PPCS

Summary

PPCS (phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase, HGNC:25686) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 1p34.2, encoding Phosphopantothenate–cysteine ligase (Q9HAB8). Catalyzes the second step in the biosynthesis of coenzyme A from vitamin B5, where cysteine is conjugated to 4’-phosphopantothenate to form 4-phosphopantothenoylcysteine. It is a selective cancer dependency (DepMap: 16.6% of cell lines).

Biosynthesis of coenzyme A (CoA) from pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) is an essential universal pathway in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. PPCS (EC 6.3.2.5), one of the last enzymes in this pathway, converts phosphopantothenate to phosphopantothenoylcysteine (Daugherty et al., 2002 [PubMed 11923312]).

Source: NCBI Gene 79717 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): cardiomyopathy, dilated, 2c (Strong, GenCC) — +1 more curated relationship
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 40 total
• Phenotypes (HPO): 23
• Cancer dependency (DepMap): dependent in 16.6% of screened cell lines
• MANE Select transcript: NM_024664

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:25686
Approved symbol	PPCS
Name	phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase
Location	1p34.2
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	FLJ11838
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000127125
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	609853
Entrez	79717

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 9 — 5 protein_coding, 4 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined

ENST00000372556, ENST00000372560, ENST00000372561, ENST00000372562, ENST00000469615, ENST00000471420, ENST00000472013, ENST00000482168, ENST00000933676

RefSeq mRNA: 7 — MANE Select: NM_024664 NM_001077447, NM_001287506, NM_001287508, NM_001287509, NM_001287510, NM_001287511, NM_024664

CCDS: CCDS41311, CCDS41312

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000372561 — 3 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001901576	42456543	42457073
ENSE00003519305	42459603	42461236
ENSE00003645615	42457247	42457350

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 281 present calls, max score 97.05.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 38.4210 / max 287.8256, expressed in 1824 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (1 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
2457	38.4210	1824

Top tissues by expression

286 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
right adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035827	97.05	gold quality
body of pancreas	UBERON:0001150	97.04	gold quality
right adrenal gland	UBERON:0001233	96.91	gold quality
calcaneal tendon	UBERON:0003701	96.88	gold quality
rectum	UBERON:0001052	96.82	gold quality
mucosa of transverse colon	UBERON:0004991	96.70	gold quality
monocyte	CL:0000576	96.61	gold quality
mononuclear cell	CL:0000842	96.49	gold quality
leukocyte	CL:0000738	96.44	gold quality
left adrenal gland	UBERON:0001234	96.38	gold quality
left adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035825	96.16	gold quality
adrenal tissue	UBERON:0018303	96.04	gold quality
body of stomach	UBERON:0001161	96.02	gold quality
metanephros cortex	UBERON:0010533	96.02	gold quality
gall bladder	UBERON:0002110	95.98	gold quality
tendon	UBERON:0000043	95.79	gold quality
transverse colon	UBERON:0001157	95.79	gold quality
minor salivary gland	UBERON:0001830	95.72	gold quality
right coronary artery	UBERON:0001625	95.47	gold quality
small intestine Peyer’s patch	UBERON:0003454	95.41	gold quality
pancreas	UBERON:0001264	95.39	gold quality
granulocyte	CL:0000094	95.35	gold quality
adrenal cortex	UBERON:0001235	95.35	gold quality
adrenal gland	UBERON:0002369	95.33	gold quality
olfactory segment of nasal mucosa	UBERON:0005386	95.30	gold quality
saliva-secreting gland	UBERON:0001044	95.25	gold quality
skin of abdomen	UBERON:0001416	95.04	gold quality
adult mammalian kidney	UBERON:0000082	95.00	gold quality
left coronary artery	UBERON:0001626	94.96	gold quality
esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0002469	94.90	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-CURD-10	no	496.16
E-ANND-3	no	0.00

