POLK

Summary

POLK (DNA polymerase kappa, HGNC:9183) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 5q13.3, encoding DNA polymerase kappa (Q9UBT6). DNA polymerase specifically involved in DNA repair.

This gene encodes a member of the DNA polymerase type-Y family of proteins. The encoded protein is a specialized DNA polymerase that catalyzes translesion DNA synthesis, which allows DNA replication in the presence of DNA lesions. Human cell lines lacking a functional copy of this gene exhibit impaired genome integrity and enhanced susceptibility to oxidative damage. Mutations in this gene that impair enzyme activity may be associated with prostate cancer in human patients.

Source: NCBI Gene 51426 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 4
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 138 total — 19 pathogenic
• Druggable target: yes — 1 molecules with ChEMBL bioactivity
• Cancer driver (intOGen): loss-of-function (tumor-suppressor-like) across 3 cancer types
• MANE Select transcript: NM_016218

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:9183
Approved symbol	POLK
Name	DNA polymerase kappa
Location	5q13.3
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	POLQ, DINP
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000122008
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	605650
Entrez	51426

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 24 — 12 protein_coding, 7 nonsense_mediated_decay, 3 retained_intron, 2 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined

ENST00000241436, ENST00000502567, ENST00000503479, ENST00000504026, ENST00000505069, ENST00000505774, ENST00000505975, ENST00000506928, ENST00000507073, ENST00000508526, ENST00000508867, ENST00000509126, ENST00000510815, ENST00000511527, ENST00000514141, ENST00000514296, ENST00000515295, ENST00000863893, ENST00000863894, ENST00000863895, ENST00000863896, ENST00000935335, ENST00000965054, ENST00000965055

RefSeq mRNA: 13 — MANE Select: NM_016218 NM_001345921, NM_001345922, NM_001387110, NM_001387111, NM_001387113, NM_001395893, NM_001395894, NM_001395897, NM_001395899, NM_001395900, NM_001395901, NM_001395902, NM_016218

CCDS: CCDS4030

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000241436 — 15 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001905813	75597934	75609991
ENSE00002042888	75511891	75511914
ENSE00003469008	75569340	75569492
ENSE00003508905	75576780	75576933
ENSE00003514052	75597747	75597789
ENSE00003538293	75584760	75584926
ENSE00003546232	75583293	75583417
ENSE00003551080	75596222	75597178
ENSE00003556900	75587026	75587058
ENSE00003605273	75581209	75581448
ENSE00003609956	75547010	75547157
ENSE00003615761	75573738	75573869
ENSE00003621979	75552472	75552591
ENSE00003633049	75593878	75594049
ENSE00003655186	75590344	75590440

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 255 present calls, max score 95.55.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 14.2360 / max 814.1123, expressed in 1732 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (3 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
57086	13.3474	1720
57087	0.7997	405
57088	0.0890	36

Top tissues by expression

259 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
calcaneal tendon	UBERON:0003701	95.55	gold quality
adrenal tissue	UBERON:0018303	92.41	gold quality
corpus callosum	UBERON:0002336	91.26	gold quality
superficial temporal artery	UBERON:0001614	90.93	gold quality
colonic epithelium	UBERON:0000397	90.86	gold quality
mucosa of paranasal sinus	UBERON:0005030	90.40	gold quality
oviduct epithelium	UBERON:0004804	89.91	gold quality
skin of hip	UBERON:0001554	89.71	gold quality
trabecular bone tissue	UBERON:0002483	89.06	gold quality
monocyte	CL:0000576	88.43	gold quality
islet of Langerhans	UBERON:0000006	88.28	gold quality
layer of synovial tissue	UBERON:0007616	87.95	gold quality
leukocyte	CL:0000738	87.87	gold quality
bone marrow cell	CL:0002092	87.83	gold quality
lower lobe of lung	UBERON:0008949	87.62	gold quality
jejunal mucosa	UBERON:0000399	87.60	gold quality
smooth muscle tissue	UBERON:0001135	87.24	gold quality
jejunum	UBERON:0002115	86.91	gold quality
pigmented layer of retina	UBERON:0001782	86.55	gold quality
retina	UBERON:0000966	86.53	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 46	UBERON:0006483	86.30	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	85.62	gold quality
subcutaneous adipose tissue	UBERON:0002190	85.51	gold quality
adipose tissue	UBERON:0001013	85.49	gold quality
popliteal artery	UBERON:0002250	85.45	gold quality
tibial artery	UBERON:0007610	85.45	gold quality
sperm	CL:0000019	85.31	gold quality
urinary bladder	UBERON:0001255	85.09	gold quality
myocardium	UBERON:0002349	84.99	silver quality
synovial joint	UBERON:0002217	84.96	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	7.65
E-GEOD-36552	no	67.79

