PNLDC1

Summary

PNLDC1 (PARN like ribonuclease domain containing exonuclease 1, HGNC:21185) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 6q25.3, encoding Poly(A)-specific ribonuclease PNLDC1 (Q8NA58). 3’-exoribonuclease that has a preference for poly(A) tails of mRNAs, thereby efficiently degrading poly(A) tails.

Enables poly(A)-specific ribonuclease activity. Involved in nuclear-transcribed mRNA poly(A) tail shortening; piRNA processing; and spermatogenesis. Located in endoplasmic reticulum. Implicated in spermatogenic failure 57.

Source: NCBI Gene 154197 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): spermatogenic failure 57 (Strong, GenCC)
• GWAS associations: 1
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 89 total — 5 pathogenic, 4 likely-pathogenic
• Phenotypes (HPO): 11
• MANE Select transcript: NM_001271862

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:21185
Approved symbol	PNLDC1
Name	PARN like ribonuclease domain containing exonuclease 1
Location	6q25.3
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	FLJ40240, dJ195P10.2, Trimmer
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000146453
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	619529
Entrez	154197

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 8 — 3 nonsense_mediated_decay, 3 protein_coding, 1 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined, 1 retained_intron

ENST00000275275, ENST00000392167, ENST00000609334, ENST00000609658, ENST00000610041, ENST00000610048, ENST00000610273, ENST00000943611

RefSeq mRNA: 2 — MANE Select: NM_001271862 NM_001271862, NM_173516

CCDS: CCDS5271, CCDS64561

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000392167 — 19 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001510939	159800772	159800829
ENSE00001813612	159800276	159800383
ENSE00003702547	159818555	159818654
ENSE00003702669	159817109	159817151
ENSE00003703297	159811701	159811786
ENSE00003703351	159818946	159819121
ENSE00003703729	159815969	159816033
ENSE00003704185	159819254	159819352
ENSE00003705091	159801113	159801186
ENSE00003705540	159805983	159806083
ENSE00003705798	159808740	159808816
ENSE00003706789	159803965	159804088
ENSE00003707260	159809015	159809158
ENSE00003708595	159803271	159803310
ENSE00003708693	159813601	159813656
ENSE00003710622	159816543	159816596
ENSE00003710892	159810026	159810095
ENSE00003711057	159804549	159804637
ENSE00003850341	159820454	159820704

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 155 present calls, max score 91.96.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 0.2212 / max 49.5116, expressed in 61 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (1 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
70998	0.2212	61

Top tissues by expression

239 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
oocyte	CL:0000023	91.96	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	87.84	gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	86.32	gold quality
secondary oocyte	CL:0000655	86.22	gold quality
right testis	UBERON:0004534	80.42	gold quality
left testis	UBERON:0004533	80.32	gold quality
testis	UBERON:0000473	79.32	gold quality
upper leg skin	UBERON:0004262	76.75	gold quality
caudate nucleus	UBERON:0001873	70.64	gold quality
putamen	UBERON:0001874	69.12	gold quality
prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0000451	68.29	gold quality
right frontal lobe	UBERON:0002810	68.02	gold quality
bronchial epithelial cell	CL:0002328	66.61	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 9	UBERON:0013540	66.04	gold quality
bronchus	UBERON:0002185	65.43	gold quality
nucleus accumbens	UBERON:0001882	64.23	gold quality
olfactory segment of nasal mucosa	UBERON:0005386	64.16	gold quality
frontal cortex	UBERON:0001870	63.21	gold quality
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0009834	63.11	gold quality
sperm	CL:0000019	61.94	gold quality
mammalian vulva	UBERON:0000997	61.27	gold quality
right uterine tube	UBERON:0001302	61.00	gold quality
neocortex	UBERON:0001950	60.87	gold quality
lower esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0035834	60.09	gold quality
adult organism	UBERON:0007023	59.15	gold quality
body of pancreas	UBERON:0001150	58.91	gold quality
cerebral cortex	UBERON:0000956	58.04	gold quality
forebrain	UBERON:0001890	57.67	gold quality
anterior cingulate cortex	UBERON:0009835	57.41	gold quality
right coronary artery	UBERON:0001625	56.57	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 0.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	no	4.10