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

69 targeting PPCS, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-340-5P	100.00	72.50	4437
HSA-MIR-574-5P	100.00	66.01	989
HSA-MIR-32-5P	99.98	75.21	1964
HSA-MIR-92A-3P	99.98	75.21	1960
HSA-MIR-92B-3P	99.98	75.25	1955
HSA-MIR-25-3P	99.98	74.60	1817
HSA-MIR-363-3P	99.98	74.72	1821
HSA-MIR-367-3P	99.98	74.83	1819
HSA-MIR-607	99.97	73.62	5593
HSA-MIR-507	99.97	70.11	1915
HSA-MIR-551B-5P	99.96	71.28	3493
HSA-MIR-9-3P	99.96	70.88	2068
HSA-MIR-9983-3P	99.94	71.48	3631
HSA-MIR-548AR-5P	99.94	71.28	3515
HSA-MIR-141-3P	99.94	72.79	2421
HSA-MIR-200A-3P	99.94	72.68	2420
HSA-MIR-8063	99.91	69.76	3146
HSA-MIR-129-5P	99.88	70.26	3273
HSA-MIR-137-3P	99.87	74.74	2401
HSA-MIR-4698	99.84	71.41	4303
HSA-MIR-4639-5P	99.81	67.37	1028
HSA-MIR-489-3P	99.80	66.46	839
HSA-MIR-204-5P	99.79	71.62	2439
HSA-MIR-211-5P	99.79	71.65	2440
HSA-MIR-320A-3P	99.77	69.73	2107
HSA-MIR-320B	99.77	69.73	2107
HSA-MIR-320C	99.77	69.73	2107
HSA-MIR-320D	99.77	69.73	2107
HSA-MIR-4429	99.77	69.62	2111
HSA-MIR-7856-5P	99.75	69.99	2901

Functional genomics

DepMap (CRISPR cell-line fitness): dependent in 16.6% of screened cell lines.

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 2)

• Oxygen transfer studies found that 18O from [carboxyl-18O] phosphopantothenate is incorporated into AMP or CMP produced during PPCS catalysis, consistent with the formation of a phosphopantothenoyl cytidylate or phosphopantothenoyl adenylate intermediate (PMID:19683078)
• Exome sequencing in five individuals from two unrelated families presenting with dilated cardiomyopathy revealed biallelic mutations in PPCS. (PMID:29754768)

Cross-species orthologs

5 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	ppcs	ENSDARG00000061889
mus_musculus	Ppcs	ENSMUSG00000028636
rattus_norvegicus	Ppcs	ENSRNOG00000008572
drosophila_melanogaster	Ppcs	FBGN0261285
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00022171

Paralogs (4): CNIH1 (ENSG00000100528), CNIH4 (ENSG00000143771), CNIH3 (ENSG00000143786), CNIH2 (ENSG00000174871)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Phosphopantothenate–cysteine ligase — Q9HAB8 (reviewed: Q9HAB8)

Alternative names: Phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase

All UniProt accessions (3): Q9HAB8, Q5VVM2, Q5VVM3

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Catalyzes the second step in the biosynthesis of coenzyme A from vitamin B5, where cysteine is conjugated to 4’-phosphopantothenate to form 4-phosphopantothenoylcysteine. Has a preference for ATP over CTP as a cosubstrate.

Subunit / interactions. Homodimer.

Disease relevance. Cardiomyopathy, dilated, 2C (CMD2C) [MIM:618189] A form of dilated cardiomyopathy, a disorder characterized by ventricular dilation and impaired systolic function, resulting in congestive heart failure and arrhythmia. Patients are at risk of premature death. CMD2C is an autosomal recessive form with variable severity and age of onset ranging from 2 to 20 years. Death in infancy or early childhood may occur in severely affected children. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Pathway. Cofactor biosynthesis; coenzyme A biosynthesis; CoA from (R)-pantothenate: step 2/5.

Similarity. Belongs to the PPC synthetase family.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q9HAB8-1	1	yes
Q9HAB8-2	2

RefSeq proteins (7): NP_001070915, NP_001274435, NP_001274437, NP_001274438, NP_001274439, NP_001274440, NP_078940* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR007085	DNA/pantothenate-metab_flavo_C	Domain
IPR035929	CoaB-like_sf	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF04127

Enzyme classification (BRENDA):

• EC 6.3.2.51 — phosphopantothenate-cysteine ligase (ATP) (BRENDA: 9 organisms, 9 substrates, 8 inhibitors, 9 Km, 5 kcat entries)

Substrate kinetics (BRENDA)

4 substrates with measured Km, best-characterized 4. Km ranges are aggregated across organisms/conditions.

