PROK1

Summary

PROK1 (prokineticin 1, HGNC:18454) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 1p13.3, encoding Prokineticin-1 (P58294). Potently contracts gastrointestinal (GI) smooth muscle.

The protein encoded by this gene induces proliferation, migration, and fenestration (the formation of membrane discontinuities) in capillary endothelial cells derived from endocrine glands. It has little or no effect on a variety of other endothelial and non-endothelial cell types. Its expression is restricted to the steroidogenic glands (ovary, testis, adrenal, and placenta), is induced by hypoxia, and often complementary to the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), suggesting that these molecules function in a coordinated manner.

Source: NCBI Gene 84432 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 1
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 21 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_032414

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:18454
Approved symbol	PROK1
Name	prokineticin 1
Location	1p13.3
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	PK1, PRK1, EGVEGF, EG-VEGF
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000143125
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	606233
Entrez	84432

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 1 — 1 protein_coding

ENST00000271331

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_032414 NM_032414

CCDS: CCDS825

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000271331 — 3 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000958208	110451149	110451288
ENSE00000958210	110456232	110457358
ENSE00001024932	110453961	110454086

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 133 present calls, max score 97.41.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 0.8134 / max 273.2356, expressed in 98 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (3 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
4547	0.6708	92
4548	0.1210	35
4546	0.0216	6

Top tissues by expression

250 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
left ovary	UBERON:0002119	97.41	gold quality
decidua	UBERON:0002450	95.64	gold quality
right ovary	UBERON:0002118	94.49	gold quality
right testis	UBERON:0004534	93.47	gold quality
left testis	UBERON:0004533	92.89	gold quality
testis	UBERON:0000473	91.88	gold quality
ovary	UBERON:0000992	91.49	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	86.22	gold quality
placenta	UBERON:0001987	80.30	gold quality
left adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035825	79.75	gold quality
adult organism	UBERON:0007023	79.41	gold quality
adrenal cortex	UBERON:0001235	77.37	gold quality
left adrenal gland	UBERON:0001234	77.35	gold quality
vagina	UBERON:0000996	76.07	gold quality
cardiac muscle of right atrium	UBERON:0003379	76.05	gold quality
left ventricle myocardium	UBERON:0006566	75.93	gold quality
sperm	CL:0000019	75.83	gold quality
right adrenal gland	UBERON:0001233	75.07	gold quality
kidney epithelium	UBERON:0004819	75.00	gold quality
right adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035827	74.88	gold quality
prostate gland	UBERON:0002367	74.43	gold quality
adrenal gland	UBERON:0002369	71.72	gold quality
endocervix	UBERON:0000458	68.49	gold quality
ectocervix	UBERON:0012249	68.15	gold quality
female reproductive system	UBERON:0000474	67.69	gold quality
uterine cervix	UBERON:0000002	67.64	gold quality
apex of heart	UBERON:0002098	67.64	gold quality
superficial temporal artery	UBERON:0001614	66.27	gold quality
mucosa of stomach	UBERON:0001199	65.79	gold quality
upper arm skin	UBERON:0004263	65.71	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-HCAD-24	yes	423.49
E-ANND-3	no	1.39

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

40 targeting PROK1, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-6825-5P	99.96	69.81	3431
HSA-MIR-6778-3P	99.96	67.29	2693
HSA-MIR-6753-3P	99.93	66.57	637
HSA-MIR-6124	99.87	69.78	3551
HSA-MIR-4728-5P	99.85	69.39	4718
HSA-MIR-6785-5P	99.82	68.68	4428
HSA-MIR-3934-3P	99.76	65.51	1351
HSA-MIR-6763-5P	99.76	64.68	1767
HSA-MIR-3150A-3P	99.76	64.44	1640
HSA-MIR-149-3P	99.72	68.22	3963
HSA-MIR-6883-5P	99.69	68.05	3785
HSA-MIR-3175	99.65	66.30	2031
HSA-MIR-6731-5P	99.28	67.42	2375
HSA-MIR-8085	99.28	67.56	2362
HSA-MIR-6799-5P	99.14	65.72	2093
HSA-MIR-6868-5P	99.06	65.69	1284
HSA-MIR-6738-3P	99.03	67.14	1326
HSA-MIR-6846-5P	98.81	65.86	1121
HSA-MIR-6848-5P	98.81	65.49	1126
HSA-MIR-6769B-5P	98.73	64.91	1092
HSA-MIR-7851-3P	98.72	64.88	980
HSA-MIR-4290	98.51	65.17	907
HSA-MIR-654-3P	98.38	67.61	905
HSA-MIR-4305	97.94	68.63	533
HSA-MIR-4638-3P	97.90	65.75	905
HSA-MIR-3664-3P	97.85	67.62	1452
HSA-MIR-3074-3P	97.83	67.26	922
HSA-MIR-3151-3P	97.80	66.16	479
HSA-MIR-1972	97.67	67.38	1172
HSA-MIR-3144-5P	97.64	65.45	646

