-MS; 7 records), HLTF (Biochemical Activity; 7 records), IGF1R (Affinity Capture-Western; 7 records), KIAA0101 (Affinity Capture-MS; 7 records), MSH3 (Two-hybrid; 7 records), TRAIP (Affinity Capture-Western; 7 records), TRIM28 (Affinity Capture-MS; 7 records)

SIGNOR signaling

showing 16 of 19 signaling interactions:

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
EGFR	up-regulates	PCNA	phosphorylation
RAD18	up-regulates	PCNA	ubiquitination
SHPRH	up-regulates	PCNA	ubiquitination
UBE2A	up-regulates	PCNA	ubiquitination
CDKN1A	down-regulates	PCNA	binding
E2F1	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	PCNA	“transcriptional regulation”
TFDP1	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	PCNA	“transcriptional regulation”
PCNA	“down-regulates activity”	NCR2	binding
HLTF	“up-regulates activity”	PCNA	ubiquitination
RAD18	“up-regulates activity”	PCNA	ubiquitination
ABL1	“up-regulates activity”	PCNA	phosphorylation
PCNA	“up-regulates activity”	“RNase H2 complex”	binding
“RF-C complex”	“up-regulates activity”	PCNA	binding
PCNA	“up-regulates activity”	“DNA polymerase delta”	binding
PCNA	“up-regulates activity”	“DNA polymerase epsilon”	binding
IGF1R	“up-regulates activity”	PCNA	phosphorylation

Protein complexes (CORUM) (32)

Experimentally-characterized complexes this protein is a subunit of (★ = the complex contains a known drug target).

32 complexes by size:

Complex	Subunits	Members
★ DNA synthesome complex, breast cancer MCF7 cells	23	POLA2, POLD3, POLE4, PRIM1, RFC1, RPA1, PCNA, POLD4, POLE2, POLE3, RFC4, TOP1, POLA1, RFC2, RFC3, RFC5, RPA2, RPA3, TOP2A, POLD1, POLD2, POLE, PRIM2
★ DNA synthesome complex, breast cancer cells	20	POLD3, POLE4, RFC2, RFC3, POLA2, POLE3, LIG1, PARP1, PCNA, POLD2, PRIM1, PRIM2, RFC1, RFC4, POLD4, POLE, POLE2, RFC5, POLA1, POLD1
★ DNA synthesome complex, leukemia cells	19	PCNA, POLD1, RFC5, TOP2A, POLD4, PRIM1, PRIM2, RFC2, RPA2, TOP1, POLD2, POLD3, RPA1, POLA1, POLA2, RFC1, RFC3, RFC4, RPA3
★ DNA synthesome core complex	14	PCNA, POLA2, POLD1, POLD2, POLD3, POLD4, PRIM2, RFC1, POLA1, PRIM1, RFC2, RFC3, RFC4, RFC5
Repairosome complex, XPA-specific	10	ERCC2, ERCC5, GTF2H1, PCNA, ERCC1, ERCC3, LIG1, RFC1, RPA2, XPA
PCNA-CHL12-RFC2-5 complex	6	CHTF18, PCNA, RFC2, RFC3, RFC4, RFC5
Cell cycle kinase complex CDC2	6	CDK1, CDKN1A, PCNA, CCNB1, CCNB2, CCND1
DDX11-Ctf18-RFC complex	6	CHTF18, DDX11, DSCC1, ESCO1, PCNA, WDHD1
Repairosome sub-complex, XPA-specific	6	XPA, ERCC5, GTF2H1, PCNA, RFC1, RPA1
★ DNMT1-associated protein complex	6	USP7, DNMT1, HDAC1, KAT5, PCNA, UHRF1
PCNA-RFC2-5 complex	5	RFC4, RFC5, PCNA, RFC2, RFC3
Cell cycle kinase complex CDK5	5	CCND1, CCND3, CDK5, CDKN1A, PCNA
PCNA-MutS-alpha-MutL-alpha-DNA complex	5	MSH2, MSH6, PCNA, PMS2, MLH1
DONSON-MCM2-MCM7-PCNA-TICRR complex	5	PCNA, TICRR, DONSON, MCM2, MCM7
MSH2-MLH1-PMS2-PCNA DNA-repair initiation complex	4	MLH1, MSH2, PCNA, PMS2
Cell cycle kinase complex CDK2	4	CCND1, CDK2, CDKN1A, PCNA
★ Cell cycle kinase complex CDK4	4	CCND1, CDK4, CDKN1A, PCNA
CCNB1-CDK1-GADD45A-PCNA complex	4	CCNB1, CDK1, GADD45A, PCNA
CCNB1-CDK1-GADD45B-PCNA complex	4	CCNB1, CDK1, GADD45B, PCNA
CCNB1-CDK1-GADD45G-PCNA complex	4	CCNB1, CDK1, GADD45G, PCNA
H2A-H2B-TDIF2-PCNA complex	4	PCNA, DNTTIP2, H2AC20, H2BC21
PCNA-KU antigen complex	3	XRCC5, XRCC6, PCNA
ING1-p300-PCNA complex	3	EP300, ING1, PCNA
PCNA-MLH1-PMS1 complex	3	MLH1, PCNA, PMS1
PCNA-MSH2-MSH6 complex	3	MSH2, MSH6, PCNA
EXO1-MLH1-PCNA complex	3	EXO1, MLH1, PCNA
★ DNMT1-EHMT2-PCNA complex	3	DNMT1, EHMT2, PCNA
KIN17-PCNA-RPA70 complex	3	RPA1, KIN, PCNA
PCNA-PAF complex	2	PCNA, PCLAF
ING1-PCNA complex	2	ING1, PCNA
PCNA-p21 complex	2	CDKN1A, PCNA
PCNA homotrimer complex	1	PCNA