Substrate	Km (mM)	Measurements
(R)-4’-PHOSPHOPANTOTHENATE	0.013–0.057	3
L-CYSTEINE	0.014–0.086	3
CTP	0.156–0.265	2
ATP	0.269	1

Catalyzed reactions (Rhea), 2 shown:

• (R)-4’-phosphopantothenate + L-cysteine + CTP = N-[(R)-4-phosphopantothenoyl]-L-cysteine + CMP + diphosphate + H(+) (RHEA:19397)
• (R)-4’-phosphopantothenate + L-cysteine + ATP = N-[(R)-4-phosphopantothenoyl]-L-cysteine + AMP + diphosphate + H(+) (RHEA:25156)

UniProt features (38 total): helix 15, strand 14, sequence variant 3, turn 2, initiator methionine 1, chain 1, modified residue 1, splice variant 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

2 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
7EDZ	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.95
1P9O	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.3

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q9HAB8-F1	93.94	0.85

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Post-translational modifications (1): 2

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

1 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-196783	Coenzyme A biosynthesis

MSigDB gene sets: 179 (showing top): FXR_IR1_Q6, GOBP_CIRCULATORY_SYSTEM_PROCESS, GOBP_COENZYME_A_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GRAESSMANN_APOPTOSIS_BY_DOXORUBICIN_UP, GOBP_ORGANOPHOSPHATE_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_NUCLEOSIDE_PHOSPHATE_BIOSYNTHETIC_PROCESS, GOBP_ACETYL_COA_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_ORGANOPHOSPHATE_BIOSYNTHETIC_PROCESS, MOLENAAR_TARGETS_OF_CCND1_AND_CDK4_UP, GOBP_NUCLEOBASE_CONTAINING_SMALL_MOLECULE_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_SULFUR_COMPOUND_BIOSYNTHETIC_PROCESS, GOBP_AMIDE_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_AMIDE_BIOSYNTHETIC_PROCESS, USF_01, chr1p34

GO Biological Process (3): heart process (GO:0003015), acetyl-CoA biosynthetic process (GO:0006085), coenzyme A biosynthetic process (GO:0015937)

GO Molecular Function (7): phosphopantothenate–cysteine ligase activity (GO:0004632), ATP binding (GO:0005524), identical protein binding (GO:0042802), protein homodimerization activity (GO:0042803), nucleotide binding (GO:0000166), catalytic activity (GO:0003824), ligase activity (GO:0016874)

GO Cellular Component (3): nucleus (GO:0005634), cytoplasm (GO:0005737), cytosol (GO:0005829)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-1 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Vitamin B5 (pantothenate) metabolism	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	2
circulatory system process	1
acetyl-CoA metabolic process	1
acyl-CoA biosynthetic process	1
coenzyme A metabolic process	1
sulfur compound biosynthetic process	1
purine-containing compound biosynthetic process	1
nucleoside phosphate biosynthetic process	1
acid-amino acid ligase activity	1
adenyl ribonucleotide binding	1
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding	1
protein binding	1
identical protein binding	1
protein dimerization activity	1
nucleoside phosphate binding	1
heterocyclic compound binding	1
molecular_function	1
catalytic activity	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1
cytoplasm	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

862 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
PPCS	PPCDC	Q96CD2	957
PPCS	COASY	Q13057	932
PPCS	PANK1	Q8TE04	756
PPCS	PANK2	Q9BZ23	710
PPCS	PANK3	Q9H999	697
PPCS	PANK4	Q9NVE7	639
PPCS	DCAKD	Q8WVC6	502
PPCS	PPAN	Q9NQ55	478
PPCS	GOLPH3	Q9H4A6	399
PPCS	DUX4L2	P0CJ85	399
PPCS	HACL2	A1L0T0	384
PPCS	RBM14	Q96PK6	377
PPCS	A0A0B4J1V8	A0A0B4J1V8	355
PPCS	NUDT8	Q8WV74	344
PPCS	SLC25A42	Q86VD7	329