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• Bv8 and EG-VEGF, along with other factors such as VEGF-A, may maintain the integrity and also regulate proliferation of the blood vessels in the testis (PMID:12604792)
• The role of EG-VEGF in the regulation of angiogenesis in endocrine glands. Review. (PMID:12858543)
• acting via either PK-R2 or PK-R1, prokineticin 1 may have angiogenic as well as nonangiogenic functions in the ovary (PMID:12915658)
• Paracrine role for the PKs and their receptors in endometrial vascular function. (PMID:15126578)
• Expression of VEGFR-1 mRNA, but not EG-VEGF and the other three VEGF receptors studied, was elevated in preeclamptic vs. normal placentas. (PMID:15126581)
• Human EG-VEGF may play a role in angiogenesis both during the early endocrine development of testis and in the adult testis as well as in Leydig cell tumor growth. (PMID:15292351)
• EG-VEGF may only play a role in vascular function of peri-implantation endometrium, but is unlikely to be associated with the etiology of endometrial cancer development. (PMID:16210375)
• PK1 could be one of the causative factors of age-related macular degeneration (AMD); transgenic mice expressing human PK1 exhibit choroidal neovascularization in a model that may be useful for establishing treatments for the exudative form of AMD. (PMID:16263331)
• Inverse resgulation of mRNA expression by ovarian cells may suggest that in addition to its angiogenic effects, EG-VEGF/PK-1 may also play other roles in ovary. (review) (PMID:16320832)
• study demonstrated that prokineticin 1 and 2 and their receptors are expressed in human prostate and that their levels increased with prostate malignancy (PMID:16763065)
• High EG-VEGF is associated with carcinogenesis and portal vein tumor thrombus formation in human hepatocellular carcinoma (PMID:17167981)
• Overexpressed Prk1 conferred Adriamycin resistance in a human embryo kidney cell line. (PMID:17178891)
• EG-VEGF/Prok-1 signaling has a role in neuroblastoma progression (PMID:17289879)
• Either EG-VEGF is not exclusive of endocrine organs, or the pancreas should be considered as a functional steroidogenic tissue. (PMID:17683928)
• PROK1 and PROKR1 expression is elevated in human decidua during early pregnancy PROK1-PROKR1 interaction regulates expression of a host of implantation-related genes. (PMID:18339712)
• EG-VEGF may enhance cell proliferation through the activation of MAPK pathway, although not through the Akt pathway. (PMID:18571163)
• High PK1 mRNA levels were observed only in cultured pancreatic stellate cells and microdissected islet cells, but not in cancer cells, and PK1 protein was localized mainly in islets and cancer-associated stromal cells. (PMID:19077468)
• EG-VEGF expression was significantly higher in ectopic endometriotic tissue when compared to eutopic samples in infertile women. (PMID:19135668)
• hCG-mediated LIF expression in the endometrium is dependent on prior induction of PROK1. (PMID:19255255)
• Altered expression of PROK1 could be one of the several biochemical abnormalities characterizing eutopic endometrium in endometriosis. (PMID:19285664)
• EG-VEGF protects pancreatic cancer cells from apoptosis through upregulation of myeloid cell leukemia-1, an anti-apoptotic protein of the bcl-2 family. (PMID:19523441)
• findings identify EG-VEGF as a novel paracrine regulator of trophoblast invasion. We speculate that a failure to correctly down-regulate placental expression of EG-VEGF at the end of the first trimester of pregnancy might lead to PE (PMID:19602057)
• Treatment of human decidua with a lentiviral miRNA to abolish endogenous PROK1 expression results in a significant reduction in IL-11 expression and secretion (PMID:19801577)
• Review. Role of prokineticins in inflammatory and contractile pathways at parturition in humans. (PMID:20172976)
• When endometrial stromal cells from both groups of women were differentiated to decidual phenotype, PROK1 mRNA was up-regulated and PR and HOXA10 mRNA were down-regulated to the same extent. (PMID:20400074)
• Data show that expression of PK1 and PKR1 was detected in primary MM cells and myeloma cell lines. (PMID:20795791)
• CTGF expression in early pregnancy decidua is regulated by PROK1, via activation of the Gq, PLC, cSrc, EGFR, MAPK/ERK kinase pathway and has a role in cell adhesion. (PMID:21098624)
• Prok1 is significantly increased in ppapillary thyroid cancer, and its expression in PTC is related to BRAF mutation. (PMID:21385081)
• identified a novel signalling pathway whereby PROK1 can induce the expression of DKK1 in the human endometrium and first trimester decidua. (PMID:21546446)
• Findings, together with the detection of sequence variants in PROKR1, PROK1 and PROKR2 genes associated to HSCR and, in some cases in combination with RET or GDNF mutations, provide evidence to consider them as susceptibility genes for HSCR. (PMID:21858136)
• Data show that decidualization was associated with increased expression of 428 genes including SCARA5 (181-fold), DKK1 (71-fold) and PROK1 (32-fold), and decreased expression of 230 genes including MMP-7 (35-fold) and SFRP4 (21-fold). (PMID:21858178)
• The data shows that much more PK1 in healthy pregnant women is produced than those suffering from preeclampsia. (PMID:21876489)
• During the first trimester of pregnancy, hCG and EG-VEGF exhibit the same pattern of expression, suggesting that EG-VEGF is potentially regulated by hCG. (PMID:22138749)
• EG-VEGF as a new placental growth factor acting during the first trimester of pregnancy, established its mechanism of action, and provide evidence for its deregulation in FGR. (PMID:22941044)
• Defective placental maturation is associated with an imbalance of expression of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and PK1. (PMID:23891065)
• preliminary data suggest a high potential of prokineticin 1 in the success of implantation and pregnancy (PMID:23972922)
• number of blood vessels in PROK1-positive primary gastrointestinal lesions was higher than that in PROK1-negative primary lesions. CONCLUSION: PROK1 expression might be related to the extent of malignancy in gastrointestinal cancer (PMID:24324064)
• EG-VEGF and VEGFA systems shared several canonical signaling pathways that may contribute to gene-gene interactions, including the Akt, IL-8, EGFR, MAPK, SRC, VHL, HIF-1A and STAT3. (PMID:24671265)
• More importantly this paper argues for EG-VEGF clinical relevance as a potential biomarker of the onset of pregnancy pathologies and discusses its potential usefulness for future therapeutic directions. (PMID:24955357)
• Study corroborates the clinical relevance of the EG-VEGF system in human early pregnancy, and provides evidence for the gene-gene interactions of EG-VEGF and PROKR variants. (PMID:25064403)