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): AHR, ELF4, HSF1, TP53

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

121 targeting POLK, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-3163	100.00	77.23	8605
HSA-MIR-429	100.00	73.44	2698
HSA-MIR-200B-3P	100.00	73.31	2693
HSA-MIR-200C-3P	100.00	73.35	2685
HSA-MIR-5692A	100.00	74.40	6850
HSA-MIR-5692B	100.00	71.32	2622
HSA-MIR-5692C	100.00	71.32	2622
HSA-MIR-3646	100.00	73.56	5283
HSA-MIR-4776-3P	100.00	68.73	1340
HSA-MIR-340-5P	100.00	72.50	4437
HSA-MIR-126-5P	100.00	72.71	3180
HSA-MIR-656-3P	100.00	72.15	2788
HSA-MIR-1277-5P	100.00	73.95	5056
HSA-MIR-5011-5P	100.00	83.46	5820
HSA-MIR-4795-3P	100.00	74.62	4024
HSA-MIR-548C-3P	99.99	74.01	7587
HSA-MIR-32-5P	99.98	75.21	1964
HSA-MIR-92A-3P	99.98	75.21	1960
HSA-MIR-92B-3P	99.98	75.25	1955
HSA-MIR-25-3P	99.98	74.60	1817
HSA-MIR-363-3P	99.98	74.72	1821
HSA-MIR-367-3P	99.98	74.83	1819
HSA-MIR-548N	99.98	71.94	4170
HSA-MIR-512-3P	99.97	67.35	1049
HSA-MIR-9-3P	99.96	70.88	2068
HSA-MIR-493-5P	99.96	72.47	2382
HSA-MIR-302E	99.96	70.74	2669
HSA-MIR-590-3P	99.96	74.34	6478
HSA-MIR-570-3P	99.96	72.41	4910
HSA-MIR-3658	99.96	73.87	4379

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• a role of Pol(kappa) in the extension of mismatched base pairs during normal DNA replication, and in addition, they implicate Pol(kappa) in the mutagenic bypass of T-T dimers (PMID:11842189)
• Translesion synthesis by human DNA polymerase kappa on a DNA template containing a single stereoisomer of dG-(+)- or dG-(-)-anti-N(2)-BPDE. (PMID:11994005)
• In DNA damage, this protein bypasses and extends beyond thymine glycols during DNA synthesis in vitro, preferentially incorporating correct nucleotides (PMID:12145297)
• Polkappa may function as part of the replication machinery itself and could be recruited when replicative complexes are stalled; may affect the accuracy of DNA replication (PMID:12414988)
• Opposite an 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) lesion, Polkappa efficiently inserts an A & then proficiently extends from it. Also, Polkappa can perform the extension step after the incorporation of nucleotides opposite these lesion sites by Poldelta. (PMID:12444249)
• Data suggest that the properties of DNA polymerases eta and kappa are consistent with the mutagenic events attributed to estrogen-derived DNA adducts. (PMID:15147214)
• POLK interacts with a C-terminal region of REV1. (PMID:15189446)
• Poliota incorporates a C opposite the gamma-HOPdG adduct with nearly the same efficiency as opposite a nonadducted G residue. The subsequent extension step is performed by Polkappa, which efficiently extends from the C incorporated opposite the adduct. (PMID:15199127)
• POLK does not colocalize in replication foci with PCNA. (PMID:15601657)
• the trans-lesion synthesis enzyme polkappa is specifically required for normal recovery from the BPDE-induced S-phase checkpoint (PMID:15817457)
• POLK causes error-prone and inefficient replication across 8-oxoguanine in ras genes. (PMID:15938713)
• DNA polymerase kappa (Pol kappa) is a specialised low-fidelity DNA polymerase. It is able to perform DNA synthesis across several damaged bases. But when it is misregulated, it will increase genetic instability. (PMID:15989980)
• both Poleta and Polkappa rely on W-C hydrogen bonding for localizing the nascent base pair in the active site for the polymerization reaction to occur (PMID:16055723)
• The sequential action of Poliota and Polkappa promotes efficient and error-free synthesis through the HNE-dG adducts. (PMID:16354708)
• Association of Polkappa with PCNA is regulated by Rad18-mediated PCNA ubiquitination. (PMID:16611994)
• pol kappa is resistant to N(2)-bulk and quantitatively efficient in catalyzing dCTP incorporation opposite bulky guanine N(2)-adducts, particularly the largest (N(2)-BPG) (PMID:16751196)
• promoter of POLK is cis-controlled (PMID:17099721)
• DNA encirclement and other structural features help explain Pol kappa’s ability to extend mismatches and to promote replication through various minor groove DNA lesions. (PMID:17317631)
• Human DNA polymerase kappa inserts dGMP and dCMP within the T mononucleotide repeat, producing an interrupted 12-bp allele. (PMID:18079151)
• Data show that showed that pol kappaDeltaC was more efficient than pol eta by incorporating dCMP opposite both 6alpha- and 6beta-isomeric dG-N(2)-6-E(2) adducts. (PMID:18512958)
• Results show that the DNA polymerase kappa N-clasp is a key structural feature that accounts for the dA adduct blockage and the near-error-free bypass of the dG lesion. (PMID:18931375)
• Downregulation of DNA polymerases kappa is associated with colorectal-adenocarcinomas. (PMID:19117014)
• Y-Family DNA polymerases may use two different dNTP shapes for insertion: a hypothesis and its implications. (PMID:19188081)
• steric gate amino acid tyrosine 112 is required for efficient mismatched-primer extension by human DNA polymerase kappa (PMID:19341290)
• structure of human DNA polymerase kappa with dATP opposite the 8-OxoG DNA lesion (PMID:19492058)
• analysis of the mechanism promoting error-prone synthesis by human DNA polymerase kappa opposite the 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2’-deoxyguanosine a (PMID:19542228)
• Translesional DNA synthesis through a C8-guanyl adduct of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) in Vitro: REV1 inserts dC opposite the lesion, and DNA polymerase kappa potentially catalyzes extension reaction from the 3’-dC terminus. (PMID:19628463)
• results suggested that amino acids at distinct positions in the active sites of Poleta and Polkappa might enhance 8-oxo-dGTP to favor the syn conformation, and thus direct its misincorporation into DNA. (PMID:19939936)
• The expression of Pol kappa (and Pol iota) is deregulated in gliomas, and upregulation of Pol kappa is associated with poorer prognosis in glioma patients. (PMID:20164241)
• the substitution of alanine for phenylalanine 171 (F171), an amino acid conserved between Pol kappa and its bacterial counterpart Escherichia coli DinB, enhanced the efficiencies of dCMP incorporation opposite (-)- and (+)-trans-anti-BPDE-N(2)-dG 18-fold (PMID:21078407)
• in mammalian cells, both polymerases kappa and iota are necessary for the error-free bypass of N(2)-CEdG and N(2)-CMdG. (PMID:21454642)
• show that the loss of USP1 leads to a dramatic reduction of replication fork speed in a Polkappa-dependent manner (PMID:22157819)
• transcriptional activities of the POLK promoter regions -336/+437 and +20/+437 were significantly reduced by BPDE treatment, indicating that transcription factors in these regions may regulate the transcription of human POLK gene in response to BPDE. (PMID:22227292)
• Data suggest that DNA polymerase kappa (pol kappa) partially protects cells from the mismatch repair (MMR)-dependent cytotoxicity. (PMID:22487424)
• Molecular dynamics simulations show that the near error-free incorporation of dCTP opposite the major benzo[a]pyrene-derived dG lesion is compatible with the Water Mediated and Substrate Assisted (WMSA) mechanism, allowing for an essentially undisturbed pentacovalent phosphorane transition state, and explaining the bypass of this lesion with little mutation by Pol kappa. (PMID:22772988)
• Data indicate that small molecule library screens targeting DNA polymerase kappa would initiate the development of new adjunct cancer therapeutics. (PMID:23056190)
• The results show that hPolkappa uses a classical Streisinger template-slippage mechanism to generate -1 deletions in repetitive sequences. (PMID:23558743)
• Pol eta and Pol kappa are involved in redundant pathways for homologous recombination. (PMID:23731732)
• DNA polymerase kappa-dependent DNA synthesis at stalled replication forks is important for CHK1 activation. (PMID:23799366)
• DNA polymerase kappa rs5744724 polymorphism is associated with lung cancer. (PMID:24012694)