IntAct

21 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
C5orf46	TMBIM6	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.560
PPCS	PPCS	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
FBXO16	CETN3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
TRMT44	PPCS	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
PPCS	CLOCK	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
BST1	GXYLT2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
PPCS	SCGB2A1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
GXYLT2	HSPA8	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CCR1	UBA6	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
SPRED2	SMCHD1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
MPI	ADA	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
PNPLA4	PCCA	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
GAB2	UBA6	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
MARS2	DDX39A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
NPPB	ACOT7	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
VENTX	UBA6	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
SLC13A4	POLR3A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
PPCS	PPCS	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
PPCS		psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000

BioGRID (67): PPCS (Co-fractionation), PPCS (Co-fractionation), PPCS (Affinity Capture-MS), PPCS (Negative Genetic), PPCS (Positive Genetic), PPCS (Positive Genetic), PPCS (Positive Genetic), PPCS (Positive Genetic), PPCS (Positive Genetic), PPCS (Negative Genetic), PPCS (Positive Genetic), PPCS (Negative Genetic), PPCS (Positive Genetic), PPCS (Negative Genetic), PPCS (Positive Genetic)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A7N9VSG0, A0JNU3, D3ZBP4, D3ZX08, F1MH07, O43542, O55137, O55171, O88202, O88267, P15575, P16444, P22412, P31429, P41226, P43477, Q08DH8, Q0P5I5, Q14CH7, Q2KHY1, Q2V057, Q32Q92, Q3SZM7, Q3UQ84, Q5E9L5, Q5JTZ9, Q5M876, Q5RCH4, Q66KF6, Q68FW7, Q6P3H4, Q6PAY6, Q86U10, Q8K4F6, Q8K4V2, Q8R123, Q8TDZ2, Q8VCZ9, Q8VDG5, Q8VDP3

Diamond homologs: P40506, Q0J7N5, Q69S81, Q8GXR5, Q8VDG5, Q9HAB8, Q9LZM3, Q9USK7

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

40 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	14
Likely benign	21
Benign	3

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

357 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
1:42457241:TTGCA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:42457242:TGCA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:42457243:GCA:G	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:42457244:CAGGC:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:42457245:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:42457245:A:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:42457246:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:42457006:AG:A	donor_gain	0.9900
1:42457069:GCTAG:G	donor_gain	0.9900
1:42457070:C:G	donor_gain	0.9900
1:42457070:CTAGG:C	donor_loss	0.9900
1:42457071:TAGGT:T	donor_loss	0.9900
1:42457072:AGGTG:A	donor_loss	0.9900
1:42457073:GGTG:G	donor_loss	0.9900
1:42457074:G:T	donor_loss	0.9900
1:42457075:T:A	donor_loss	0.9900
1:42457245:AG:A	acceptor_gain	0.9900
1:42457246:GG:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
1:42457246:GGC:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
1:42457246:GGCC:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
1:42457246:GGCCC:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
1:42457105:G:GT	donor_gain	0.9800
1:42456974:G:GT	donor_gain	0.9700
1:42457346:TGCAG:T	donor_loss	0.9700
1:42457347:GCAGG:G	donor_loss	0.9700
1:42457348:CAGGT:C	donor_loss	0.9700
1:42457349:AGG:A	donor_loss	0.9700
1:42457350:GGT:G	donor_loss	0.9700
1:42457351:GTG:G	donor_loss	0.9700
1:42457352:T:A	donor_loss	0.9700

AlphaMissense

1986 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
1:42457010:T:C	F149L	0.997
1:42457012:C:A	F149L	0.997
1:42457012:C:G	F149L	0.997
1:42456742:C:A	N59K	0.996
1:42456742:C:G	N59K	0.996
1:42459678:T:C	F230L	0.994
1:42459680:T:A	F230L	0.994
1:42459680:T:G	F230L	0.994
1:42456746:A:C	S61R	0.993
1:42456748:C:A	S61R	0.993
1:42456748:C:G	S61R	0.993
1:42457286:A:T	D183V	0.993
1:42457288:T:C	F184L	0.993
1:42457290:C:A	F184L	0.993
1:42457290:C:G	F184L	0.993
1:42457286:A:G	D183G	0.992
1:42456747:G:A	S61N	0.991
1:42457323:G:C	K195N	0.991
1:42457323:G:T	K195N	0.991
1:42459683:G:C	K231N	0.991
1:42459683:G:T	K231N	0.991
1:42457286:A:C	D183A	0.990
1:42457287:T:A	D183E	0.990
1:42457287:T:G	D183E	0.990
1:42456731:T:C	F56L	0.988
1:42456733:C:A	F56L	0.988
1:42456733:C:G	F56L	0.988
1:42459718:C:A	A243D	0.988
1:42456693:G:A	G43D	0.987
1:42457285:G:C	D183H	0.987

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000014577 (1:42460994 G>A,T), RS1000283476 (1:42468105 A>C), RS1000397799 (1:42467837 T>C), RS1000445416 (1:42465585 G>A), RS1000546667 (1:42456445 T>C,G), RS1000602498 (1:42463253 G>A), RS1000785852 (1:42461527 G>A), RS1001073181 (1:42469630 G>A), RS1001687464 (1:42468179 G>A), RS1001727637 (1:42462326 A>T), RS1001781918 (1:42462640 G>C), RS1001849529 (1:42471635 C>G,T), RS1001959498 (1:42465292 C>T), RS1001993916 (1:42457501 C>T), RS1002066290 (1:42463426 G>A)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:609853 | disease phenotypes: MIM:618189

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
cardiomyopathy, dilated, 2c	Strong	Autosomal recessive
familial isolated dilated cardiomyopathy	Supportive	Autosomal dominant

Mondo (2): cardiomyopathy, dilated, 2c (MONDO:0032592), (MONDO:0015470)

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

23 total (23 of 23 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0000007	Autosomal recessive inheritance
HP:0000407	Sensorineural hearing impairment
HP:0000969	Edema
HP:0001252	Hypotonia
HP:0001522	Death in infancy
HP:0001635	Congestive heart failure
HP:0001644	Dilated cardiomyopathy
HP:0001727	Thromboembolic stroke
HP:0002092	Pulmonary arterial hypertension
HP:0002151	Increased circulating lactate concentration
HP:0002875	Exertional dyspnea
HP:0003198	Myopathy
HP:0003457	EMG abnormality
HP:0003593	Infantile onset
HP:0003623	Neonatal onset
HP:0003819	Death in childhood
HP:0011463	Childhood onset
HP:0011675	Arrhythmia
HP:0012378	Fatigue
HP:0012664	Reduced left ventricular ejection fraction
HP:0012764	Orthopnea
HP:0025169	Left ventricular systolic dysfunction
HP:0100578	Lipoatrophy

GWAS associations

0 associations (top):

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

26 total (human), top 26 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Valproic Acid	affects expression, decreases expression, decreases methylation	3
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation	2
aristolochic acid I	increases expression	1
dicrotophos	decreases expression	1
triphenyl phosphate	affects expression	1
beta-lapachone	increases expression	1
sodium arsenite	affects methylation	1
cobaltous chloride	decreases expression	1
benzo(e)pyrene	increases methylation	1
di-n-butylphosphoric acid	affects expression	1
jinfukang	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Temozolomide	increases expression	1
Acetaminophen	decreases expression	1
Air Pollutants	decreases expression, increases abundance	1
Cadmium	increases expression	1
Cisplatin	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Ivermectin	decreases expression	1
Methapyrilene	increases methylation	1
Methyl Methanesulfonate	increases expression	1
T-2 Toxin	increases expression	1
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	affects expression	1
Urethane	decreases expression	1
Cadmium Chloride	decreases expression	1
Copper Sulfate	decreases expression	1
Vitamin K 3	affects expression	1
Particulate Matter	decreases expression, increases abundance	1

Cellosaurus cell lines

2 cell lines: 2 induced pluripotent stem cell

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

Cellosaurus	Name	Category	Sex
CVCL_A0TH	MRIi028-A	Induced pluripotent stem cell	Male
CVCL_C0HS	HMGUi003-A	Induced pluripotent stem cell	Female

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.