PIP

Summary

PIP (prolactin induced protein, HGNC:8993) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 7q34, encoding Prolactin-inducible protein (P12273).

Enables IgG binding activity; aspartic-type endopeptidase activity; and identical protein binding activity. Involved in several processes, including detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of bitter taste; negative regulation of T cell apoptotic process; and proteolysis. Located in extracellular space and nucleus.

Source: NCBI Gene 5304 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 3
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 23 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_002652

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:8993
Approved symbol	PIP
Name	prolactin induced protein
Location	7q34
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	GCDFP-15, GCDFP15, GPIP4, SABP, BRST-2
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000159763
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	176720
Entrez	5304

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 1 — 1 protein_coding

ENST00000291009

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_002652 NM_002652

CCDS: CCDS34768

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000291009 — 4 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001047636	143139518	143139739
ENSE00001047638	143132077	143132211
ENSE00001047639	143135194	143135299
ENSE00001047640	143139075	143139189

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 179 present calls, max score 99.98.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 78.8617 / max 63138.3805, expressed in 113 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (1 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
81746	78.8617	113

Top tissues by expression

287 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
seminal vesicle	UBERON:0000998	99.98	gold quality
parotid gland	UBERON:0001831	99.96	gold quality
olfactory segment of nasal mucosa	UBERON:0005386	99.95	gold quality
trachea	UBERON:0003126	99.92	gold quality
upper leg skin	UBERON:0004262	99.80	gold quality
palpebral conjunctiva	UBERON:0001812	98.75	gold quality
upper arm skin	UBERON:0004263	98.66	gold quality
sperm	CL:0000019	98.64	gold quality
nasal cavity mucosa	UBERON:0001826	98.21	gold quality
skin of hip	UBERON:0001554	98.02	gold quality
male germ cell	CL:0000015	97.41	gold quality
mammary duct	UBERON:0001765	96.77	gold quality
epithelium of mammary gland	UBERON:0003244	96.54	gold quality
saliva-secreting gland	UBERON:0001044	96.48	gold quality
bronchial epithelial cell	CL:0002328	96.15	gold quality
bronchus	UBERON:0002185	95.82	gold quality
epithelium of bronchus	UBERON:0002031	95.67	gold quality
minor salivary gland	UBERON:0001830	95.56	gold quality
nasal cavity epithelium	UBERON:0005384	93.46	gold quality
skin of leg	UBERON:0001511	93.20	gold quality
mammary gland	UBERON:0001911	92.15	gold quality
thoracic mammary gland	UBERON:0005200	92.14	gold quality
zone of skin	UBERON:0000014	90.25	gold quality
mouth mucosa	UBERON:0003729	89.46	gold quality
skin of abdomen	UBERON:0001416	86.20	gold quality
olfactory bulb	UBERON:0002264	84.84	gold quality
type B pancreatic cell	CL:0000169	84.44	gold quality
nipple	UBERON:0002030	83.62	gold quality
epithelium of nasopharynx	UBERON:0001951	83.22	gold quality
nasopharynx	UBERON:0001728	83.20	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 3 experiment(s), a significant marker in 3.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-MTAB-9841	yes	17066.34
E-GEOD-75688	yes	1468.97
E-ANND-3	no	0.00

Regulation

Is transcription factor: yes

Downstream targets (CollecTRI)

1 targets.