Cross-species orthologs

5 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	polk	ENSDARG00000059963
mus_musculus	Polk	ENSMUSG00000021668
rattus_norvegicus	Polk	ENSRNOG00000060626
drosophila_melanogaster	eco	FBGN0035766
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00017696

Paralogs (5): POLI (ENSG00000101751), REV1 (ENSG00000135945), ESCO1 (ENSG00000141446), POLH (ENSG00000170734), ESCO2 (ENSG00000171320)

Protein

Protein identifiers

DNA polymerase kappa — Q9UBT6 (reviewed: Q9UBT6)

Alternative names: DINB protein

All UniProt accessions (5): D6R9M8, D6RAE5, D6RAI7, D6RDX9, Q9UBT6

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. DNA polymerase specifically involved in DNA repair. Plays an important role in translesion synthesis, where the normal high-fidelity DNA polymerases cannot proceed and DNA synthesis stalls. Depending on the context, it inserts the correct base, but causes frequent base transitions, transversions and frameshifts. Lacks 3’-5’ proofreading exonuclease activity. Forms a Schiff base with 5’-deoxyribose phosphate at abasic sites, but does not have lyase activity.

Subunit / interactions. Interacts with REV1. Forms a quaternary complex with REV1, MAD2L2 and REV3L, where REV3L-bound MAD2L2 and POLK are able to bind simultaneously to REV1 forming the stable translesion synthesis (TLS) machinery therefore bridging the inserter and extender polymerases. Interacts with PCNA.

Subcellular location. Nucleus.

Tissue specificity. Detected at low levels in testis, spleen, prostate and ovary. Detected at very low levels in kidney, colon, brain, heart, liver, lung, placenta, pancreas and peripheral blood leukocytes.

Cofactor. Divalent metal cations. Prefers Mg(2+), but can also use Mn(2+).

Domain organisation. The catalytic core consists of fingers, palm and thumb subdomains, but the fingers and thumb subdomains are much smaller than in high-fidelity polymerases; residues from five sequence motifs of the Y-family cluster around an active site cleft that can accommodate DNA and nucleotide substrates with relaxed geometric constraints, with consequently higher rates of misincorporation and low processivity.

Miscellaneous. May be produced at very low levels due to a premature stop codon in the mRNA, leading to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay.

Similarity. Belongs to the DNA polymerase type-Y family.

Isoforms (8)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q9UBT6-1	1	yes
Q9UBT6-2	2
Q9UBT6-3	3
Q9UBT6-4	4
Q9UBT6-5	5
Q9UBT6-6	6
Q9UBT6-7	7
Q9UBT6-8	8

RefSeq proteins (13): NP_001332850, NP_001332851, NP_001374039, NP_001374040, NP_001374042, NP_001382822, NP_001382823, NP_001382826, NP_001382828, NP_001382829, NP_001382830, NP_001382831, NP_057302* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001126	UmuC	Domain
IPR006642	Rad18_UBZ4	Domain
IPR017961	DNA_pol_Y-fam_little_finger	Domain
IPR022880	DNApol_IV	Family
IPR024728	PolY_HhH_motif	Conserved_site
IPR036775	DNA_pol_Y-fam_lit_finger_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR043128	Rev_trsase/Diguanyl_cyclase	Homologous_superfamily
IPR043502	DNA/RNA_pol_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR050116	DNA_polymerase-Y	Family

Pfam: PF00817, PF11798, PF11799

Enzyme classification (BRENDA):

• EC 2.7.7.7 — DNA-directed DNA polymerase (BRENDA: 139 organisms, 372 substrates, 325 inhibitors, 281 Km, 239 kcat entries)

Substrate kinetics (BRENDA)

52 substrates with measured Km, best-characterized 15. Km ranges are aggregated across organisms/conditions.