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

10 targeting PNLDC1, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-6508-5P	99.92	70.67	2465
HSA-MIR-8067	99.86	69.59	2260
HSA-MIR-29A-5P	99.08	68.59	1813
HSA-MIR-5000-3P	98.79	65.63	1251
HSA-MIR-4436A	98.05	64.83	1140
HSA-MIR-4521	97.73	67.64	684
HSA-MIR-3144-5P	97.64	65.45	646
HSA-MIR-3169	96.40	67.58	698
HSA-MIR-4740-5P	96.25	67.96	726
HSA-MIR-4693-3P	95.23	65.92	735

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 3)

• we describe the identification of a structural genetic variant segregating with affective psychosis in a family with multiple members suffering from bipolar I disorder. Using whole-genome sequencing, we delineated the translocation breakpoints as corresponding intragenic events disrupting BCL2L10 and PNLDC1. These data warrant further consideration for BCL2L10 and PNLDC1 as novel candidates for affective psychosis. (PMID:27260655)
• A risk model of gene signatures for predicting platinum response and survival in ovarian cancer. (PMID:35361267)
• The role of homozygous LOF variant of the PNLDC1 gene in oligo-astheno-teratozoospermia (OAT) and male infertility. (PMID:37282384)

Cross-species orthologs

3 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Pnldc1	ENSMUSG00000073460
rattus_norvegicus	Pnldc1	ENSRNOG00000023140
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00010734

Paralogs (2): TOE1 (ENSG00000132773), PARN (ENSG00000140694)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Poly(A)-specific ribonuclease PNLDC1 — Q8NA58 (reviewed: Q8NA58)

Alternative names: PARN-like domain-containing protein 1, Poly(A)-specific ribonuclease domain-containing protein 1

All UniProt accessions (2): Q8NA58, V9GYA0

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. 3’-exoribonuclease that has a preference for poly(A) tails of mRNAs, thereby efficiently degrading poly(A) tails. Exonucleolytic degradation of the poly(A) tail is often the first step in the decay of eukaryotic mRNAs and is also used to silence certain maternal mRNAs translationally during oocyte maturation and early embryonic development. May act as a regulator of multipotency in embryonic stem cells. Is a critical factor for proper spermatogenesis, involved in pre-piRNAs processing to generate mature piRNAs.

Subcellular location. Endoplasmic reticulum membrane.

Disease relevance. Spermatogenic failure 57 (SPGF57) [MIM:619528] An autosomal recessive male infertility disorder characterized by non-obstructive azoospermia, due to error-prone meiosis and spermatogenic arrest at the late pachytene stage. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Similarity. Belongs to the CAF1 family.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q8NA58-1	1	yes
Q8NA58-2	2

RefSeq proteins (2): NP_001258791, NP_775787 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR006941	RNase_CAF1	Family
IPR012337	RNaseH-like_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR036397	RNaseH_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR051181	CAF1_poly(A)_ribonucleases	Family

Pfam: PF04857

Enzyme classification (BRENDA):

• EC 3.1.13.4 — poly(A)-specific ribonuclease (BRENDA: 15 organisms, 67 substrates, 89 inhibitors, 9 Km, 5 kcat entries)

Substrate kinetics (BRENDA)

2 substrates with measured Km, best-characterized 2. Km ranges are aggregated across organisms/conditions.

Substrate	Km (mM)	Measurements
POLY(A) RNA	—	7
POLY(A)	0.0051	1

UniProt features (11 total): binding site 4, sequence variant 3, chain 1, transmembrane region 1, site 1, splice variant 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q8NA58-F1	90.16	0.65

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Catalytic / active sites (1): 294 (interaction with poly(a))