Target	Regulation
BCL2	Activation

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): AR, RUNX2, SPI1

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• PIP(alternate name GCDFP-15, gp17) is a secretory marker of apocrine differentiation in breast carcinoma. It is an aspartyl proteinase with specificity restricted for fibronectin. (PMID:10713110)
• Intragenic amplification and formation of extrachromosomal small circular DNA molecules from the PIP gene on chromosome 7 in primary breast carcinomas (PMID:11992405)
• different conformations and/or tissue-specific posttranslational modifications of the proteins, although their primary structure was identical by MS/MS analysis (PMID:12755619)
• The sensitivity of mammaglobin is equal or superior to that of GCDFP-15 for investigation of breast carcinoma. (PMID:18251583)
• analysis of the novel complex formed between zinc alpha2-glycoprotein (ZAG) and prolactin-inducible protein (PIP) from human seminal plasma (PMID:18930737)
• Both MGB1 and GCDFP-15 are specific markers for metastatic breast carcinomas in cell block fluid specimens (88 vs. 96%). (PMID:19217055)
• importance of a regulatory subnetwork associated with PIP expression in which STAT5 appears as a potential transcriptional regulator (PMID:19262752)
• expressed on a small subset of primary lung adenocarcinomas (PMID:19620839)
• Most basal-like breast carcinomas and unclassified triple-negative carcinomas are negative for mammaglobin and gross cystic disease fluid protein 15. (PMID:21411781)
• Data suggest that Runx2 controls a positive feedback loop between androgen signaling and PIP, and pharmacological inhibition of PIP may be useful to treat PIP positive tumors. (PMID:21809344)
• abnormal development of the prepuce in hypospadias is associated with variation in PIP expression (PMID:21883842)
• The first report of native human serum albumin (HSA)-PIP complex formation in seminal plasma. (PMID:22209935)
• expression was down-regulated in azoospermia, indicating that PIP may be a plausible marker of azoospermia (PMID:22724438)
• Prolactin-induced protein mediates cell invasion and regulates integrin signaling in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer. (PMID:22817771)
• Gross cystic disease fluid protein-15 and mammaglobin A expression determined by immunohistochemistry is of limited utility in triple-negative breast cancer. (PMID:22963676)
• GCDFP-15 alone is not a useful marker to detect the metastasis of basaloid type breast cancers. (PMID:23011826)
• Interaction analysis identifies semenogelin I fragments as new binding partners of PIP in human seminal plasma (PMID:23085372)
• GCDFP-15 was associated significantly with a breast cancer profile of good prognosis tumors. (PMID:23332923)
• we found that HER2 or GCDFP15 protein overexpression is a sensitive and specific tool to differentiate MA from BL in the context of ER negative tumors. (PMID:23663520)
• The roles of PIP in the related T47D breast cancer cell line, were investigated. (PMID:23755096)
• AZGP1 and PIP were found in significantly lower levels in invasive breast tissue. (PMID:24114735)
• Report GCDFP15 expression in metastatic basal-like triple negative breast carcinomas. (PMID:24272937)
• PIP is required for cell cycle progression in breast cancer and provides a rationale for exploring PIP inhibition as a therapeutic approach in breast cancer that can potentially target microtubule polymerization. (PMID:24862759)
• GCDFP-15 expression is higher in tumors with favorable prognostic features. GCDFP-15 expression is further a frequent feature of androgen receptor positive tumors and the molecular apocrine subtype. (PMID:25070172)
• Data indicate the potential role of Gross cystic disease fluid protein-15/prolactin-inducible protein (GCDFP-15/PIP) as a biomarker for keratoconus (KC)disease. (PMID:25405607)
• The commonly used breast carcinoma biomarkers vary in their prognostic implications. GCDFP-15 independently indicated a favourable prognosis. GATA-3 and MGB were not associated with outcome. (PMID:25425335)
• PIP is a breast cancer-related protein that is expressed in a majority of breast tumors and has a significant function in the biology of this disease. [review] (PMID:25472539)
• novel marker GATA3 stains a significantly higher proportion of both primary and metastatic breast carcinomas than GCDFP15 or mammaglobin with stronger and more diffuse staining, helpful in cases with small tissue samples (PMID:25906123)
• GCDFP15 in stratum corneum is a potential marker for dysregulated sweating in atopic dermatitis. (PMID:25919462)
• monoclonal antibodies to GATA-3 are very sensitive reagents for the identification of breast CA, surpassing antibodies to GCDFP-15 and mammaglobin A, and offer a significant improvement in identifying TNBCs (PMID:26447897)
• In summary, this study suggests that PIP expression regulates the process of cell adhesion in breast cancer. (PMID:26585492)
• High expression of GCDFP-15 is associated with molecular apocrine breast cancer. (PMID:26711786)
• While highly expressed under pathological conditions of the mammary gland, including breast cancers, PIP is expressed in very few other cancers. Although the function of PIP is not well elucidated, numerous studies suggest that its primary role may be related to host defense and immune modulation. Studies in Pip null mice suggest that PIP may play a similar immune-regulatory role in breast cancer. [Review] (PMID:27602994)
• good coincidence was observed between primary and metastatic tumor GATA3 expression (kappa value = 0.826 >0.75) as compared with the coincidence of GCDFP15 (kappa value =0.492 <0.75) and mammaglobin (kappa value =0.593 <0.75) (PMID:28038704)
• that GATA3 is a very sensitive marker for primary genital extramammary Paget diseases and is more sensitive than gross cystic disease fluid protein 15 (PMID:28693610)
• results suggest that PIP-positive and PIP-negative columnar cell lesions are likely to represent biologically distinct conditions and that apocrine changes might occur earlier than ER activation in the natural history of breast precursor lesions (PMID:29084054)
• GATA-3 expression was the highest in luminal breast carcinomas, and showed higher sensitivity than GCDFP-15 and MGB. However, in the poorly differentiated IBC, its utility was still limited. One should be aware of the possible GATA-3 expression in lung carcinomas. (PMID:29340880)
• Efficacy of GATA3 Versus BRST2 for the Identification of Metastatic Breast Carcinoma in the Upper GI Tract. (PMID:29629946)
• Unusual N-type glycosylation of salivary prolactin-inducible protein (PIP): multiple Lewis(Y) epitopes generate highly-fucosylated glycan structures. (PMID:29858715)
• Expression of hormone receptors, adipophilin, and GCDFP-15 in mucinous carcinoma of the skin. (PMID:30178542)