Substrate	Km (mM)	Measurements
DATP	0.0003–3.2	52
DCTP	0.0001–2.5	46
DTTP	0.0003–47.4	46
DGTP	0.0002–2.5	29
DEOXYNUCLEOSIDE TRIPHOSPHATE	0.0012–0.64	12
DNAN	—	7
7-DEAZA-2’-DEOXYADENOSINE 5’-TRIPHOSPHATE	0.0011–0.344	5
N1-METHYL-2’-DEOXYADENOSINE 5’-TRIPHOSPHATE	0.223–0.403	5
2-AMINOPURINE-2’-DEOXY-D-RIBOSE 5’-TRIPHOSPHATE	0.006–0.0144	2
2-THIO-DCTP	0.067–0.98	2
5-METHYL-DCTP	0.013–1.22	2
DAMP:DG	1.153–1.42	2
DCMP:DG	—	2
DGMP:DG	0.263–0.3511	2
DTMP:DG	1.26–1.43	2

Catalyzed reactions (Rhea), 1 shown:

• DNA(n) + a 2’-deoxyribonucleoside 5’-triphosphate = DNA(n+1) + diphosphate (RHEA:22508)

UniProt features (82 total): helix 23, strand 15, binding site 11, splice variant 10, sequence conflict 6, sequence variant 5, turn 5, zinc finger region 2, mutagenesis site 2, chain 1, domain 1, region of interest 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

19 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
6CST	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2
1T94	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.4
5W2C	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.5
4U6P	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.59
4BA9	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.73
4U7C	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.8
6BRX	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.8
5W2A	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.9
5T14	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	3
2OH2	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	3.05
6BS1	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	3.15
2W7O	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	3.16
3IN5	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	3.2
4GK5	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	3.21
3PZP	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	3.34
7NV0	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.4
2W7P	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	3.71
7NV1	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	6.4
2LSI	SOLUTION NMR

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q9UBT6-F1	70.62	0.49

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (11): 642; 646; 779; 782; 797; 801; 107; 198; 199; 624; 627

Mutagenesis-validated functional residues (2):

Position	Phenotype
198	loss of dna polymerase activity; when associated with a-199.
199	loss of dna polymerase activity; when associated with d-198.

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

7 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-5655862	Translesion synthesis by POLK
R-HSA-5656169	Termination of translesion DNA synthesis
R-HSA-5685942	HDR through Homologous Recombination (HRR)
R-HSA-5696397	Gap-filling DNA repair synthesis and ligation in GG-NER
R-HSA-5696400	Dual Incision in GG-NER
R-HSA-6782135	Dual incision in TC-NER
R-HSA-6782210	Gap-filling DNA repair synthesis and ligation in TC-NER

MSigDB gene sets: 394 (showing top): GOBP_DNA_TEMPLATED_DNA_REPLICATION_MAINTENANCE_OF_FIDELITY, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_DOUBLE_STRAND_BREAK_REPAIR, GOBP_RNA_TEMPLATED_DNA_BIOSYNTHETIC_PROCESS, RNGTGGGC_UNKNOWN, RRAGTTGT_UNKNOWN, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_DNA_RECOMBINATION, KANG_DOXORUBICIN_RESISTANCE_UP, GOBP_CELLULAR_RESPONSE_TO_UV, TGCACTT_MIR519C_MIR519B_MIR519A, GOBP_CELLULAR_RESPONSE_TO_LIGHT_STIMULUS, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_DNA_REPAIR, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_DNA_RECOMBINATION, GRAESSMANN_APOPTOSIS_BY_DOXORUBICIN_UP, GEORGES_CELL_CYCLE_MIR192_TARGETS, GRAESSMANN_RESPONSE_TO_MC_AND_DOXORUBICIN_UP

GO Biological Process (8): DNA replication (GO:0006260), DNA repair (GO:0006281), nucleotide-excision repair, DNA gap filling (GO:0006297), DNA damage response (GO:0006974), translesion synthesis (GO:0019985), cellular response to UV (GO:0034644), error-prone translesion synthesis (GO:0042276), DNA biosynthetic process (GO:0071897)

GO Molecular Function (8): damaged DNA binding (GO:0003684), DNA-directed DNA polymerase activity (GO:0003887), zinc ion binding (GO:0008270), DNA binding (GO:0003677), transferase activity (GO:0016740), nucleotidyltransferase activity (GO:0016779), DNA polymerase activity (GO:0034061), metal ion binding (GO:0046872)