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 331 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
Removal of the Flap Intermediate from the C-strand	5	13.4×	9e-04
PCNA-Dependent Long Patch Base Excision Repair	6	13.2×	2e-04
Gluconeogenesis	7	13.0×	5e-05
Complex III assembly	6	11.2×	5e-04
TRAF6 mediated NF-kB activation	5	9.7×	4e-03
Gap-filling DNA repair synthesis and ligation in GG-NER	5	9.3×	4e-03
Striated Muscle Contraction	7	9.2×	4e-04
Turbulent (oscillatory, disturbed) flow shear stress activates signaling by PIEZO1 and integrins in endothelial cells	6	9.1×	1e-03

GO biological processes:

GO term	Partners	Fold	FDR
canonical glycolysis	6	13.4×	2e-03
cytoplasmic translation	17	10.0×	2e-09
sarcomere organization	8	9.8×	6e-04
glycolytic process	7	8.5×	4e-03
gluconeogenesis	8	8.3×	2e-03
translation	16	5.2×	7e-05
DNA repair	20	4.1×	8e-05
DNA damage response	18	3.1×	6e-03

Disease & clinical

Genetic variants

Variant evidence for PCNA: 32 ClinVar records (1 pathogenic / likely pathogenic). Per-variant detail is on Sugi Variant.

ClinVar

32 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	1
Uncertain significance	11
Likely benign	8
Benign	2

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (1)

Showing all 1 pathogenic / likely-pathogenic ClinVar records, ranked by ClinVar review status (expert panel → multiple submitters → single submitter), then by number of submitting labs.

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification	Review	Submitters
803596	NM_182649.2(PCNA):c.443G>C (p.Cys148Ser)	Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts	3

Per-variant reference — Sugi Variant

Explore PCNA’s pathogenic and likely-pathogenic variants individually — each with its ClinVar classification and conditions, applied ACMG criteria (ClinGen expert panel, where curated), the calibrated in-silico predictors (AlphaMissense, REVEL, SaProt, conservation), gnomAD frequency, and the predictor-disagreement QC signal — on Sugi Variant.

SpliceAI

Top 10 splice-impact sites by Δscore (adjacent positions with the same effect merged into one range; 37 predictions of 346):

Position(s)	Effect	Δscore	Sites
20:5115447–5115448	donor_loss	1.0000	5
20:5115573–5115574	acceptor_loss	1.0000	5
20:5115577	acceptor_gain	1.0000
20:5117468–5117469	donor_loss	1.0000	5
20:5117616	acceptor_gain	1.0000
20:5117665–5117666	acceptor_loss	1.0000	6
20:5117667–5117668	acceptor_gain	1.0000	2
20:5117676	acceptor_gain	1.0000
20:5118767–5118768	donor_loss	1.0000	5
20:5118867–5118868	acceptor_loss	1.0000	6

AlphaMissense

1,078 missense substitutions predicted likely pathogenic (of 1,727 scored), across 243 residues. Top 20 hotspot residues, ranked by the number of likely-pathogenic substitutions (of those reachable by a single-nucleotide change), then by mean score:

Residue	Likely-pathogenic substitutions	Mean am_pathogenicity	Max am_pathogenicity
M40	9	0.977	0.998
D41	8	0.999	1.000
D63	8	0.994	0.999
H44	8	0.993	1.000
F57	8	0.991	0.999
D86	8	0.987	0.998
F169	8	0.987	1.000
D150	8	0.986	0.997
F215	8	0.984	0.999
F207	8	0.972	1.000
F103	8	0.968	0.997
F144	8	0.962	1.000
F2	8	0.955	0.997
D122	8	0.901	0.979
D94	8	0.886	0.991
D120	8	0.881	0.966
D29	8	0.868	0.977
D97	8	0.834	0.976
C62	7	0.974	0.999
E3	7	0.972	0.992

HPA cancer prognostics

RNA cancer specificity: Low cancer specificity

Human Protein Atlas survival analysis — favorable = higher expression predicts better survival.

6 prognostic cancer types:

Cancer	Prognostic	p-value
Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma (validation)	unfavorable	4.24e-06
Kidney Chromophobe (TCGA)	unfavorable	0.00015
Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Endocervical Adenocarcinoma (TCGA)	favorable	0.000389
Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma (TCGA)	favorable	0.000461
Lung Adenocarcinoma (TCGA)	unfavorable	0.000743
Kidney Renal Papillary Cell Carcinoma (TCGA)	unfavorable	0.000746

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:176740 | disease phenotypes: MIM:615919

GenCC curated gene-disease

2 curated gene-disease records:

Disease	Classification	Inheritance	Records
ataxia-telangiectasia-like disorder 2	Supportive	Autosomal recessive	3
hereditary ataxia	Limited	Autosomal recessive

ClinGen Gene-Disease Validity

Expert-panel classifications — Definitive > Strong > Moderate > Limited > Disputed > Refuted.

1 validity classifications:

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
hereditary ataxia	Limited	AR

Mondo (2): ataxia-telangiectasia-like disorder 2 (MONDO:0014399), hereditary ataxia (MONDO:0100309)

Orphanet (1): PCNA-related progressive neurodegenerative photosensitivity syndrome (Orphanet:438134)

HPO phenotypes

31 phenotypes (HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0000007	Autosomal recessive inheritance
HP:0000252	Microcephaly
HP:0000365	Hearing impairment
HP:0000407	Sensorineural hearing impairment
HP:0000524	Conjunctival telangiectasia
HP:0000613	Photophobia
HP:0000776	Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
HP:0000992	Cutaneous photosensitivity
HP:0001251	Ataxia
HP:0001256	Mild intellectual disability
HP:0001260	Dysarthria
HP:0001263	Global developmental delay
HP:0001272	Cerebellar atrophy
HP:0001324	Muscle weakness
HP:0001761	Pes cavus
HP:0002015	Dysphagia
HP:0002066	Gait ataxia
HP:0002180	Neurodegeneration
HP:0002317	Unsteady gait
HP:0002664	Neoplasm
HP:0003323	Progressive muscle weakness
HP:0003593	Infantile onset
HP:0003676	Progressive
HP:0004322	Short stature
HP:0005328	Progeroid facial appearance
HP:0007763	Retinal telangiectasia
HP:0010864	Severe intellectual disability
HP:0031087	Absent pubertal growth spurt
HP:0034392	Joint contracture
HP:0034697	Cutaneous telangiectasia
HP:0100585	Telangiectasia of the skin

MeSH disease descriptors

1 disease descriptors:

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
C531684	Hereditary spinal ataxia *(supp.)*

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (1): CHEMBL2346488 (SINGLE PROTEIN)

Molecules with ChEMBL bioactivity

Phase ≥1, by development phase (incl. off-target/promiscuous compounds). Patent mentions across the top 20 by phase: 73,532 (via chembl_molecule»patent_compound — counts attach to the compound, not the gene–compound relationship, so off-target/promiscuous molecules can dominate).

5 molecules by phase:

Molecule	Name	Phase	Patents
CHEMBL1544	LIOTHYRONINE	4	23,991
CHEMBL41632	TIRATRICOL	3	46,639
CHEMBL2348292	3,5-DIIODOTHYROPROPIONIC ACID	2	567
CHEMBL1232461	MOLIBRESIB	2	1,601
CHEMBL291053	THYROPROPIC ACID	2	734

PharmGKB: 1 entry (CPIC guideline: no)

Binding affinities (BindingDB)

55 measured of 63 human assays (65 total across all organisms); most potent 50 below. Values come from heterogeneous assays and are not directly comparable.