Cross-species orthologs

2 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Pip	ENSMUSG00000058499
rattus_norvegicus	Pip	ENSRNOG00000016076

Protein

Protein identifiers

Prolactin-inducible protein — P12273 (reviewed: P12273)

Alternative names: Gross cystic disease fluid protein 15, Prolactin-induced protein, Secretory actin-binding protein, gp17

All UniProt accessions (1): P12273

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Subunit / interactions. Monomer. Interacts with AZGP1.

Subcellular location. Secreted.

Tissue specificity. Expressed in pathological conditions of the mammary gland and in several exocrine tissues, such as the lacrimal, salivary, and sweat glands.

Induction. By prolactin and androgen; inhibited by estrogen.

Similarity. Belongs to the PIP family.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_002643* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR007990	PIP	Family
IPR013783	Ig-like_fold	Homologous_superfamily
IPR014756	Ig_E-set	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF05326

UniProt features (17 total): strand 9, helix 2, disulfide bond 2, signal peptide 1, chain 1, modified residue 1, glycosylation site 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

1 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
3ES6	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	3.23

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P12273-F1	89.84	0.77

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Post-translational modifications (1): 29

Disulfide bonds (2): 65–91, 89–123

Glycosylation sites (1): 105

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

1 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-5223345	Miscellaneous transport and binding events

MSigDB gene sets: 107 (showing top): GSE45365_HEALTHY_VS_MCMV_INFECTION_CD8_TCELL_IFNAR_KO_DN, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_LEUKOCYTE_APOPTOTIC_PROCESS, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_LYMPHOCYTE_APOPTOTIC_PROCESS, GOBP_SENSORY_PERCEPTION_OF_CHEMICAL_STIMULUS, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_LEUKOCYTE_APOPTOTIC_PROCESS, BROWNE_HCMV_INFECTION_48HR_DN, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_T_CELL_APOPTOTIC_PROCESS, GOBP_DETECTION_OF_CHEMICAL_STIMULUS_INVOLVED_IN_SENSORY_PERCEPTION_OF_TASTE, MARTINEZ_RB1_TARGETS_DN, GOBP_SENSORY_PERCEPTION_OF_TASTE, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_T_CELL_APOPTOTIC_PROCESS, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_LYMPHOCYTE_APOPTOTIC_PROCESS, GOBP_LEUKOCYTE_APOPTOTIC_PROCESS, MODULE_524, MODULE_88

GO Biological Process (5): detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of bitter taste (GO:0001580), regulation of immune system process (GO:0002682), proteolysis (GO:0006508), positive regulation of gene expression (GO:0010628), negative regulation of T cell apoptotic process (GO:0070233)