GO Cellular Component (4): nucleus (GO:0005634), nucleoplasm (GO:0005654), nuclear body (GO:0016604), site of DNA damage (GO:0090734)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-4 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Translesion synthesis by Y family DNA polymerases bypasses lesions on DNA template	2
Global Genome Nucleotide Excision Repair (GG-NER)	2
Transcription-Coupled Nucleotide Excision Repair (TC-NER)	2
HDR through Homologous Recombination (HRR) or Single Strand Annealing (SSA)	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
DNA metabolic process	4
DNA biosynthetic process	2
cellular anatomical structure	2
DNA damage response	1
nucleotide-excision repair	1
cellular response to stress	1
DNA damage tolerance	1
DNA synthesis involved in DNA replication	1
response to UV	1
cellular response to light stimulus	1
translesion synthesis	1
nucleic acid biosynthetic process	1
DNA binding	1
DNA polymerase activity	1
transition metal ion binding	1
nucleic acid binding	1
catalytic activity	1
transferase activity, transferring phosphorus-containing groups	1
nucleotidyltransferase activity	1
catalytic activity, acting on DNA	1
cation binding	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1
nuclear lumen	1
nucleoplasm	1
intracellular membraneless organelle	1
chromosome	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1302 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
POLK	POLL	Q9UGP5	754
POLK	REV3L	O60673	717
POLK	POLM	Q9NP87	644
POLK	RAD51	Q06609	605
POLK	POLQ	O75417	586
POLK	POLH	Q9Y253	577
POLK	POLN	Q7Z5Q5	559
POLK	POLD2	P49005	555
POLK	MAD2L2	Q9UI95	514
POLK	REV1	Q9UBZ9	463
POLK	RAD18	Q9NS91	446
POLK	POLD1	P28340	433
POLK	POLI	Q9UNA4	420
POLK	CLPB	Q9H078	408
POLK	UNG	P13051	399

IntAct

22 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
PARVG	LIMS1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
SPART	ITCH	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
KCTD17	CBX4	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
POLK	HSP90B1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
POLK	HSPA5	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
POLK	LMNA	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
POLK	H3-4	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
DTD1	POLK	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
KCTD2	POLK	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
Rhoa	CLK2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
Kctd5		psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
POLK	TIA1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
KCTD17	CBX4	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
RBM39	RPS3A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
KCTD17	PXDNL	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
SLC1A3	DDX11L8	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
POLK		psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000

BioGRID (549): POLK (Affinity Capture-MS), POLK (Affinity Capture-MS), H3F3A (Affinity Capture-MS), RAD51 (Affinity Capture-MS), RBM4 (Affinity Capture-MS), STAT6 (Affinity Capture-MS), TIA1 (Affinity Capture-MS), UBE2V2 (Affinity Capture-MS), PIAS1 (Affinity Capture-MS), NOLC1 (Affinity Capture-MS), SRA1 (Affinity Capture-MS), CD2BP2 (Affinity Capture-MS), APOL2 (Affinity Capture-MS), RPAP1 (Affinity Capture-MS), KCTD5 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A1P8ASY1, A3EWL3, A4PBL4, B9EUM5, B9FL70, B9G8P1, F4HZF0, F4I9Q5, F4IL57, F4J2M6, F4JAA5, L0N7N1, O09053, O70445, O81635, O93530, P35251, P39875, P45951, Q0IMS9, Q0PCS3, Q10MN5, Q14191, Q3YK19, Q5SXJ3, Q6JDV7, Q6P158, Q7X7H4, Q7Y1C4, Q7Y1C5, Q803U7, Q8L7Y8, Q8L840, Q8W1Y3, Q941I6, Q99728, Q9C6G0, Q9FT70, Q9FT72, Q9I920

Diamond homologs: A0AK80, A0KHD5, A0KTR5, A0Q6K9, A1A7U2, A1KUQ3, A1U339, A1WY69, A2RNH9, A3N148, A4TPK8, A4W6W8, A5FSS1, A5IH02, A6W1V6, A7FLI9, A7MEN4, A7NC07, A7ZHZ2, A7ZWJ6, A8AKQ2, A8FYV3, A9MNS1, A9MY13, B0BPX9, B0TZS5, B1AJ79, B1J100, B1KD33, B1YK83, B2FLR2, B2SH34, B2U3S3, B4SIF5, B8DBV7, B8F542, B8FBE8, C1KWR9, O74944, P34409

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Cancer significance

From intOGen — cancer-driver classification: loss-of-function (tumor-suppressor-like) across 3 cancer types — LUSC, MEL, UCEC.

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

138 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	19
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	93
Likely benign	8
Benign	1

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (19)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
190430	NM_016218.6(POLK):c.*66T>C	Pathogenic
218216	NM_016218.6(POLK):c.1256A>G (p.Glu419Gly)	Pathogenic
218217	NM_016218.6(POLK):c.1284G>A (p.Ala428=)	Pathogenic
218218	NM_016218.6(POLK):c.1324C>T (p.Leu442Phe)	Pathogenic
218219	NM_016218.6(POLK):c.1289A>G (p.Glu430Gly)	Pathogenic
218220	NM_016218.6(POLK):c.1341G>A (p.Gln447=)	Pathogenic
218221	NM_016218.6(POLK):c.1345G>A (p.Glu449Lys)	Pathogenic
218222	NM_016218.6(POLK):c.2033C>T (p.Ser678Phe)	Pathogenic
218223	NM_016218.6(POLK):c.2192T>A (p.Leu731His)	Pathogenic
218224	NM_016218.6(POLK):c.1582A>T (p.Ser528Cys)	Pathogenic
218225	NM_016218.6(POLK):c.1652A>T (p.Asp551Val)	Pathogenic
218226	NM_016218.6(POLK):c.1692G>A (p.Lys564=)	Pathogenic
218227	NM_016218.6(POLK):c.1741G>A (p.Asp581Asn)	Pathogenic
218228	NM_016218.6(POLK):c.1381A>G (p.Lys461Glu)	Pathogenic
218229	NM_016218.6(POLK):c.1460T>C (p.Ile487Thr)	Pathogenic
218230	NM_016218.6(POLK):c.464T>C (p.Phe155Ser)	Pathogenic
218232	NM_016218.6(POLK):c.461G>A (p.Gly154Glu)	Pathogenic
218233	NM_016218.6(POLK):c.512T>C (p.Phe171Ser)	Pathogenic
218235	NM_016218.6(POLK):c.2598T>G (p.Asp866Glu)	Pathogenic