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (4): 17; 19; 260; 354

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 101 (showing top): GSE37336_LY6C_POS_VS_NEG_NAIVE_CD4_TCELL_DN, GSE45365_NK_CELL_VS_BCELL_DN, RNGTGGGC_UNKNOWN, GOBP_EMBRYO_DEVELOPMENT_ENDING_IN_BIRTH_OR_EGG_HATCHING, GOMF_RNA_NUCLEASE_ACTIVITY, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_MRNA_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, GOMF_NUCLEASE_ACTIVITY, GOBP_MACROMOLECULE_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_MALE_GAMETE_GENERATION, GOBP_BLASTOCYST_FORMATION, GOBP_POST_TRANSCRIPTIONAL_REGULATION_OF_GENE_EXPRESSION, chr6q25, GOBP_IN_UTERO_EMBRYONIC_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_CATABOLIC_PROCESS

GO Biological Process (8): nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, nonsense-mediated decay (GO:0000184), nuclear-transcribed mRNA poly(A) tail shortening (GO:0000289), blastocyst formation (GO:0001825), spermatogenesis (GO:0007283), piRNA processing (GO:0034587), priRNA 3’-end processing (GO:1990431), siRNA 3’-end processing (GO:1990432), developmental process (GO:0032502)

GO Molecular Function (8): 3’-5’-RNA exonuclease activity (GO:0000175), RNA binding (GO:0003723), poly(A)-specific ribonuclease activity (GO:0004535), metal ion binding (GO:0046872), nucleic acid binding (GO:0003676), nuclease activity (GO:0004518), exonuclease activity (GO:0004527), hydrolase activity (GO:0016787)

GO Cellular Component (4): nucleus (GO:0005634), endoplasmic reticulum (GO:0005783), endoplasmic reticulum membrane (GO:0005789), membrane (GO:0016020)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process	2
regulatory ncRNA 3’-end processing	2
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	2
nuclear-transcribed mRNA catabolic process, deadenylation-dependent decay	1
blastocyst development	1
anatomical structure formation involved in morphogenesis	1
developmental process involved in reproduction	1
male gamete generation	1
regulatory ncRNA processing	1
biological_process	1
3’-5’ exonuclease activity	1
RNA exonuclease activity, producing 5’-phosphomonoesters	1
nucleic acid binding	1
3’-5’-RNA exonuclease activity	1
cation binding	1
binding	1
catalytic activity, acting on a nucleic acid	1
nuclease activity	1
hydrolase activity, acting on ester bonds	1
catalytic activity	1
cytoplasm	1
endomembrane system	1
organelle membrane	1
nuclear outer membrane-endoplasmic reticulum membrane network	1
endoplasmic reticulum subcompartment	1
cellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

756 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
PNLDC1	TENT2	Q6PIY7	883
PNLDC1	SYMPK	Q92797	766
PNLDC1	TDRKH	Q9Y2W6	737
PNLDC1	PLD6	Q8N2A8	731
PNLDC1	NGDN	Q8NEJ9	705
PNLDC1	HENMT1	Q5T8I9	686
PNLDC1	PAPOLG	Q9BWT3	611
PNLDC1	PAPOLA	P51003	608
PNLDC1	PAPOLB	Q9NRJ5	608
PNLDC1	PABPC1L	Q4VXU2	602
PNLDC1	TDRD5	Q8NAT2	593
PNLDC1	NOCT	Q9UK39	578
PNLDC1	MOV10L1	Q9BXT6	554
PNLDC1	CSTF1	Q05048	553
PNLDC1	CPEB1	Q9BZB8	543

IntAct

2 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
PNLDC1	C1QL1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (23): TRPM7 (Affinity Capture-MS), ALG9 (Affinity Capture-MS), LMF2 (Affinity Capture-MS), C1QL1 (Affinity Capture-MS), DPY19L4 (Affinity Capture-MS), FAM69A (Affinity Capture-MS), CSGALNACT2 (Affinity Capture-MS), GLB1L2 (Affinity Capture-MS), TSPAN10 (Affinity Capture-MS), AMIGO1 (Affinity Capture-MS), GALNT12 (Affinity Capture-MS), SIDT2 (Affinity Capture-MS), PNLDC1 (Affinity Capture-MS), TRPM7 (Affinity Capture-MS), GLB1L2 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A1L1C2, A1L1G9, A3KNW0, A4QP72, B1H1N7, B2RXZ1, B3DLB3, O00329, O35405, O35904, O70572, P51839, Q0P6H9, Q0V8L6, Q28DT3, Q2KJJ8, Q3U3W5, Q3UY23, Q4R583, Q501S4, Q5FVH2, Q5R4Y7, Q5R6R6, Q5U3T0, Q5ZHN9, Q60750, Q640M6, Q642A7, Q7SXA9, Q7ZVS8, Q80Y81, Q8BG07, Q8BWQ4, Q8C0L6, Q8CGS5, Q8HY87, Q8IV08, Q8K2P2, Q8NA58, Q8NFF5

Diamond homologs: B2RXZ1, Q5R6R6, Q5RAR6, Q8NA58, Q9D2E2, Q17QN2, Q96GM8

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

89 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	5
Likely pathogenic	4
Uncertain significance	56
Likely benign	9
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (9)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
1184261	NM_001271862.2(PNLDC1):c.1387C>T (p.Arg463Ter)	Pathogenic
1184262	NM_001271862.2(PNLDC1):c.283C>T (p.Pro95Ser)	Pathogenic
1184264	NM_001271862.2(PNLDC1):c.640-2A>T	Pathogenic
1184272	NM_001271862.2(PNLDC1):c.136dup (p.Leu46fs)	Pathogenic
1343825	NM_001271862.2(PNLDC1):c.172C>G (p.Arg58Gly)	Pathogenic
1330303	NM_001271862.2(PNLDC1):c.743G>A (p.Gly248Asp)	Likely pathogenic
3024496	NM_001271862.2(PNLDC1):c.1058A>G (p.Tyr353Cys)	Likely pathogenic
3065442	NM_001271862.2(PNLDC1):c.1257+2T>C	Likely pathogenic
4292143	NM_001271862.2(PNLDC1):c.563-2A>G	Likely pathogenic

SpliceAI

3272 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
6:159800368:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
6:159800414:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
6:159804534:T:TA	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:159804540:T:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:159804546:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:159804547:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:159804548:G:GC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:159804548:GTTT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:159805967:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:159805968:T:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:159805975:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:159805976:T:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:159805979:TCA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
6:159805980:CA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
6:159805981:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:159805981:AGC:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
6:159805982:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:159805982:GC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:159805982:GCT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:159805982:GCTC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:159805982:GCTCT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:159806050:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
6:159806051:A:T	donor_gain	1.0000
6:159806080:ACTG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
6:159806081:CTGG:C	donor_loss	1.0000
6:159806083:GG:G	donor_loss	1.0000
6:159806084:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
6:159806085:T:G	donor_loss	1.0000
6:159815964:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
6:159815967:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

3529 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
6:159804056:T:C	F103L	0.997
6:159804058:T:A	F103L	0.997
6:159804058:T:G	F103L	0.997
6:159811720:G:C	K280N	0.997
6:159811720:G:T	K280N	0.997
6:159811754:G:C	D292H	0.997
6:159810057:T:C	L261P	0.996
6:159801138:T:G	Y43D	0.995
6:159810036:G:A	G254E	0.995
6:159810054:A:C	D260A	0.995
6:159810066:T:C	L264P	0.995
6:159811755:A:C	D292A	0.995
6:159811755:A:T	D292V	0.995
6:159811762:G:C	K294N	0.995
6:159811762:G:T	K294N	0.995
6:159816578:G:C	A355P	0.995
6:159803271:G:A	G59E	0.994
6:159810040:T:A	H255Q	0.994
6:159810040:T:G	H255Q	0.994
6:159816589:T:G	C358W	0.994
6:159810038:C:G	H255D	0.993
6:159810043:T:A	N256K	0.993
6:159810043:T:G	N256K	0.993
6:159811756:T:A	D292E	0.993
6:159811756:T:G	D292E	0.993
6:159816576:A:C	D354A	0.993
6:159801168:T:C	F53L	0.992
6:159801170:T:A	F53L	0.992
6:159801170:T:G	F53L	0.992
6:159804074:T:C	F109L	0.992

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000375524 (6:159812048 C>G,T), RS1000503558 (6:159817553 A>G), RS1001060955 (6:159811762 G>A), RS1001233865 (6:159800428 C>A,G), RS1001326318 (6:159816279 T>C), RS1001439489 (6:159807407 A>G), RS1001472455 (6:159818813 A>G,T), RS1001489685 (6:159807081 T>A), RS1001663515 (6:159813062 G>A,T), RS1001697237 (6:159802131 A>G), RS1001778930 (6:159813400 G>A,T), RS1002088444 (6:159820505 A>G), RS1002340610 (6:159800215 C>A,T), RS1002445140 (6:159808669 C>G,T), RS1002495949 (6:159808392 A>G)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:619529 | disease phenotypes: MIM:619528

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
spermatogenic failure 57	Strong	Autosomal recessive

Mondo (3): spermatogenic failure 57 (MONDO:0030439), oligospermia (MONDO:0001913), male infertility (MONDO:0005372)

Orphanet (1): Male infertility with azoospermia or oligozoospermia due to single gene mutation (Orphanet:399805)

HPO phenotypes

11 total (12 of 11 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0000007	Autosomal recessive inheritance
HP:0000027	Azoospermia
HP:0000118	Phenotypic abnormality
HP:0000837	Increased circulating gonadotropin level
HP:0003251	Male infertility
HP:0008669	Abnormal spermatogenesis
HP:0008734	Decreased testicular size
HP:0011462	Young adult onset
HP:0011961	Non-obstructive azoospermia
HP:0011962	Obstructive azoospermia
HP:0031038	Spermatogenesis maturation arrest
HP:0000798	Oligozoospermia

GWAS associations

1 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST003127_12	Lipoprotein (a) levels	5.000000e-11

EFO canonical traits (1, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0006925	lipoprotein A measurement

MeSH disease descriptors (2)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D007248	Infertility, Male	C12.100.500.430; C12.100.750.700; C12.200.294.430
D009845	Oligospermia	C12.100.500.430.508; C12.100.750.700.508; C12.200.294.430.508

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

15 total (human), top 15 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Copper	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, affects binding	2
aristolochic acid I	increases expression	1
bisphenol A	decreases methylation	1
2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one	increases expression	1
sodium arsenite	increases expression	1
licochalcone B	increases expression	1
(+)-JQ1 compound	increases expression	1
PCI 5002	increases expression, affects cotreatment	1
Resveratrol	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Disulfiram	affects binding, decreases expression	1
Nickel	decreases expression	1
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	affects expression	1
Zinc	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Aflatoxin B1	increases methylation	1
Lactic Acid	decreases expression	1

Cellosaurus cell lines

1 cell lines: 1 cancer cell line

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

Cellosaurus	Name	Category	Sex
CVCL_D8TF	Ubigene HCT 116 PNLDC1 KO	Cancer cell line	Male

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

149 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT02307994	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Clinical Research on Effectiveness and Safety of Treatment of Severe Oligospermia or Azoospermia With uFSH
NCT05320536	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	A Clinical Study of Gulingji Capsule in the Treatment of Idiopathic Oligospermia, Asthenia, and Teratozoospermia
NCT06260007	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Efficacy and Safety Study of Products Based on Tribulus Terrestris, L. in Men With Oligospermia
NCT02202382	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effects of Korean Red Ginseng on Male Infertility
NCT02204826	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effects of Korean Red Ginseng on Semen Parameters in Male Infertility Patients: a Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Clinical Study
NCT03802864	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Post-operative Pain Control of Testicular Sperm Extraction Using Liposomal Bupivacaine
NCT06100432	PHASE4	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Effect of Eurycoma Longifolia (DLBS5055) and Multivitamins (Vitamin C+Vitamin E+ β-carotene) for Infertile Males
NCT07523022	PHASE4	ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION	Comparison of the Effect of Gonadotropin and Clomiphene Citrate Treatment on Sperm Parameters and the Outcome of Assisted Reproductive Procedures in Subfertile Men Based on the APHRODITE Groups
NCT00440180	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Aromatase Inhibitors in the Treatment of Male Infertility
NCT00975117	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Spermotrend in the Treatment of Male Infertility
NCT01407432	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Impact of Folates in the Care of the Male Infertility
NCT01895816	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Herbal Tonic Fertile Supplement(ZO2C5)
NCT02605070	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Pilot Study on the Effects of FSH Treatment on the Epigenetic Characteristics of Spermatozoa in Infertile Patients With Severe Oligozoospermia
NCT07402759	PHASE3	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Impact of tdrd9 Gene Mutations in the Therapeutic Response to L-carnitine in Oligoasthenozoospermic Men
NCT01409837	PHASE2	COMPLETED	The Effect and Safety of Lisinopril in Non-hypertensive Men With Infertility From Low Sperm Count
NCT02234206	PHASE2	COMPLETED	A Clinical Trial to Study the Safety and Efficacy of Chandrakanthi Choornam in Patients With Low Sperm Count
NCT07481370	PHASE2	ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION	Isotretinoin vs hCG for Male Infertility Due to Low or Absent Sperm
NCT01880086	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Clomiphene Citrate for the Treatment of Low Testosterone Associated With Chronic Opioid Pain Medication Administration
NCT02061384	PHASE2	COMPLETED	RA-2 13-cis Retinoic Acid (Isotretinoin)
NCT02421887	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Males, Antioxidants, and Infertility Trial
NCT05200663	PHASE2	UNKNOWN	Efficacy Comparison of Tamoxifen and Tamoxifen With Antioxidants on Semen Quality of Male With Idiopathic Infertility
NCT05290558	PHASE2	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	The Therapeutic Effects of Bu Shen Yi Jing Pill on Semen Quality in Sub Fertile Males: a Randomized Controlled Trial
NCT06091969	PHASE2	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Supplementation for Male Subfertility
NCT05158114	PHASE1	WITHDRAWN	Safety of Cultured Allogeneic Adult Umbilical Cord Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Testicular Injury and Oligospermia
NCT01595308	PHASE1	COMPLETED	A Pilot Study to Evaluate the Effect of Pomegranate Juice on Semen Parameters in Healthy Male Volunteers
NCT02122211	PHASE1	COMPLETED	Choline Dehydrogenase and Sperm Function: Effects of Betaine
NCT02575924	PHASE1	UNKNOWN	Influence of Culture Media on Clinical Outcomes in Poor Responders or Severe Male Infertility
NCT02063256	PHASE2/PHASE3	UNKNOWN	7 NUTS Study. Diet Modification and Male Fertility.
NCT06869863	PHASE1/PHASE2	RECRUITING	Study of Tolerability, Safety, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Preliminary Efficacy of the Medicinal Product MediReg®
NCT00479960	EARLY_PHASE1	UNKNOWN	A Preliminary Study on Effect of Omega-3 on Human Sperm
NCT06342856	EARLY_PHASE1	UNKNOWN	Evaluation of Treatment With Coenzyme Q10 and L-Carnitine on Semen Parameters in Infertile Men With Idiopathic Oligoasthenoteratospermia
NCT00548977	Not specified	COMPLETED	Genetic Studies Spermatogenic Failure
NCT01239186	Not specified	COMPLETED	Identification and Characterization of the Methylation Abnormalities on Whole Genome Among Infertile Men
NCT01509482	Not specified	COMPLETED	Insulin Resistance in Idiopathic Oligospermia and Azoospermia
NCT01520584	Not specified	UNKNOWN	Supplement Intake in Infertile Men;the Effect on Sperm Parameters,Fertilization Rate and Embryo Quality
NCT01828710	Not specified	COMPLETED	Myo-inositol on Human Semen Parameters
NCT01856361	Not specified	TERMINATED	Ramipril for the Treatment of Oligospermia
NCT02155179	Not specified	COMPLETED	Sperm Pathology Samples and Morphokinetics
NCT03898752	Not specified	COMPLETED	Is Oxidative Stress in Semen Reduced by Lifestyle Intervention
NCT04349345	Not specified	COMPLETED	Seminal Fluid’s Changes Over 20 Years