Ligand	Measure	Value
CHEMBL6167750	IC50	480 nM
CHEMBL6146344	IC50	600 nM
CHEMBL6167362	IC50	800 nM
CHEMBL2348291	IC50	1000 nM
CHEMBL2348305	IC50	1000 nM
CHEMBL6176775	IC50	1000 nM
CHEMBL6172421	IC50	1170 nM
CHEMBL6169595	IC50	1180 nM
CHEMBL2348290	IC50	1200 nM
CHEMBL2348285	IC50	1200 nM
CHEMBL6165136	IC50	1200 nM
CHEMBL2348288	IC50	1300 nM
CHEMBL6177399	IC50	1300 nM
CHEMBL2348289	IC50	1400 nM
CHEMBL6149965	IC50	1400 nM
CHEMBL5653589	KD	1440 nM
CHEMBL2348287	IC50	1500 nM
CHEMBL6151510	IC50	1800 nM
CHEMBL6169034	IC50	1820 nM
CHEMBL2348293	IC50	1900 nM
CHEMBL6164608	IC50	2400 nM
CHEMBL6170243	IC50	2500 nM
CHEMBL2348299	IC50	2700 nM
CHEMBL2348304	IC50	2900 nM
CHEMBL2348284	IC50	2900 nM
CHEMBL2348294	IC50	3000 nM
CHEMBL2348306	IC50	3700 nM
CHEMBL6161371	IC50	5560 nM
CHEMBL6175576	IC50	5700 nM
CHEMBL2348282	IC50	6000 nM
CHEMBL2348286	IC50	6000 nM
CHEMBL6170864	IC50	6000 nM
CHEMBL1877304	IC50	6300 nM
CHEMBL6167800	IC50	6300 nM
CHEMBL2348283	IC50	6500 nM
CHEMBL6170325	IC50	6600 nM
CHEMBL6144723	IC50	7500 nM
L-thyroxine	IC50	7860 nM
CHEMBL6163034	IC50	8300 nM
CHEMBL2348301	IC50	8600 nM
CHEMBL6167164	IC50	9100 nM
CHEMBL6174767	IC50	9100 nM
CHEMBL6166953	IC50	9500 nM
CHEMBL2348303	IC50	9700 nM
CHEMBL6151458	IC50	9700 nM
CHEMBL2348302	IC50	11000 nM
3-[4-(4-hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]propanoic acid	EC50	11100 nM
CHEMBL2348300	IC50	14000 nM
CHEMBL6144445	IC50	16000 nM
CHEMBL6176545	IC50	16200 nM

ChEMBL bioactivities

107 potent at pChembl≥5 of 119 total, top 50 by pChembl (potency: 10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM).

pChembl	Type	Value	Unit	Molecule
8.00	Ki	10	nM	CHEMBL6176775
7.72	Kd	19	nM	MOLIBRESIB
7.40	Ki	40	nM	CHEMBL6167750
7.22	Ki	60	nM	CHEMBL6146344
7.16	Ki	70	nM	CHEMBL2348305
7.10	Ki	80	nM	CHEMBL6167362
7.05	Ki	90	nM	CHEMBL2348291
6.96	Ki	110	nM	CHEMBL6165136
6.96	Ki	110	nM	CHEMBL2348285
6.95	Ki	113	nM	CHEMBL6172421
6.94	Ki	114	nM	CHEMBL6169595
6.92	Ki	120	nM	CHEMBL2348288
6.92	Ki	120	nM	CHEMBL6177399
6.89	Ki	130	nM	CHEMBL6149965
6.89	Ki	130	nM	CHEMBL2348289
6.84	Ki	144	nM	CHEMBL2348287
6.82	Ki	150	nM	CHEMBL6144445
6.79	Ki	163	nM	LIOTHYRONINE
6.77	Ki	170	nM	CHEMBL6169034
6.76	Ki	173	nM	CHEMBL6151510
6.74	Ki	183	nM	CHEMBL2348293
6.64	Ki	231	nM	CHEMBL6164608
6.62	Ki	240	nM	CHEMBL6170243
6.58	Ki	260	nM	CHEMBL2348299
6.57	Ki	270	nM	CHEMBL2348284
6.46	Ki	350	nM	CHEMBL2348306
6.32	IC50	480	nM	CHEMBL6167750
6.30	Kd	502.2	nM	CHEMBL5653589
6.30	ED50	502.2	nM	CHEMBL5653589
6.27	Ki	540	nM	CHEMBL6175576
6.27	Ki	540	nM	CHEMBL6161371
6.24	Ki	570	nM	CHEMBL2348286
6.24	Ki	570	nM	CHEMBL6170864
6.22	IC50	600	nM	CHEMBL6146344
6.22	Ki	600	nM	CHEMBL6167800
6.20	Ki	630	nM	CHEMBL6170325
6.14	Ki	720	nM	CHEMBL6144723
6.11	Ki	780	nM	CHEMBL6163034
6.10	IC50	800	nM	CHEMBL2348305
6.10	IC50	800	nM	CHEMBL6167362
6.06	Ki	870	nM	CHEMBL6167164
6.06	Ki	870	nM	CHEMBL6174767
6.04	Ki	910	nM	CHEMBL6166953
6.03	Ki	930	nM	CHEMBL6151458
6.03	Ki	930	nM	CHEMBL2348303
6.00	IC50	1000	nM	CHEMBL2348291
6.00	IC50	1000	nM	CHEMBL2348305
6.00	IC50	1000	nM	CHEMBL6176775
5.97	Ki	1060	nM	CHEMBL2348302
5.93	IC50	1170	nM	CHEMBL6172421

PubChem BioAssay actives

105 with measured affinity, of 184 total; 50 most potent distinct compounds. Largely complementary to BindingDB; screening values are coarse (µM, 4 dp), so sub-nM hits tie at the floor.

Compound	Assay	Type	Value	Unit
1-[(2S)-2-amino-3-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]propyl]-3-benzylurea	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.0100	uM
2-[(4S)-6-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-methoxy-1-methyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepin-4-yl]-N-ethylacetamide	2179100: Binding affinity against PCNA (unknown origin) assessed as apparent dissociation constant incubated for 1 hr by colloidal coomassie staining based LC-MS/MS analysis	kd	0.0190	uM
N-[2-[(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-[(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-[[(2S)-1-hydroxy-3-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]propan-2-yl]amino]acetamide	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.0400	uM
4-[4-[(2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropyl]-2,6-diiodophenoxy]-2-iodophenol	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.0600	uM
4-[4-[(2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropyl]-2,6-diiodophenoxy]phenol	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.0700	uM
4-[4-[(2R)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropyl]-2,6-diiodophenoxy]phenol	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.0800	uM
N-[(2S)-2-amino-3-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]propyl]methanesulfonamide	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.0900	uM
N-[[(2S)-2-amino-3-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]propyl]carbamoyl]-3-morpholin-4-ylpropanamide	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.1100	uM
1-[(2S)-1-hydroxy-3-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]propan-2-yl]-3-propan-2-ylurea	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.1100	uM
2-[[2-[2-hydroxyethyl-[2-[[(2S)-1-hydroxy-3-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]propan-2-yl]amino]acetyl]amino]acetyl]amino]acetamide	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.1130	uM
N-[2-[[4-(aminomethyl)phenyl]methyl-(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl]-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-[[(2S)-1-hydroxy-3-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]propan-2-yl]amino]acetamide	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.1140	uM
1-[(2S)-2-amino-3-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]propyl]-3-hexylurea	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.1200	uM
1-[(2S)-2-amino-3-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]propyl]-3-propan-2-ylurea	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.1200	uM
N-[(2S)-2-amino-3-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]propyl]-2-hydroxyacetamide	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.1300	uM
N-[(2S)-2-amino-3-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]propyl]morpholine-4-carboxamide	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.1300	uM
N-[(2S)-2-amino-3-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]propyl]acetamide	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.1440	uM
N-[(2S)-1-hydroxy-3-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]propan-2-yl]-3,5-dimethyl-1,2-oxazole-4-sulfonamide	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.1500	uM
Liothyronine	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.1630	uM
N-[2-[(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl]-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-[[(2S)-1-hydroxy-3-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]propan-2-yl]amino]acetamide	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.1700	uM
4-[4-[(2S)-2-amino-3-hydroxypropyl]-2,6-diiodophenoxy]-2-methylphenol	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.1730	uM
2-[4-(4-hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]-N-methylacetamide	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.1830	uM
3-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]-1-piperidin-1-ylpropan-1-one	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.2310	uM
4-[4-[(2S)-2,3-diaminopropyl]-2,6-diiodophenoxy]phenol	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.2400	uM
2-[4-(4-hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]-1-morpholin-4-ylethanone	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.2600	uM
methyl N-[(2S)-1-hydroxy-3-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]propan-2-yl]carbamate	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.2700	uM
N-[(2S)-1-hydroxy-3-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]propan-2-yl]acetamide	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.3500	uM
4-methyl-3-[(2-methyl-6-pyridin-3-ylpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino]-N-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]benzamide	2148948: Binding affinity to human PCNA incubated for 45 mins by Kinobead based pull down assay	kd	0.5022	uM
N-[2-[(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-[[4-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl]methyl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]-2-[[(2S)-1-hydroxy-3-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]propan-2-yl]amino]acetamide	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.5400	uM
(4S)-4-[[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]methyl]imidazolidin-2-one	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.5400	uM
N-[(2S)-1-hydroxy-3-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]propan-2-yl]benzenesulfonamide	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.5700	uM
N-[(2S)-1-hydroxy-3-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]propan-2-yl]methanesulfonamide	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.5700	uM
2-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]-1-morpholin-4-ylethanone	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.6000	uM
N-ethyl-2-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]acetamide	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.6300	uM
2-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]-N,N-dimethylacetamide	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.7200	uM
2-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]-N-methylacetamide	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.7800	uM
4-[2-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]acetyl]piperazin-2-one	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.8700	uM
2-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]-N-methylsulfonylacetamide	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.8700	uM
3-[3,5-diiodo-4-(4-methoxyphenoxy)phenyl]-1-piperidin-1-ylpropan-1-one	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.9100	uM
N-[(2S)-1-hydroxy-3-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]propan-2-yl]-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.9300	uM
3-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]-1-morpholin-4-ylpropan-1-one	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	0.9300	uM
3-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]-N-methylpropanamide	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	1.0600	uM
N-[(2S)-2-amino-3-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]propyl]-3-morpholin-4-ylpropanamide	739861: Inhibition of human recombinant PCNA interaction with PIP box protein N-5-carboxyfluorescein-SAVLQKKITDYFHPKK after 30 mins by fluorescence polarization assay	ic50	1.2000	uM
N-[2-[(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl]-2-[[(2S)-1-hydroxy-3-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]propan-2-yl]amino]acetamide	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	1.5600	uM
3-[3,5-diiodo-4-(4-methoxyphenoxy)phenyl]-N-methylpropanamide	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	1.6300	uM
3-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]-N-methylsulfonylpropanamide	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	1.9200	uM
3-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]-N-(oxolan-2-ylmethyl)propanamide	739861: Inhibition of human recombinant PCNA interaction with PIP box protein N-5-carboxyfluorescein-SAVLQKKITDYFHPKK after 30 mins by fluorescence polarization assay	ic50	2.9000	uM
2-[4-(4-hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]-N,N-dimethylacetamide	2252875: Inhibition of N-terminal 6His-tagged recombinant PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence based analysis	ic50	3.0000	uM
4-hydroxy-N-[(2S)-1-hydroxy-3-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]propan-2-yl]benzenesulfonamide	2252876: Binding affinity to N-terminal recombinant 6His-tagged PCNA (unknown origin) extracted from Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) by fluorescence polarization assay	ki	3.0800	uM
4-methyl-3-[(1-methyl-6-pyridin-3-ylpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino]-N-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]benzamide	2148948: Binding affinity to human PCNA incubated for 45 mins by Kinobead based pull down assay	kd	3.5119	uM
N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-[4-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]propanamide	739861: Inhibition of human recombinant PCNA interaction with PIP box protein N-5-carboxyfluorescein-SAVLQKKITDYFHPKK after 30 mins by fluorescence polarization assay	ic50	6.0000	uM

CTD chemical–gene interactions

301 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
bisphenol A	increases reaction, affects expression, affects cotreatment, decreases methylation, decreases expression (+2 more)	22
sodium arsenite	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, decreases ubiquitination, decreases activity, increases reaction (+6 more)	20
Estradiol	decreases response to substance, affects cotreatment, decreases reaction, increases expression, increases reaction (+1 more)	12
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects cotreatment, affects expression, decreases expression, increases expression	6
Cisplatin	affects reaction, affects response to substance, affects cotreatment, increases expression, decreases expression	6
arsenite	affects binding, increases reaction, increases expression, increases methylation, affects reaction	5
Fulvestrant	increases reaction, affects cotreatment, decreases methylation, decreases expression, decreases reaction (+1 more)	5
Troglitazone	decreases expression	5
Cadmium	decreases reaction, increases abundance, increases expression, increases palmitoylation, affects expression (+2 more)	5
Curcumin	increases expression, decreases expression, affects cotreatment, decreases reaction	5
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	affects expression, decreases expression, increases expression, increases metabolic processing	5
Aflatoxin B1	affects expression, decreases methylation, increases expression	5
Cadmium Chloride	decreases expression, affects expression, decreases reaction, increases abundance, increases expression (+1 more)	5
Genistein	affects reaction, increases abundance, affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases expression (+1 more)	5
mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate	affects reaction, increases expression, decreases reaction, decreases expression	4
cobaltous chloride	decreases expression, decreases reaction, affects cotreatment, increases expression	4
Resveratrol	increases expression, decreases expression, affects cotreatment	4
Arsenic Trioxide	decreases expression, increases expression	4
Acetaminophen	affects expression, increases expression	4
Doxorubicin	increases response to substance, affects expression, affects response to substance, affects binding, increases reaction (+2 more)	4
Fluorouracil	decreases expression, increases expression	4
Tretinoin	affects binding, affects response to substance, increases reaction, decreases expression	4
Asbestos, Crocidolite	decreases expression, increases expression, decreases reaction	4
methylselenic acid	affects expression, decreases expression	3
4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone	decreases expression, increases expression, decreases reaction, increases reaction	3
perfluorooctanoic acid	decreases expression	3
butylbenzyl phthalate	increases expression, affects reaction, decreases reaction	3
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one	decreases reaction, increases abundance, increases expression, decreases expression	3
U 0126	affects reaction, increases abundance, decreases reaction, increases expression, decreases expression (+2 more)	3
Calcitriol	decreases expression, affects cotreatment	3

ChEMBL screening assays

21 unique, capped per target: 21 binding

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL2352787	Binding	Inhibition of PCNA in human U2OS cells assessed as cisplatin-induced DNA damage at 25 uM after 22 hrs by comet assay	Small molecule inhibitors of PCNA/PIP-box interaction suppress translesion DNA synthesis. — *Bioorg Med Chem*

Cellosaurus cell lines

1 cell lines: 1 cancer cell line

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

Cellosaurus	Name	Category	Sex
CVCL_KT91	HeLa SilenciX PCNA	Cancer cell line	Female

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

Via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

12 trials:

NCT	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00202397	Phase 2	COMPLETED	Effect of Riluzole as a Symptomatic Approach in Patients With Chronic Cerebellar Ataxia
NCT01360164	Phase 1/2	UNKNOWN	Safety and Efficacy of Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Patients With Hereditary Ataxia
NCT00004306	Not specified	COMPLETED	Clinical and Molecular Correlations in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 10 (SCA10)
NCT01793168	Not specified	RECRUITING	Rare Disease Patient Registry & Natural History Study - Coordination of Rare Diseases at Sanford
NCT04750850	Not specified	COMPLETED	Core Stability Exercises and Hereditary Ataxia
NCT05160870	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Genotype-phenotype Correlation and Pathogenic Mechanism in Hereditary Ataxia
NCT05160883	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Neuroimaging Changes in Hereditary Ataxia
NCT06034886	Not specified	AVAILABLE	Expanded Access Protocol of Troriluzole in Patients With Spinocerebellar Ataxia (SCA)
NCT06152133	Not specified	COMPLETED	Telerehabilitation, Core Stability Exercises and Hereditary Ataxia (TRCore-ataxia)
NCT06267222	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Trans-spinal Electrical Stimulation in Individuals With Spinocerebellar Ataxia
NCT07092358	Not specified	RECRUITING	Hereditary Ataxia Research on Multi-Omics and Neuroclinical Insights in the Yangtze Delta
NCT07200505	Not specified	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Telerehabilitation for Core Stability and Strength in Hereditary Ataxia

Predicted chemistry — Sugi Predict

The predicted patent-compound landscape for PCNA across ~30M SureChEMBL compounds — explore on Sugi Predict.