SpliceAI

5634 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
3:121432913:AATAC:A	donor_loss	1.0000
3:121432914:ATAC:A	donor_loss	1.0000
3:121432915:TA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
3:121432916:AC:A	donor_loss	1.0000
3:121432917:C:CA	donor_loss	1.0000
3:121433029:CAATC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:121433034:CTA:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:121433037:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:121433040:CA:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:121433041:A:AC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:121433041:A:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:121439990:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
3:121439991:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
3:121440114:TCC:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:121440115:CC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:121440115:CCC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:121440116:CC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:121440116:CCTA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
3:121440117:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:121449310:ATTAC:A	donor_loss	1.0000
3:121449311:TTAC:T	donor_loss	1.0000
3:121449312:TAC:T	donor_loss	1.0000
3:121449313:A:T	donor_loss	1.0000
3:121449314:CCTG:C	donor_loss	1.0000
3:121467639:CT:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:121467641:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:121468301:CTA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
3:121468303:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
3:121468303:A:AT	donor_loss	1.0000
3:121468303:ACCTG:A	donor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

5838 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
5:75569470:C:A	A129D	0.998
5:75573772:T:A	V148D	0.998
5:75573799:C:A	A157D	0.998
5:75581442:A:C	S310R	0.998
5:75581444:T:A	S310R	0.998
5:75581444:T:G	S310R	0.998
5:75593888:T:A	V456D	0.998
5:75547097:A:C	K25N	0.997
5:75547097:A:T	K25N	0.997
5:75573749:T:A	N140K	0.997
5:75573749:T:G	N140K	0.997
5:75573820:T:C	L164P	0.997
5:75581440:C:A	A309D	0.997
5:75583328:A:C	S324R	0.997
5:75583330:T:A	S324R	0.997
5:75583330:T:G	S324R	0.997
5:75593914:T:C	F465L	0.997
5:75593916:T:A	F465L	0.997
5:75593916:T:G	F465L	0.997
5:75594044:T:C	L508P	0.997
5:75569424:G:C	A114P	0.996
5:75573760:G:C	R144T	0.996
5:75573769:G:A	G147D	0.996
5:75581407:G:C	R298P	0.996
5:75581434:T:C	L307P	0.996
5:75583299:C:A	A314D	0.996
5:75593904:G:C	K461N	0.996
5:75593904:G:T	K461N	0.996
5:75547096:A:T	K25I	0.995
5:75569404:A:C	D107A	0.995

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000005055 (5:75577076 A>T), RS1000017307 (5:75554545 G>C), RS1000071936 (5:75546782 C>T), RS1000151374 (5:75539648 G>A), RS1000174675 (5:75543932 C>A), RS1000192902 (5:75554776 G>A), RS1000228553 (5:75586486 A>T), RS1000245773 (5:75593627 T>G), RS1000275099 (5:75545511 A>G), RS1000387704 (5:75541310 A>AAAAAAC), RS1000465316 (5:75598751 T>C), RS1000522047 (5:75605832 G>A,C), RS1000541015 (5:75557923 G>T), RS1000578566 (5:75558467 C>G,T), RS1000702303 (5:75520481 A>C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:605650 | disease phenotypes: MIM:616351

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (3): prostate cancer (MONDO:0008315), intellectual disability, autosomal dominant 34 (MONDO:0014599), intellectual disability (MONDO:0001071)

Orphanet (2): Familial prostate cancer (Orphanet:1331), NON RARE IN EUROPE: Unexplained intellectual disability (Orphanet:319658)

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

4 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST007293_121	Body fat distribution (arm fat ratio)	2.000000e-10
GCST007293_23	Body fat distribution (arm fat ratio)	3.000000e-18
GCST007293_49	Body fat distribution (arm fat ratio)	1.000000e-14
GCST007295_54	Body fat distribution (leg fat ratio)	6.000000e-06

EFO canonical traits (1, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0004341	body fat distribution

MeSH disease descriptors (2)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D008607	Intellectual Disability	C10.597.606.360; C23.888.592.604.646; F01.700.687; F03.625.539
D011471	Prostatic Neoplasms	C04.588.945.440.770; C12.100.500.260.750; C12.100.500.565.625; C12.200.294.260.750; C12.200.294.565.625; C12.200.758.409.750; C12.900.619.750

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (1): CHEMBL5365 (SINGLE PROTEIN)

Molecules with ChEMBL bioactivity

1 molecules (phase ≥1), by development phase (incl. off-target/promiscuous compounds). Patent mentions across the top 20 by phase: 11,194 (via chembl_molecule»patent_compound — counts attach to the compound, not the gene–compound relationship, so off-target/promiscuous molecules can dominate).