GO Molecular Function (5): actin binding (GO:0003779), aspartic-type endopeptidase activity (GO:0004190), IgG binding (GO:0019864), identical protein binding (GO:0042802), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (4): extracellular region (GO:0005576), obsolete extracellular space (GO:0005615), nucleus (GO:0005634), extracellular exosome (GO:0070062)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-1 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Transport of small molecules	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of taste	1
sensory perception of bitter taste	1
immune system process	1
regulation of biological process	1
protein metabolic process	1
gene expression	1
regulation of gene expression	1
positive regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process	1
negative regulation of lymphocyte apoptotic process	1
T cell apoptotic process	1
regulation of T cell apoptotic process	1
cytoskeletal protein binding	1
endopeptidase activity	1
aspartic-type peptidase activity	1
immunoglobulin binding	1
protein binding	1
binding	1
cellular anatomical structure	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1
extracellular vesicle	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

734 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
PIP	AZGP1	P25311	982
PIP	KRT7	P08729	845
PIP	KRT20	P35900	840
PIP	CD4	P01730	832
PIP	LIAT1	Q6ZQX7	810
PIP	KEL	P23276	775
PIP	PGR	P06401	714
PIP	LTF	P02788	707
PIP	GP6	Q9HCN6	706
PIP	APOD	P05090	700
PIP	CST1	P01037	696
PIP	CEACAM5	P06731	691
PIP	CST4	P01036	682
PIP	KLK3	P07288	682
PIP	MME	P08473	669

IntAct

74 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
CDK19	MED7	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.800
ATP5PF	ATP5PD	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.670
AEBP2	EED	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.650
PIP	DNM2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
PIP	TOR1A	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
DDX31	IGLL5	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
PIP	TBKBP1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
SUN2	PIP	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
ESR2	FBLL1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.460
	MYL12B	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.460
FUS	DDX3X	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.430
Uba1	PIP	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
Dynll1		psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
Rab5c	PIP	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
Cep290		psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
Bud13	DDX39A	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
NFKB1	NFKB1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
JUN		psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
UBE3A	TXNL1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
UBE3A	IGLC7	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
USP25	ANXA1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
USPL1	ANXA1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
ARHGEF40	ARHGEF11	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CDC73	RCCD1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
TDRD3	PTMA	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (204): PIP (Affinity Capture-MS), PIP (Affinity Capture-MS), PIP (Affinity Capture-MS), PIP (Affinity Capture-MS), PIP (Affinity Capture-MS), PIP (Affinity Capture-MS), PIP (Affinity Capture-MS), PIP (Affinity Capture-MS), PIP (Affinity Capture-MS), PIP (Affinity Capture-MS), PIP (Affinity Capture-MS), PIP (Affinity Capture-MS), PIP (Affinity Capture-MS), PIP (Affinity Capture-MS), PIP (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A144LVL3, A0A6B9L1A2, A0A885, A0A889, A0A890, A7L036, B1NRR0, B1PS79, B4PPU4, B4PPU5, B4Q3K8, B4QAF0, B5TTX7, F4IIZ9, O18845, O34498, P00587, P00588, P00589, P10334, P12273, P13304, P15405, P19400, P28898, P30659, P33738, P34310, P37990, P39718, P58440, P58443, P60989, Q01050, Q09120, Q18885, Q27384, Q2HY54, Q54P38, Q5ASI4

Diamond homologs: A0A885, A0A888, A0A889, A0A890, O70417, P02816, P12273, P60986, P60987, P60988, P60989, P60990

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 104 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
Loss of Nlp from mitotic centrosomes	5	12.2×	8e-03
Loss of proteins required for interphase microtubule organization from the centrosome	5	12.2×	8e-03
AURKA Activation by TPX2	5	11.7×	8e-03
Recruitment of NuMA to mitotic centrosomes	6	10.8×	8e-03

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

23 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	11
Likely benign	5
Benign	3

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

466 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
7:143135186:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
7:143135187:C:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
7:143135188:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
7:143135189:A:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
7:143132212:G:GG	donor_gain	0.9900
7:143135192:A:AG	acceptor_gain	0.9900
7:143135193:G:GA	acceptor_gain	0.9900
7:143135297:GTG:G	donor_gain	0.9900
7:143139512:TTTCA:T	acceptor_loss	0.9900
7:143139513:TTCAG:T	acceptor_loss	0.9900
7:143139514:TCA:T	acceptor_loss	0.9900
7:143139515:CA:C	acceptor_loss	0.9900
7:143139516:A:AG	acceptor_gain	0.9900
7:143139516:AG:A	acceptor_gain	0.9900
7:143139517:G:GG	acceptor_gain	0.9900
7:143139517:GG:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
7:143139517:GGA:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
7:143139517:GGAA:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
7:143135296:GGTG:G	donor_gain	0.9800
7:143135297:GTGG:G	donor_gain	0.9800
7:143135298:TGGT:T	donor_gain	0.9800
7:143139190:G:GG	donor_gain	0.9800
7:143139517:GGAAC:G	acceptor_gain	0.9800
7:143132204:G:GT	donor_gain	0.9700
7:143135193:GTC:G	acceptor_gain	0.9700
7:143135299:GGTA:G	donor_gain	0.9700
7:143135300:G:GG	donor_gain	0.9700
7:143135295:TGGTG:T	donor_gain	0.9600
7:143135296:GGTGG:G	donor_gain	0.9600
7:143135297:GTGGT:G	donor_loss	0.9600

AlphaMissense

956 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
7:143139173:G:C	W100C	0.997
7:143139173:G:T	W100C	0.997
7:143139171:T:A	W100R	0.993
7:143139171:T:C	W100R	0.993
7:143139093:A:C	S74R	0.992
7:143139095:C:A	S74R	0.992
7:143139095:C:G	S74R	0.992
7:143139568:T:A	C123S	0.992
7:143139569:G:C	C123S	0.992
7:143139568:T:C	C123R	0.991
7:143139569:G:A	C123Y	0.987
7:143139088:T:A	L72H	0.985
7:143139608:G:C	R136P	0.985
7:143135271:T:A	V58D	0.984
7:143139076:T:A	V68D	0.984
7:143139532:G:C	A111P	0.984
7:143139570:C:G	C123W	0.984
7:143135277:C:T	T60I	0.983
7:143139117:T:C	F82L	0.983
7:143139119:T:A	F82L	0.983
7:143139119:T:G	F82L	0.983
7:143139138:T:C	C89R	0.981
7:143135265:T:C	L56P	0.980
7:143139536:C:A	A112D	0.980
7:143135291:T:C	C65R	0.979
7:143139172:G:C	W100S	0.979
7:143139593:C:A	P131H	0.979
7:143139138:T:A	C89S	0.978
7:143139139:G:C	C89S	0.978
7:143139542:T:A	V114D	0.977

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000035657 (7:143135968 G>A,C,T), RS1000167807 (7:143139274 G>A,C), RS1000418756 (7:143132915 T>C), RS1000442063 (7:143136411 A>G), RS1000630797 (7:143131731 G>T), RS1000641381 (7:143137554 A>G), RS1000733416 (7:143131128 C>T), RS1000764856 (7:143131370 A>G), RS1000777278 (7:143137784 C>T), RS1000808512 (7:143137584 T>C), RS1001279437 (7:143131191 C>A,G), RS1001568948 (7:143136818 C>G,T), RS1001598363 (7:143136465 C>G), RS1001635166 (7:143133362 C>A,T), RS1001967479 (7:143131898 C>T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:176720 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

3 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST003522_2	Dermatomyositis	7.000000e-07
GCST005275_22	Cancer	3.000000e-07
GCST006585_111	Blood protein levels	8.000000e-12

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

25 total (human), top 25 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Nickel	decreases expression	2
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	increases expression, affects expression	2
propionaldehyde	decreases expression	1
potassium persulfate	increases expression	1
methoxyacetic acid	increases expression	1
hydroxyflutamide	decreases reaction, increases expression, decreases expression	1
butylbenzyl phthalate	decreases expression	1
bicalutamide	increases expression, decreases expression, decreases reaction	1
abrine	decreases expression	1
Aldehydes	decreases expression	1
Allergens	decreases expression, affects cotreatment, increases abundance	1
Vehicle Emissions	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases abundance	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation, increases methylation	1
Cadmium	affects binding	1
Diethylhexyl Phthalate	decreases expression	1
Hydralazine	increases expression, affects cotreatment	1
Lead	affects binding	1
Silicon Dioxide	decreases expression	1
Smoke	decreases expression	1
Dihydrotestosterone	increases expression, increases reaction, decreases reaction	1
Valproic Acid	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Cadmium Chloride	increases expression	1
Genistein	decreases expression, increases reaction, increases expression	1
Nanotubes, Carbon	decreases expression	1
Particulate Matter	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases abundance	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.