Cross-species orthologs

3 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	prok1	ENSDARG00000073948
mus_musculus	Prok1	ENSMUSG00000070368
rattus_norvegicus	Prok1	ENSRNOG00000079989

Paralogs (1): PROK2 (ENSG00000163421)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Prokineticin-1 — P58294 (reviewed: P58294)

Alternative names: Endocrine-gland-derived vascular endothelial growth factor, Mambakine

All UniProt accessions (1): P58294

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Potently contracts gastrointestinal (GI) smooth muscle. Induces proliferation, migration and fenestration (the formation of membrane discontinuities) in capillary endothelial cells derived from endocrine glands. Has little or no effect on a variety of other endothelial and non-endothelial cell types. Induces proliferation and differentiation, but not migration, of enteric neural crest cells. Directly influences neuroblastoma progression by promoting the proliferation and migration of neuroblastoma cells. Positively regulates PTGS2 expression and prostaglandin synthesis. May play a role in placentation. May play a role in normal and pathological testis angiogenesis.

Subcellular location. Secreted.

Tissue specificity. Localizes to glandular epithelium, stroma and vascular epithelial cells of first trimester decidua (at protein level). Up-regulated in first trimester decidua when compared with non-pregnant endometrium. Expressed in the steroidogenic glands, ovary, testis, adrenal and placenta.

Similarity. Belongs to the AVIT (prokineticin) family.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_115790* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR009523	Prokineticin	Family
IPR023569	Prokineticin_domain	Domain

Pfam: PF06607

UniProt features (8 total): disulfide bond 5, signal peptide 1, chain 1, sequence variant 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P58294-F1	89.70	0.74

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Disulfide bonds (5): 26–38, 32–50, 37–78, 60–86, 80–96

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

2 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-375276	Peptide ligand-binding receptors
R-HSA-416476	G alpha (q) signalling events

MSigDB gene sets: 57 (showing top): NKX25_02, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_MAPK_CASCADE, GOMF_GROWTH_FACTOR_ACTIVITY, REACTOME_PEPTIDE_LIGAND_BINDING_RECEPTORS, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_CELL_DIVISION, GOBP_BLOOD_VESSEL_MORPHOGENESIS, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_CELL_DIVISION, WINTER_HYPOXIA_METAGENE, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_INTRACELLULAR_SIGNAL_TRANSDUCTION, GOBP_EPITHELIAL_CELL_PROLIFERATION, GOMF_SIGNALING_RECEPTOR_BINDING, GOBP_CIRCULATORY_SYSTEM_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_VASCULATURE_DEVELOPMENT, GOBP_CELL_DIVISION, STAT5A_01

GO Biological Process (9): angiogenesis (GO:0001525), endothelial cell proliferation (GO:0001935), positive regulation of MAPK cascade (GO:0043410), regulation of angiogenesis (GO:0045765), positive regulation of cell division (GO:0051781), vascular endothelial cell proliferation (GO:0101023), positive regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation (GO:1905564), signal transduction (GO:0007165), cell population proliferation (GO:0008283)

GO Molecular Function (1): growth factor activity (GO:0008083)

GO Cellular Component (1): extracellular region (GO:0005576)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-2 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Class A/1 (Rhodopsin-like receptors)	1
GPCR downstream signalling	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular process	2
blood vessel morphogenesis	1
anatomical structure formation involved in morphogenesis	1
epithelial cell proliferation	1
MAPK cascade	1
regulation of MAPK cascade	1
positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction	1
angiogenesis	1
regulation of anatomical structure morphogenesis	1
regulation of vasculature development	1
positive regulation of cellular process	1
cell division	1
regulation of cell division	1
endothelial cell proliferation	1
positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation	1
vascular endothelial cell proliferation	1
regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation	1
cell communication	1
signaling	1
regulation of cellular process	1
cellular response to stimulus	1
receptor ligand activity	1
cellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

626 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
PROK1	PROKR1	Q8TCW9	998
PROK1	PROKR2	Q8NFJ6	994
PROK1	CLPS	P04118	769
PROK1	ADCY3	O60266	765
PROK1	ALDH18A1	P54886	711
PROK1	GPR83	Q9NYM4	698
PROK1	ANOS1	P23352	677
PROK1	ADCY8	P40145	648
PROK1	GNRH1	P01148	597
PROK1	EIF2AK2	P19525	547
PROK1	PSPN	O60542	507
PROK1	MRAP2	Q96G30	464
PROK1	NPY	P01303	446
PROK1	MAPK3	P27361	435
PROK1	PRKAR2A	P13861	423
PROK1	IGFBP1	P08833	423

IntAct

2 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
PROK1	IDE	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (4): IDE (Affinity Capture-MS), TRIM11 (Affinity Capture-MS), CLCF1 (Affinity Capture-MS), GOPC (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A8K1YTU0, A2RUU4, B3EWT5, B6DCW1, B6DCW2, B6DCW4, B6DCW5, B6DCW6, B6DCW7, B6DCW8, B6DCX0, B6DCZ2, B6DCZ8, B6DD06, B6DD07, B6DD08, B6DD09, B6DD10, B6DD11, B6DD12, C8CK75, D2DGD9, D3ZVN1, P0CI88, P0CY68, P0CY69, P0DQE7, P0DRJ1, P25687, P58294, Q14A28, Q2XXR7, Q2XXR8, Q30KJ4, Q5Y4V9, Q6IV20, Q6UDR6, Q75WG5, Q7Z096, Q7Z5A9

Diamond homologs: P25687, P58294, P84909, Q14A28, Q2XXR7, Q2XXR8, Q5W280, Q863H5, Q8JFE6, Q8JFQ0, Q8JFX8, Q8JFX9, Q8JFY0, Q8JFY1, Q8JFY2, Q8R413, Q8R414, Q9HC23, Q9PW66, Q9QXU7, D2Y2C0, D2Y2E0, D2Y2E1, D2Y2E2, D2Y2E3, D2Y2E4, D2Y2E5, D2Y2E6, Q56R10, D2Y2E7, O94907, P42890, O54908

SIGNOR signaling

1 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
PROK1	up-regulates	PROKR1	binding

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

21 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	18
Likely benign	0
Benign	1

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

187 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
1:110453956:TACA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:110453958:CAGG:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:110453959:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:110453959:AG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:110453960:G:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
1:110453960:G:GA	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:110453960:GG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:110453960:GGC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:110453960:GGCCT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
1:110454083:CAAG:C	donor_loss	1.0000
1:110454084:AAG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
1:110454086:GGTA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
1:110454088:T:G	donor_loss	1.0000
1:110451284:CAGGG:C	donor_gain	0.9900
1:110451285:AGGG:A	donor_gain	0.9900
1:110451286:GGG:G	donor_gain	0.9900
1:110451286:GGGG:G	donor_gain	0.9900
1:110451287:GG:G	donor_gain	0.9900
1:110451287:GGG:G	donor_gain	0.9900
1:110451288:GG:G	donor_gain	0.9900
1:110451288:GGT:G	donor_loss	0.9900
1:110451289:G:GG	donor_gain	0.9900
1:110451289:GT:G	donor_loss	0.9900
1:110451290:T:G	donor_loss	0.9900
1:110453957:ACAG:A	acceptor_gain	0.9900
1:110453958:C:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
1:110453960:GGCC:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
1:110456227:CTTA:C	acceptor_loss	0.9900
1:110456228:TTA:T	acceptor_loss	0.9900
1:110456229:TAGGT:T	acceptor_loss	0.9900

AlphaMissense

680 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
1:110454009:A:C	S41R	0.985
1:110454011:C:A	S41R	0.985
1:110454011:C:G	S41R	0.985
1:110453982:T:A	C32S	0.965
1:110453983:G:C	C32S	0.965
1:110454066:T:A	C60S	0.962
1:110454067:G:C	C60S	0.962
1:110454036:T:A	C50S	0.957
1:110454037:G:C	C50S	0.957
1:110454000:T:A	C38S	0.956
1:110454001:G:C	C38S	0.956
1:110454017:G:C	W43C	0.956
1:110454017:G:T	W43C	0.956
1:110454001:G:A	C38Y	0.955
1:110454002:T:G	C38W	0.954
1:110456319:T:A	C96S	0.952
1:110456320:G:C	C96S	0.952
1:110453965:G:A	C26Y	0.950
1:110453973:G:C	D29H	0.947
1:110456250:C:A	R73S	0.947
1:110456289:T:A	C86S	0.945
1:110456290:G:C	C86S	0.945
1:110454038:C:G	C50W	0.943
1:110453964:T:A	C26S	0.942
1:110453965:G:C	C26S	0.942
1:110454066:T:C	C60R	0.940
1:110456273:C:G	C80W	0.939
1:110456321:C:G	C96W	0.939
1:110456265:T:C	C78R	0.938
1:110456267:T:G	C78W	0.936

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000625013 (1:110449188 T>C), RS1001226576 (1:110449893 A>G), RS1001474304 (1:110456714 T>C), RS1002030640 (1:110450799 T>C), RS1002080703 (1:110454864 G>A), RS1002633587 (1:110452032 G>A), RS1003010829 (1:110451692 T>C), RS1003759933 (1:110456383 C>T), RS1004048845 (1:110453723 C>T), RS1004153707 (1:110456107 T>C), RS1004739372 (1:110451650 T>C), RS1005680191 (1:110452712 C>T), RS1006119582 (1:110457249 G>T), RS1006713980 (1:110454671 G>A), RS1006736232 (1:110451525 G>A)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:606233 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

1 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST003800_3	Response to bupropion in depression	5.000000e-07

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

15 total (human), top 15 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Progesterone	increases expression, affects response to substance	2
2,4,7-trimethyldibenzothiophene	increases expression	1
testosterone enanthate	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
dibenzothiophene	increases expression	1
S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)cysteine	increases expression	1
cetrorelix	decreases expression, affects cotreatment	1
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
entinostat	increases expression	1
Resveratrol	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Cyclic AMP	affects response to substance	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases methylation, affects methylation	1
Plant Extracts	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Triclosan	increases expression	1
Valproic Acid	affects expression	1
Desogestrel	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.