Molecule	Name	Phase	Patents
CHEMBL1014	CANDESARTAN CILEXETIL	4	11,194

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

ChEMBL bioactivities

8 potent at pChembl≥5 of 16 total, top 8 by pChembl (potency: 10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM).

pChembl	Type	Value	Unit	Molecule
5.47	IC50	3400	nM	MANOALIDE
5.25	IC50	5600	nM	MANOALIDE
5.25	IC50	5600	nM	CANDESARTAN CILEXETIL
5.25	IC50	5600	nM	CHEMBL3960997
5.17	IC50	6800	nM	CHEMBL1917196
5.09	IC50	8100	nM	CHEMBL1917198
5.04	IC50	9200	nM	CANDESARTAN CILEXETIL
5.01	Ki	9850	nM	PINOPHILIN A

PubChem BioAssay actives

8 with measured affinity, of 993 total; 6 most potent distinct compounds. Largely complementary to BindingDB; screening values are coarse (µM, 4 dp), so sub-nM hits tie at the floor.

Compound	Assay	Type	Value	Unit
(2R)-2-hydroxy-3-[(2R,6R)-6-hydroxy-5-[(E)-4-methyl-6-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)hex-3-enyl]-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-2H-furan-5-one	1315755: Inhibition of human DNA polymerase kappa (19 to 526 residues) preincubated for 15 mins followed by replicating non-damaged DNA substrate addition measured after 30 mins in presence of dCTP and dGTP by radioactive gel-based primer extension assay	ic50	3.4000	uM
3-[3-tert-butylsulfanyl-1-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-5-propan-2-yl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid	1315756: Inhibition of human DNA polymerase kappa (19 to 526 residues)-mediated TLS past acrolein derived ring-opened reduced form of gamma-HOPdG lesions preincubated for 15 mins followed by DNA substrate addition measured after 30 mins in presence of dCTP and dGTP by radioactive gel-based primer extension assay	ic50	5.6000	uM
Candesartan Cilexetil	1315756: Inhibition of human DNA polymerase kappa (19 to 526 residues)-mediated TLS past acrolein derived ring-opened reduced form of gamma-HOPdG lesions preincubated for 15 mins followed by DNA substrate addition measured after 30 mins in presence of dCTP and dGTP by radioactive gel-based primer extension assay	ic50	5.6000	uM
(5,8-dioxonaphthalen-1-yl) dodecanoate	627964: Inhibition of C-terminal His6-tagged human DNA polymerase kappa (amino acids 1 to 560) using poly(dA)/oligo(dT)18 (A/T = 2/1) and dTTP as the DNA template-primer and nucleotide substrate after 60 mins	ic50	6.8000	uM
(5,8-dioxonaphthalen-1-yl) (Z)-octadec-9-enoate	627964: Inhibition of C-terminal His6-tagged human DNA polymerase kappa (amino acids 1 to 560) using poly(dA)/oligo(dT)18 (A/T = 2/1) and dTTP as the DNA template-primer and nucleotide substrate after 60 mins	ic50	8.1000	uM
[(7S,8S,8aS)-8-hydroxy-7-methyl-6-oxo-3-[(E)-prop-1-enyl]-8,8a-dihydro-1H-isochromen-7-yl] 2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoate	654367: Competitive inhibition of human C-terminal-His6-tagged DNA polymerase kappa expressed in Escherichia coli using dTTP as substrate by Dixon plot analysis	ki	9.8500	uM

CTD chemical–gene interactions

42 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
2’-deoxycytidine 5’-triphosphate	increases reaction, increases stability, affects binding, decreases reaction	2
Hydrogen Peroxide	decreases response to substance, increases expression, decreases reaction	2
7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide	affects expression, decreases reaction, increases mutagenesis	2
N6-(2-hydroxy-3-buten-1-yl)-2’-deoxyadenosine	decreases activity	1
N(2)-furfuryl-deoxyguanosine	increases reaction, increases stability	1
N-(2’-deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-3-aminobenzanthrone	affects binding, decreases reaction	1
TAK-243	increases sumoylation	1
triphenyl phosphate	affects expression	1
diepoxybutane	affects binding, decreases activity	1
trichostatin A	affects expression, decreases reaction	1
tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate	increases expression	1
sodium arsenite	increases expression	1
2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine	affects activity	1
2’-deoxyadenosine	affects binding, decreases activity	1
MK-886	decreases activity	1
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid	decreases expression	1
N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine	affects activity	1
TDO inhibitor LM10	decreases expression	1
abrine	increases expression	1
2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenolimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine-DNA adduct	affects activity	1
2-methyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid (2-methyl-4-o-tolylazophenyl)amide	decreases expression	1
bisphenol S	increases methylation	1
jinfukang	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Irinotecan	decreases expression	1
Resveratrol	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Benzene	affects expression	1
Cisplatin	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Clorgyline	increases expression	1
Deoxyadenosines	decreases activity	1
Doxorubicin	decreases expression	1

ChEMBL screening assays

22 unique, capped per target: 20 binding, 2 functional

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL1023118	Binding	Inhibition of human DNA polymerase kappa	Penicilliols A and B, novel inhibitors specific to mammalian Y-family DNA polymerases. — Bioorg Med Chem
CHEMBL1794536	Functional	PUBCHEM_BIOASSAY: qHTS for Inhibitors of Polymerase Kappa. (Class of assay: confirmatory) [Related pubchem assays (depositor defined):AID588638]	PubChem BioAssay data set

