POLR1F

Summary

POLR1F (RNA polymerase I subunit F, HGNC:18027) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 7p21.1, encoding DNA-directed RNA polymerase I subunit RPA43 (Q3B726). Component of RNA polymerase I (Pol I), a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase which synthesizes ribosomal RNA precursors using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. It is a common-essential gene (DepMap: required in 99.7% of cancer cell lines).

Predicted to be involved in transcription elongation by RNA polymerase I. Predicted to act upstream of or within cellular response to leukemia inhibitory factor. Part of RNA polymerase I complex.

Source: NCBI Gene 221830 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 16
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 56 total
• Cancer dependency (DepMap): dependent in 99.7% of screened cell lines (common-essential)
• MANE Select transcript: NM_001002926

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:18027
Approved symbol	POLR1F
Name	RNA polymerase I subunit F
Location	7p21.1
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	RPA43, A43
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000105849
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	608312
Entrez	221830

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 3 — 2 protein_coding, 1 retained_intron

ENST00000222567, ENST00000462263, ENST00000944637

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_001002926 NM_001002926

CCDS: CCDS34606

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000222567 — 4 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000672579	19700072	19700280
ENSE00000672580	19704779	19704920
ENSE00001141260	19708763	19709037
ENSE00001224707	19695461	19698727

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 263 present calls, max score 92.89.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 24.5170 / max 177.8033, expressed in 1806 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (3 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
82957	23.7041	1805
82956	0.6796	217
82955	0.1334	50

Top tissues by expression

293 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
decidua	UBERON:0002450	92.89	gold quality
calcaneal tendon	UBERON:0003701	90.95	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	89.50	gold quality
secondary oocyte	CL:0000655	89.02	gold quality
adrenal tissue	UBERON:0018303	86.64	gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	86.33	gold quality
endometrium	UBERON:0001295	86.13	gold quality
stromal cell of endometrium	CL:0002255	85.44	gold quality
oocyte	CL:0000023	84.05	gold quality
cauda epididymis	UBERON:0004360	83.60	gold quality
sural nerve	UBERON:0015488	83.13	gold quality
islet of Langerhans	UBERON:0000006	82.84	gold quality
endometrium epithelium	UBERON:0004811	82.15	gold quality
monocyte	CL:0000576	81.26	gold quality
mononuclear cell	CL:0000842	80.98	gold quality
leukocyte	CL:0000738	80.79	gold quality
seminal vesicle	UBERON:0000998	80.62	gold quality
rectum	UBERON:0001052	80.58	gold quality
popliteal artery	UBERON:0002250	80.49	gold quality
tibial artery	UBERON:0007610	80.48	gold quality
tendon	UBERON:0000043	80.17	gold quality
smooth muscle tissue	UBERON:0001135	80.13	gold quality
left uterine tube	UBERON:0001303	79.97	gold quality
uterus	UBERON:0000995	79.65	gold quality
gastrocnemius	UBERON:0001388	79.59	gold quality
muscle of leg	UBERON:0001383	79.52	gold quality
descending thoracic aorta	UBERON:0002345	79.39	gold quality
endothelial cell	CL:0000115	79.35	silver quality
oral cavity	UBERON:0000167	79.34	gold quality
aorta	UBERON:0000947	79.24	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	no	0.00

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): EHMT2, GATA3, MTA3

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

115 targeting POLR1F, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-5692A	100.00	74.40	6850
HSA-LET-7A-3P	100.00	74.03	3932
HSA-LET-7B-3P	100.00	74.08	3913
HSA-LET-7F-1-3P	100.00	74.02	3928
HSA-MIR-98-3P	100.00	74.08	3907
HSA-MIR-8485	100.00	77.57	4731
HSA-MIR-3163	100.00	77.23	8605
HSA-MIR-568	99.98	69.86	2084
HSA-MIR-4775	99.98	75.00	6394
HSA-MIR-12136	99.98	72.81	5713
HSA-MIR-548P	99.98	72.25	3784
HSA-MIR-520D-5P	99.98	73.34	4883
HSA-MIR-524-5P	99.98	73.43	4882
HSA-MIR-548N	99.98	71.94	4170
HSA-MIR-3688-3P	99.97	72.02	2834
HSA-MIR-3148	99.97	75.06	6478
HSA-MIR-3065-5P	99.97	71.56	3281
HSA-MIR-590-3P	99.96	74.34	6478
HSA-MIR-570-3P	99.96	72.41	4910
HSA-MIR-1468-3P	99.96	72.74	3797
HSA-MIR-548AJ-3P	99.96	73.38	5345
HSA-MIR-548X-3P	99.96	73.38	5345
HSA-MIR-128-3P	99.95	71.17	2484
HSA-MIR-216A-3P	99.95	71.19	2505
HSA-MIR-651-3P	99.94	73.48	5177
HSA-MIR-548J-3P	99.94	72.61	4881
HSA-MIR-335-3P	99.93	73.36	4958
HSA-MIR-548AE-3P	99.93	72.66	4867
HSA-MIR-548AH-3P	99.93	72.54	4872
HSA-MIR-548AM-3P	99.93	72.54	4872

Functional genomics

DepMap (CRISPR cell-line fitness): dependent in 99.7% of screened cell lines, common-essential.

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 1)

• describe the localisation and characterisation of the TWIST NEIGHBOR (TWISTNB) gene (PMID:12438708)

Cross-species orthologs

3 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	polr1f	ENSDARG00000024416
mus_musculus	Polr1f	ENSMUSG00000020561
rattus_norvegicus	Polr1f	ENSRNOG00000010750

Paralogs (2): POLR3H (ENSG00000100413), POLR2G (ENSG00000168002)

Protein

Protein identifiers

DNA-directed RNA polymerase I subunit RPA43 — Q3B726 (reviewed: Q3B726)

Alternative names: DNA-directed RNA polymerase I subunit F, Twist neighbor protein

All UniProt accessions (1): Q3B726

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Component of RNA polymerase I (Pol I), a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase which synthesizes ribosomal RNA precursors using the four ribonucleoside triphosphates as substrates. Through its association with RRN3/TIF-IA may be involved in recruitment of Pol I to rDNA promoters.

Subunit / interactions. Component of the RNA polymerase I (Pol I) complex consisting of 13 subunits: a ten-subunit catalytic core composed of POLR1A/RPA1, POLR1B/RPA2, POLR1C/RPAC1, POLR1D/RPAC2, POLR1H/RPA12, POLR2E/RPABC1, POLR2F/RPABC2, POLR2H/RPABC3, POLR2K/RPABC4 and POLR2L/RPABC5; a mobile stalk subunit POLR1F/RPA43 protruding from the core and additional subunits homologous to general transcription factors POLR1E/RPA49 and POLR1G/RPA34. Interacts with RRN3/TIF-IA.

Subcellular location. Nucleus. Nucleolus.

Tissue specificity. Widely expressed. Expressed in all fetal and adult tissues tested, with highest expression in fetal lung, liver, and kidney, and low expression in all adult tissues.

Similarity. Belongs to the eukaryotic RPA43 RNA polymerase subunit family.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_001002926* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR005576	Rpb7-like_N	Domain
IPR036898	RNA_pol_Rpb7-like_N_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR041178	RPA43_OB	Domain
IPR041901	RNAP_I_Rpa43_N	Domain
IPR045113	Rpb7-like	Family

Pfam: PF03876, PF17875

UniProt features (27 total): strand 14, modified residue 5, helix 3, turn 2, chain 1, region of interest 1, compositionally biased region 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

6 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
7OB9	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.7
7VBB	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.81
7VBA	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.89
7VBC	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.01
7OBA	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.1
7OBB	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.3

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q3B726-F1	68.22	0.44

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Post-translational modifications (5): 242, 304, 316, 322, 328

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

11 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-427413	NoRC negatively regulates rRNA expression
R-HSA-5250924	B-WICH complex positively regulates rRNA expression
R-HSA-73762	RNA Polymerase I Transcription Initiation
R-HSA-73772	RNA Polymerase I Promoter Escape
R-HSA-73863	RNA Polymerase I Transcription Termination
R-HSA-212165	Epigenetic regulation of gene expression
R-HSA-5250913	Positive epigenetic regulation of rRNA expression
R-HSA-5250941	Negative epigenetic regulation of rRNA expression
R-HSA-73854	RNA Polymerase I Promoter Clearance
R-HSA-73864	RNA Polymerase I Transcription
R-HSA-74160	Gene expression (Transcription)

MSigDB gene sets: 175 (showing top): BROWNE_HCMV_INFECTION_30MIN_DN, RODRIGUES_THYROID_CARCINOMA_ANAPLASTIC_UP, HORIUCHI_WTAP_TARGETS_DN, GOBP_DNA_TEMPLATED_TRANSCRIPTION_TERMINATION, GOBP_RESPONSE_TO_PEPTIDE, REACTOME_RNA_POLYMERASE_I_TRANSCRIPTION_INITIATION, GOBP_RRNA_TRANSCRIPTION, MILI_PSEUDOPODIA_HAPTOTAXIS_UP, GOBP_DNA_TEMPLATED_TRANSCRIPTION_INITIATION, GARCIA_TARGETS_OF_FLI1_AND_DAX1_DN, GARY_CD5_TARGETS_DN, DEBIASI_APOPTOSIS_BY_REOVIRUS_INFECTION_UP, SCHLOSSER_MYC_TARGETS_AND_SERUM_RESPONSE_UP, GOCC_RNA_POLYMERASE_COMPLEX, FISCHER_DREAM_TARGETS

GO Biological Process (4): DNA-templated transcription initiation (GO:0006352), transcription elongation by RNA polymerase I (GO:0006362), cellular response to leukemia inhibitory factor (GO:1990830), DNA-templated transcription (GO:0006351)

GO Molecular Function (0):

GO Cellular Component (5): nucleoplasm (GO:0005654), RNA polymerase I complex (GO:0005736), DNA-directed RNA polymerase complex (GO:0000428), nucleus (GO:0005634), nucleolus (GO:0005730)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-6 pathways:

Category	Pathways
RNA Polymerase I Promoter Clearance	2
RNA Polymerase I Transcription	2
Gene expression (Transcription)	2
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression	2
Negative epigenetic regulation of rRNA expression	1
Positive epigenetic regulation of rRNA expression	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
RNA biosynthetic process	2
nuclear lumen	2
DNA-templated transcription	1
DNA-templated transcription elongation	1
transcription by RNA polymerase I	1
cellular response to cytokine stimulus	1
response to leukemia inhibitory factor	1
gene expression	1
cellular anatomical structure	1
DNA-directed RNA polymerase complex	1
nucleolus	1
nuclear protein-containing complex	1
RNA polymerase complex	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1
intracellular membraneless organelle	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1824 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
POLR1F	RPA3	P35244	911
POLR1F	POLR1B	Q9H9Y6	818
POLR1F	POLR1C	O15160	817
POLR1F	POLR1H	Q9P1U0	817
POLR1F	RRN3	Q9NYV6	807
POLR1F	DUSP16	Q9BY84	793
POLR1F	IP6K2	Q9UHH9	773
POLR1F	EXT2	Q93063	748
POLR1F	POLR2D	O15514	734
POLR1F	POLR1A	O95602	726
POLR1F	POLR1E	Q9GZS1	710
POLR1F	POLR2L	P52436	665
POLR1F	POLI	Q9UNA4	658
POLR1F	POLR2G	P52433	649
POLR1F	POLR2E	P19388	647

IntAct

35 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
POLR1E	POLR1C	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.670
POLR2L	RCCD1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
POLR2F	POLR3A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
POLR1F	POLR1A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
POLR2L	POLR3A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
YWHAH	BLTP3B	psi-mi:“MI:2364”(proximity)	0.570
POLR1C	POLR3A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
CFTR	POLR1F	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
POLR1F	PPP1CC	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
RSRP1	DMWD	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
TGM2	SRGAP3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
POLR1A	POLR2H	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
ARRB2		psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
MKI67	ARHGAP10	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
ESR1	ESYT2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
POLR1F	POLR1C	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
TGM5	EIF4E2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
SLC13A2	SEC24D	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
NOLC1	HOXB9	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
ZNF23	POLR1F	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
TAF1D		psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
POLR1C	BDP1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
POLR1D	BDP1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
POLR2E	BDP1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
POLR2K	BDP1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
POLR1F	POLR2E	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
POLR1D	POLR3A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
POLR1H	POLR1C	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
POLR1D	RPSA2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (83): POLR1B (Affinity Capture-MS), POLR1A (Affinity Capture-MS), RRN3 (Affinity Capture-MS), POLR1D (Affinity Capture-MS), TWISTNB (Affinity Capture-MS), TWISTNB (Affinity Capture-MS), POLR1D (Co-fractionation), TWISTNB (Co-fractionation), TWISTNB (Co-fractionation), TWISTNB (Co-fractionation), TWISTNB (Proximity Label-MS), TWISTNB (Proximity Label-MS), TWISTNB (Affinity Capture-MS), TWISTNB (Affinity Capture-MS), TWISTNB (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A2A5N8, B2KF05, D3YWQ0, D3ZWK4, E1C2V1, E9Q3C1, F1MAB7, G5E8P1, O43683, O70445, O75164, O75912, O94953, O95696, P0C6P5, P97433, Q08AE8, Q08EN7, Q2KI23, Q3B726, Q3UIR3, Q5RD88, Q5TKR9, Q5U3H9, Q6DJS0, Q6DTM3, Q6P5D3, Q6PDI6, Q6PHG8, Q6ZUJ8, Q71M44, Q78WZ7, Q80U38, Q8BMD7, Q8BRB7, Q8BW72, Q8BZ21, Q8K3E5, Q8K3Y6, Q8NBR6

Diamond homologs: Q3B726, Q6PHG8, Q78WZ7

SIGNOR signaling

1 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
POLR1F	“form complex”	“RNA Polymerase I”	binding

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 40 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
RNA Polymerase III Chain Elongation	8	158.6×	1e-15
Positive epigenetic regulation of rRNA expression	12	129.8×	6e-22
RNA Polymerase III Transcription Termination	8	124.1×	1e-14
RNA Polymerase I Transcription Termination	12	122.4×	9e-22
RNA Polymerase I Promoter Clearance	13	119.0×	6e-23
RNA Polymerase III Transcription Initiation From Type 2 Promoter	9	119.0×	4e-16
FGFR2 mutant receptor activation	5	119.0×	4e-09
RNA Polymerase I Transcription	13	116.0×	6e-23

GO biological processes:

GO term	Partners	Fold	FDR
transcription by RNA polymerase II	6	10.8×	9e-04

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

56 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	49
Likely benign	4
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

555 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
7:19698723:GTAAA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
7:19698724:TAAA:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
7:19698725:AAA:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
7:19698726:AA:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
7:19698728:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
7:19698730:A:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
7:19698735:T:TC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
7:19698740:A:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
7:19700279:CC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
7:19700280:CC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
7:19701107:T:TA	donor_gain	1.0000
7:19701108:C:A	donor_gain	1.0000
7:19701113:T:C	donor_gain	1.0000
7:19704774:CATA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
7:19704775:ATACC:A	donor_loss	1.0000
7:19704776:TACCA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
7:19704777:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
7:19704777:ACCA:A	donor_loss	1.0000
7:19704778:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
7:19704778:C:T	donor_loss	1.0000
7:19698730:A:AC	acceptor_gain	0.9900
7:19698735:T:C	acceptor_gain	0.9900
7:19698739:CAGT:C	acceptor_gain	0.9900
7:19698742:T:C	acceptor_gain	0.9900
7:19698742:T:TC	acceptor_gain	0.9900
7:19700281:C:CC	acceptor_gain	0.9900
7:19700281:C:T	acceptor_gain	0.9900
7:19704919:GG:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
7:19704921:C:CC	acceptor_gain	0.9900
7:19708757:CGGTA:C	donor_loss	0.9900

AlphaMissense

2234 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
7:19700219:G:T	A153D	0.999
7:19700224:G:C	F151L	0.999
7:19700224:G:T	F151L	0.999
7:19700225:A:G	F151S	0.999
7:19700226:A:G	F151L	0.999
7:19700244:A:G	C145R	0.999
7:19700273:A:T	V135D	0.999
7:19704898:A:C	Y93D	0.999
7:19700096:A:T	I194N	0.998
7:19700141:A:G	F179S	0.998
7:19700221:A:C	N152K	0.998
7:19700221:A:T	N152K	0.998
7:19700279:C:T	G133D	0.998
7:19700280:C:G	G133R	0.998
7:19704806:G:C	F123L	0.998
7:19704806:G:T	F123L	0.998
7:19704807:A:G	F123S	0.998
7:19704808:A:G	F123L	0.998
7:19704813:A:T	V121D	0.998
7:19704823:C:G	A118P	0.998
7:19704901:C:G	A92P	0.998
7:19704906:G:T	P90H	0.998
7:19700090:C:T	G196E	0.997
7:19700091:C:G	G196R	0.997
7:19700091:C:T	G196R	0.997
7:19700096:A:G	I194T	0.997
7:19700242:A:C	C145W	0.997
7:19700246:C:T	G144D	0.997
7:19700253:G:C	H142D	0.997
7:19704783:A:G	L131P	0.997

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000016705 (7:19707881 C>G), RS1000137496 (7:19707135 C>T), RS1000270993 (7:19702452 C>G), RS1000315854 (7:19701510 G>T), RS1000347176 (7:19696054 A>G), RS1000399839 (7:19696480 T>A,G), RS1000411297 (7:19696755 G>A), RS1000527783 (7:19708095 A>T), RS1000862720 (7:19696437 A>G), RS1000884182 (7:19696065 G>A), RS1001114367 (7:19702352 A>G), RS1001419417 (7:19695322 A>AT,ATT), RS1002028532 (7:19707955 G>A), RS1002091341 (7:19706765 A>G), RS1002204584 (7:19702248 T>C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:608312 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

16 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST000817_42	Height	9.000000e-10
GCST002633_1	Intracranial aneurysm	2.000000e-06
GCST002633_2	Intracranial aneurysm	5.000000e-06
GCST002633_3	Intracranial aneurysm	1.000000e-09
GCST002702_123	Height	2.000000e-09
GCST003542_47	Night sleep phenotypes	6.000000e-06
GCST005023_17	Initial pursuit acceleration	6.000000e-06
GCST006979_330	Heel bone mineral density	1.000000e-14
GCST007578_5	Plasma homocysteine levels	4.000000e-09
GCST008839_229	Height	6.000000e-10
GCST008839_48	Height	3.000000e-15
GCST008839_599	Height	7.000000e-20
GCST009391_1651	Metabolite levels	8.000000e-07
GCST009723_69	Vertical cup-disc ratio (adjusted for vertical disc diameter)	8.000000e-10
GCST009724_9	Vertical cup-disc ratio (multi-trait analysis)	2.000000e-09
GCST010002_345	Refractive error	2.000000e-09

EFO canonical traits (5, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0008434	initial pursuit acceleration
EFO:0009270	heel bone mineral density
EFO:0004578	homocysteine measurement
EFO:0010469	carnitine measurement
EFO:0006939	cup-to-disc ratio measurement

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

28 total (human), top 28 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
sodium arsenite	increases abundance, increases expression, affects methylation, affects cotreatment	2
Valproic Acid	increases expression	2
FR900359	affects phosphorylation	1
dicrotophos	decreases expression	1
arsenite	affects binding, increases reaction	1
manganese chloride	increases expression, affects cotreatment, increases abundance	1
potassium chromate(VI)	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
coumarin	increases phosphorylation	1
epigallocatechin gallate	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
cylindrospermopsin	increases expression	1
bisphenol S	increases methylation	1
jinfukang	decreases expression	1
Arsenic	increases expression, affects cotreatment, increases abundance	1
Caffeine	decreases phosphorylation	1
Doxorubicin	decreases expression	1
Estradiol	increases expression	1
Manganese	affects cotreatment, increases abundance, increases expression	1
Methyl Methanesulfonate	decreases expression	1
Quercetin	increases phosphorylation	1
Smoke	decreases expression	1
Dronabinol	decreases expression	1
Aflatoxin B1	decreases methylation	1
Aflatoxin M1	decreases expression	1
Sodium Selenite	increases expression	1
Antirheumatic Agents	decreases expression	1
Cadmium Chloride	decreases expression	1
Okadaic Acid	increases expression	1
Lactic Acid	increases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.