Cellosaurus cell lines

15 cell lines: 14 cancer cell line, 1 transformed cell line

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

Cellosaurus	Name	Category	Sex
CVCL_4W26	293 TRE/FLAG-POLK	Transformed cell line	Female
CVCL_4W71	POLK F171A MSH-	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_4W72	POLK KO hetero MSH-	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_4W73	POLK KO homo MSH-	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_JG97	POLK KO-POLH-/-	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_JG98	POLZ Y2779F-POLK+/-	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_JH00	POLK KO-CD comp	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_JH01	POLK CD	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_JH02	POLK CD MSH-	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_JH03	POLK SG MSH-	Cancer cell line	Male

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

300 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00029224	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treatment With Zoledronic Acid in Patients With Breast Cancer, Multiple Myeloma, and Prostate Cancer With Cancer Related Bone Lesions
NCT00035997	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Open-label Trial on the Effect of I.V. Zoledronic Acid 4 mg on Bone Density in Hormone Sensitive Prostate Cancer Patients With Bone Metastasis
NCT00063609	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Effect of Zoledronic Acid on Bone Loss in Prostate Cancer Patients Undergoing Androgen Deprivation Therapy
NCT00103623	PHASE4	SUSPENDED	The Plenaxis® Experience Study
NCT00106392	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Safety and Efficacy Study of Prograf in the Prevention of Erectile Dysfunction After Radical Prostatectomy
NCT00185029	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	MR-Lymphography and Lymph Node Staging in Prostate Cancer
NCT00199485	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Angelica Sinensis for the Treatment of Hot Flashes in Men Undergoing LHRH Therapy for Prostate Cancer
NCT00219219	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Zoledronic Acid in the Prevention of Skeletal-related Events in Hormone Refractory and Hormone-sensitive Prostate Cancer Patients With Bone Metastases
NCT00219271	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect Of Zoledronic Acid On Circulating And Bone Marrow-Residing Prostate Cancer Cells In Patients With Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer
NCT00237146	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study to Evaluate Zoledronic Acid on Quality of Life and Skeletal-related Events as Adjuvant Treatment in Patients With Hormone-naïve Prostate Cancer and Bone Metastasis Who Have Undergone Orchiectomy
NCT00242554	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Open-label Phase IV Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of Zoledronic Acid in Patients With Prostate Cancer and Bone Metastases
NCT00280098	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Docetaxel in the Treatment of Hormone Refractory Prostate Cancer
NCT00293696	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Casodex/Zoladex Biomarkers in Localised Prostate Cancer
NCT00334139	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect of Zoledronic Acid on Bone Metabolism in Patients With Bone Metastasis and Prostate or Breast Cancer
NCT00375765	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effects On Dihydrotestosterone Regulated Gene Expression In Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Or Prostate Cancer
NCT00391690	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Evaluation of Bone Markers as Diagnostic Tools for Early Detection of Bone Metastases in Patients With High Risk Prostate Cancer
NCT00422708	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Local Anesthesia for Prostate Biopsy
NCT00526331	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Evaluation of Arterial Pressure Based Cardiac Output for Goal-Directed Perioperative Therapy
NCT00590213	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Compare the Value of Prophylactic Versus Therapeutic Breast Radiotherapy in CASODEX
NCT00629330	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Dissemination of Prostate Cancer Screening to PCP’s in African American Communities
NCT00771966	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Radical Prostatectomy and Perioperative Fluid Therapy
NCT00805701	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study Assessing The Efficacy And Safety Of Avodart (Dutasteride) At Improving Urinary Symptoms In Men With Prostate Cancer Who Are Undergoing Seed Implantation
NCT00859027	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect Of Risedronate On Bone Mass In Older Men Receiving Neoadjuvant Therapy For Prostate Cancer
NCT00906269	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Can Hyperbaric Oxygen Improve Erectile Function Following Surgery for Prostate Cancer
NCT00953277	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Nerve Reconstruction Using AVANCE in Subjects Who Undergo Robotic Assisted Prostatectomy for Treatment of Prostate Cancer
NCT00982800	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Does Postoperative Gabapentin Reduce Pain, Opioid Consumption and Anxiety and Have a Positive Effect on Health Related Quality of Life After Radical Prostatectomy?
NCT01083199	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Global Performance Evaluation of the AMS CONTINUUM™ Device
NCT01136226	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Evaluate Recovery of Testosterone for Patients Using Eligard
NCT01161563	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Randomized Crossover Trial to Assess the Tolerability of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) Analogue Administration
NCT01230905	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study to Monitor the Effects of Androgen Suppression Treatment on the Heart
NCT01296672	PHASE4	COMPLETED	3 Month Finasteride Challenge Test Can Significantly Improve the Performance of Screening for Prostate Cancer
NCT01365143	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Prospective Randomized Trial Comparing Robotic Versus Open Radical Prostatectomy
NCT01379742	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Comparison of Between ThinSeed™ and OncoSeed™ for Permanent Prostate Brachytherapy
NCT01486563	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Hydroxyethyl Starch and Renal Function After Radical Prostatectomy
NCT01511874	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety Study of ELIGARD 22.5mg With Prostate Cancer
NCT01512472	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Firmagon (Degarelix) Intermittent Therapy
NCT01547416	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Effect of Combined General/Epidural Anesthesia Versus General Anesthesia on Diaphragmatic Function
NCT01571544	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Use of Thermal Suits as Preventing Hypothermia During Surgery
NCT01581749	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Evaluation of Truebeam for Low-Intermediate Risk Prostate Cancer
NCT01649635	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Cabazitaxel Combined With Prednisone and Prophylaxis of Neutropenia Complications in the Treatment of Patients With Metastatic Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer