PRSS23

gene
On this page

Also known as SPUVESIG13

Summary

PRSS23 (serine protease 23, HGNC:14370) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 11q14.2, encoding Serine protease 23 (O95084).

This gene encodes a conserved member of the trypsin family of serine proteases. Mouse studies found a decrease of mRNA levels of this gene after ovulation was induced. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.

Source: NCBI Gene 11098 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

  • GWAS associations: 13
  • Clinical variants (ClinVar): 147 total — 4 pathogenic, 5 likely-pathogenic
  • MANE Select transcript: NM_007173

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

FieldValue
HGNC IDHGNC:14370
Approved symbolPRSS23
Nameserine protease 23
Location11q14.2
Locus typegene with protein product
StatusApproved
AliasesSPUVE, SIG13
Ensembl geneENSG00000150687
Ensembl biotypeprotein_coding
OMIM618376
Entrez11098

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 14 — 8 protein_coding, 4 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined, 1 nonsense_mediated_decay, 1 retained_intron

ENST00000280258, ENST00000527521, ENST00000528769, ENST00000531475, ENST00000531521, ENST00000532234, ENST00000532572, ENST00000533880, ENST00000533902, ENST00000893185, ENST00000893186, ENST00000915854, ENST00000965678, ENST00000965679

RefSeq mRNA: 3 — MANE Select: NM_007173 NM_001293179, NM_001293180, NM_007173

CCDS: CCDS8278

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000280258 — 2 exons

ExonStartEnd
ENSE000013151908680763186811233
ENSE000021456918680054286800651

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 289 present calls, max score 99.65.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 213.4842 / max 2359.2879, expressed in 1593 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (4 alternative TSS)

Promoter IDTPM avgSamples expressed
116127200.89791587
11612611.98691384
1161280.4406264
1161250.158731

Top tissues by expression

297 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

TissueAnatomy IDExpression scoreQuality
nasal cavity epitheliumUBERON:000538499.65gold quality
nasal cavity mucosaUBERON:000182699.13gold quality
mucosa of paranasal sinusUBERON:000503099.06gold quality
olfactory segment of nasal mucosaUBERON:000538699.00gold quality
cartilage tissueUBERON:000241898.88gold quality
endometrium epitheliumUBERON:000481198.86gold quality
right coronary arteryUBERON:000162598.81gold quality
saphenous veinUBERON:000731898.50gold quality
deciduaUBERON:000245098.41gold quality
urethraUBERON:000005798.40gold quality
epithelium of bronchusUBERON:000203198.21gold quality
bronchusUBERON:000218598.20gold quality
bronchial epithelial cellCL:000232898.08gold quality
cauda epididymisUBERON:000436097.96gold quality
tracheaUBERON:000312697.90gold quality
gall bladderUBERON:000211097.77gold quality
smooth muscle tissueUBERON:000113597.73gold quality
epithelium of nasopharynxUBERON:000195197.72gold quality
nasopharynxUBERON:000172897.70gold quality
descending thoracic aortaUBERON:000234597.46gold quality
islet of LangerhansUBERON:000000697.27gold quality
colonic epitheliumUBERON:000039797.24gold quality
popliteal arteryUBERON:000225097.16gold quality
tibial arteryUBERON:000761097.15gold quality
aortaUBERON:000094797.14gold quality
ascending aortaUBERON:000149697.13gold quality
thoracic aortaUBERON:000151597.13gold quality
seminal vesicleUBERON:000099897.06gold quality
right lungUBERON:000216797.02gold quality
stromal cell of endometriumCL:000225596.95gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 28 experiment(s), a significant marker in 26.

ExperimentMarker?Max mean expression
E-HCAD-9yes2293.42
E-MTAB-10553yes2233.17
E-CURD-126yes2216.61
E-MTAB-7051yes2062.00
E-GEOD-134144yes1600.82
E-MTAB-6308yes1470.57
E-CURD-114yes1312.73
E-GEOD-114530yes1164.57
E-MTAB-8142yes1162.54
E-GEOD-124472yes946.05
E-MTAB-7052yes934.13
E-GEOD-135922yes867.13
E-MTAB-3929yes666.47
E-MTAB-6701yes122.51
E-HCAD-1yes49.45

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): ESR1

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

98 targeting PRSS23, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNAMax scoreAvg scoremiRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-8485100.0077.574731
HSA-MIR-450A-1-3P100.0069.331837
HSA-MIR-3646100.0073.565283
HSA-MIR-3613-3P100.0076.367965
HSA-MIR-548AW99.9972.573559
HSA-MIR-548C-3P99.9974.017587
HSA-MIR-511-3P99.9968.851467
HSA-MIR-548P99.9872.253784
HSA-MIR-60799.9773.625593
HSA-MIR-1468-3P99.9672.743797
HSA-MIR-551B-5P99.9671.283493
HSA-MIR-9-3P99.9670.882068
HSA-MIR-391099.9571.132227
HSA-MIR-545-3P99.9570.742783
HSA-MIR-6845-3P99.9466.881439
HSA-MIR-6772-5P99.9467.01577
HSA-MIR-6835-3P99.9370.492904
HSA-MIR-4760-3P99.9370.502385
HSA-MIR-450B-5P99.9271.483175
HSA-MIR-806399.9169.763146
HSA-MIR-130599.9171.433443
HSA-MIR-367199.9073.043897
HSA-MIR-990299.8969.152250
HSA-MIR-153-5P99.8973.866317
HSA-MIR-607999.8468.541170
HSA-MIR-94499.8270.853042
HSA-MIR-3180-5P99.8269.122422
HSA-MIR-4694-3P99.7969.532640
HSA-MIR-548F-5P99.7871.023093
HSA-MIR-548AJ-5P99.7871.123085

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 4)

  • PRSS23 might be a critical component of estrogen-mediated cell proliferation of ERalpha-positive breast cancer cells. (PMID:22291950)
  • PRSS23 knockdown could suppress tumor growth of gastric cancer in vitro and in vivo through inhibiting EIF2 signaling, and EIF4E maybe a potential target of PRSS23. PRSS23 could serve as a potential target for gastric cancer therapy, and also a biomarker for the prediction of prognosis of gastric cancer. (PMID:30769097)
  • Exosomal microRNA-1246 from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells potentiates myocardial angiogenesis in chronic heart failure. (PMID:34270841)
  • Serine protease PRSS23 drives gastric cancer by enhancing tumor associated macrophage infiltration via FGF2. (PMID:36189305)

Cross-species orthologs

2 orthologs

OrganismSymbolGene ID
mus_musculusPrss23ENSMUSG00000039405
rattus_norvegicusPrss23ENSRNOG00000017307

Paralogs (1): PRSS35 (ENSG00000146250)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Serine protease 23O95084 (reviewed: O95084)

Alternative names: Putative secreted protein Zsig13

All UniProt accessions (4): O95084, E9PIB7, E9PMX2, E9PRR2

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Subcellular location. Secreted.

Similarity. Belongs to the peptidase S1 family.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt IDNamesCanonical?
O95084-11yes
O95084-22

RefSeq proteins (3): NP_001280108, NP_001280109, NP_009104* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

IDNameType
IPR001254Trypsin_domDomain
IPR009003Peptidase_S1_PAHomologous_superfamily
IPR018114TRYPSIN_HISActive_site
IPR043504
IPR050966Glutamyl_endopeptidaseFamily

Pfam: PF00089

UniProt features (10 total): active site 3, glycosylation site 2, signal peptide 1, chain 1, modified residue 1, disulfide bond 1, splice variant 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

ModelpLDDTFraction very-high
AF-O95084-F182.180.56

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Catalytic / active sites (3): 175 (charge relay system); 240 (charge relay system); 316 (charge relay system)

Post-translational modifications (1): 109

Disulfide bonds (1): 160–176

Glycosylation sites (2): 93, 207

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

2 pathways

IDPathway
R-HSA-381426Regulation of Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) transport and uptake by Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Proteins (IGFBPs)
R-HSA-8957275Post-translational protein phosphorylation

MSigDB gene sets: 277 (showing top): MODULE_172, MODULE_52, BERENJENO_ROCK_SIGNALING_NOT_VIA_RHOA_DN, LEE_NEURAL_CREST_STEM_CELL_DN, BUYTAERT_PHOTODYNAMIC_THERAPY_STRESS_DN, CHIARADONNA_NEOPLASTIC_TRANSFORMATION_KRAS_DN, TSENG_IRS1_TARGETS_UP, KAAB_HEART_ATRIUM_VS_VENTRICLE_UP, GOZGIT_ESR1_TARGETS_DN, GRAESSMANN_APOPTOSIS_BY_SERUM_DEPRIVATION_UP, GRAESSMANN_RESPONSE_TO_MC_AND_SERUM_DEPRIVATION_UP, DITTMER_PTHLH_TARGETS_UP, KYNG_DNA_DAMAGE_DN, BRUECKNER_TARGETS_OF_MIRLET7A3_DN, HERNANDEZ_ABERRANT_MITOSIS_BY_DOCETACEL_2NM_UP

GO Biological Process (1): proteolysis (GO:0006508)

GO Molecular Function (5): serine-type endopeptidase activity (GO:0004252), protein binding (GO:0005515), peptidase activity (GO:0008233), serine-type peptidase activity (GO:0008236), hydrolase activity (GO:0016787)

GO Cellular Component (4): nucleus (GO:0005634), endoplasmic reticulum lumen (GO:0005788), extracellular exosome (GO:0070062), extracellular region (GO:0005576)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-2 pathways:

CategoryPathways
Metabolism of proteins1
Post-translational protein modification1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

CategoryTerms
protein metabolic process1
endopeptidase activity1
serine-type peptidase activity1
binding1
hydrolase activity1
catalytic activity, acting on a protein1
peptidase activity1
serine hydrolase activity1
catalytic activity1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle1
endoplasmic reticulum1
intracellular organelle lumen1
extracellular vesicle1
cellular anatomical structure1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

858 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein AProtein BPartner UniProtScore
PRSS23FAM20AQ96MK3553
PRSS23WFDC2Q14508547
PRSS23ODF2LQ9ULJ1497
PRSS23MXRA8Q9BRK3452
PRSS23SERPINA11Q86U17440
PRSS23FAM181BA6NEQ2434
PRSS23SERPINA3P01011422
PRSS23F2RL3Q96RI0419
PRSS23SERPINA10Q9UK55419
PRSS23SERPINA9Q86WD7419
PRSS23SERPINA4P29622407
PRSS23SERPINA12Q8IW75401
PRSS23WFS1O76024396
PRSS23SERPINA6P08185396
PRSS23COL6A2P12110393

IntAct

56 interactions, top by confidence:

ABTypeScore
PRSS23SEC11Cpsi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.560
KLRG2GXYLT2psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.530
PRSS23COL5A1psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.530
CRPQSOX1psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.530
PRSS23H1-0psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.400
Ppp2r1aCCHCR1psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
Cep152SH3PXD2Bpsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
Nup98POM121Cpsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
Snw1AKR7A2psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
CTR9POLR2Bpsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
Rbm8aGOSR1psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
Ube2iPOM121Cpsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
NfycBDP1psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
TENT5AGOLGA8Rpsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
BAXBDP1psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
NOP9ENDOVpsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
SRPRAPKD2psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
SCGB2A2GXYLT2psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
CRPQSOX1psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
PDGFRAGXYLT2psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
CCL3KRBA1psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
C1orf54AGRNpsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
C1QTNF7AGRNpsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
CRLF1PRSS23psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
PRSS23HBDpsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.350
CDH5ESYT2psi-mi:“MI:2364”(proximity)0.270
PRSS23SEC11Cpsi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.000

BioGRID (68): ACTB (Affinity Capture-MS), LRP2 (Affinity Capture-MS), PRSS23 (Affinity Capture-MS), PRSS23 (Affinity Capture-MS), PRSS23 (Affinity Capture-MS), PRSS23 (Affinity Capture-MS), PRSS23 (Affinity Capture-MS), PRSS23 (Affinity Capture-MS), PRSS23 (Affinity Capture-MS), PRSS23 (Affinity Capture-MS), PRSS23 (Affinity Capture-MS), PRSS23 (Affinity Capture-MS), PRSS23 (Affinity Capture-MS), PRSS23 (Affinity Capture-MS), PRSS23 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A4VCL2, O19112, O62589, O73797, O75072, O75339, O95084, P13721, P18292, P19221, P30432, P79701, Q08629, Q09101, Q0VBN2, Q0WQD2, Q1LZE9, Q1WK23, Q1WK24, Q4G148, Q5E9X7, Q5K027, Q5R212, Q5R537, Q5XIL2, Q5XV99, Q60HG0, Q62288, Q66K08, Q6AY61, Q701R0, Q701R1, Q701R2, Q8C0F9, Q8CBQ5, Q8GWW4, Q8GZ81, Q8IZU8, Q8N3Z0, Q8R507

Diamond homologs: O19045, O46644, O95084, Q1LZE9, Q1WK23, Q1WK24, Q5E9X7, Q5R212, Q63207, Q6AY61, Q8C0F9, Q8N3Z0, Q9D6X6, P08217

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

147 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

ClassificationCount (floor)
Pathogenic4
Likely pathogenic5
Uncertain significance107
Likely benign6
Benign21

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (9)

Variant IDHGVSClassification
1076601NM_012193.4(FZD4):c.1510_1528del (p.Trp504fs)Pathogenic
2858425NM_012193.4(FZD4):c.647del (p.Lys216fs)Pathogenic
523865NM_012193.4(FZD4):c.666G>A (p.Trp222Ter)Pathogenic
5486NM_012193.4(FZD4):c.1250G>A (p.Arg417Gln)Pathogenic
2735717NM_012193.4(FZD4):c.314T>C (p.Met105Thr)Likely pathogenic
3382395NM_012193.4(FZD4):c.1051G>C (p.Ala351Pro)Likely pathogenic
4293656NM_012193.4(FZD4):c.1512G>A (p.Trp504Ter)Likely pathogenic
450699NM_012193.4(FZD4):c.1218TGC[1] (p.Ala408del)Likely pathogenic
929303NM_012193.4(FZD4):c.615del (p.Tyr206fs)Likely pathogenic

SpliceAI

551 predictions. Top by Δscore:

VariantEffectΔscore
11:86800342:G:Tdonor_gain1.0000
11:86800405:G:Tdonor_gain0.9900
11:86952450:A:Cacceptor_gain0.9900
11:86807630:GAACA:Gacceptor_gain0.9800
11:86952449:C:CTacceptor_gain0.9800
11:86800650:GG:Gdonor_gain0.9700
11:86800651:GG:Gdonor_gain0.9700
11:86952471:C:CCacceptor_gain0.9700
11:86800341:G:GTdonor_gain0.9600
11:86800648:GCGG:Gdonor_gain0.9600
11:86800649:CGGGT:Cdonor_loss0.9600
11:86800650:GGGTG:Gdonor_loss0.9600
11:86800652:G:Adonor_loss0.9600
11:86800653:T:Adonor_loss0.9600
11:86800654:G:GCdonor_loss0.9600
11:86800655:AGTG:Adonor_loss0.9600
11:86800342:G:GTdonor_gain0.9500
11:86800652:G:GGdonor_gain0.9500
11:86800405:G:GTdonor_gain0.9400
11:86807629:A:AGacceptor_gain0.9300
11:86807630:G:GGacceptor_gain0.9300
11:86952468:GAA:Gacceptor_gain0.9300
11:86800418:GTT:Gdonor_gain0.9200
11:86800419:TTT:Tdonor_gain0.9200
11:86952443:T:TCacceptor_gain0.9200
11:86804650:GTT:Gacceptor_gain0.9100
11:86952262:TCATC:Tdonor_gain0.9100
11:86952467:AGAA:Aacceptor_gain0.9100
11:86800357:GCCC:Gdonor_gain0.9000
11:86952441:C:CTacceptor_gain0.9000

AlphaMissense

2496 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

VariantProtein changeam_pathogenicity
11:86808050:G:CR136T1.000
11:86808050:G:TR136M1.000
11:86808091:T:CF150L1.000
11:86808092:T:GF150C1.000
11:86808093:C:AF150L1.000
11:86808093:C:GF150L1.000
11:86808121:T:AC160S1.000
11:86808121:T:CC160R1.000
11:86808122:G:AC160Y1.000
11:86808122:G:CC160S1.000
11:86808122:G:TC160F1.000
11:86808123:C:GC160W1.000
11:86808127:G:CG162R1.000
11:86808128:G:AG162D1.000
11:86808152:T:AV170D1.000
11:86808155:T:AL171H1.000
11:86808155:T:CL171P1.000
11:86808164:C:AA174D1.000
11:86808169:T:AC176S1.000
11:86808169:T:CC176R1.000
11:86808170:G:AC176Y1.000
11:86808170:G:CC176S1.000
11:86808170:G:TC176F1.000
11:86808171:C:GC176W1.000
11:86808221:G:AG193D1.000
11:86808340:T:AW233R1.000
11:86808340:T:CW233R1.000
11:86808342:G:CW233C1.000
11:86808342:G:TW233C1.000
11:86808380:A:TD246V1.000

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000001306 (11:86842740 A>C,G), RS1000021698 (11:86875295 C>A,T), RS1000033568 (11:86837357 A>G,T), RS1000097327 (11:86791958 G>A), RS1000128536 (11:86800721 A>T), RS1000162222 (11:86857294 C>A,G), RS1000168492 (11:86820423 G>A), RS1000170107 (11:86940968 G>C), RS1000202493 (11:86873933 T>A), RS1000227263 (11:86894687 G>A), RS1000240633 (11:86890343 C>A,T), RS1000284752 (11:86912878 T>C), RS1000309800 (11:86823722 G>A,C), RS1000330994 (11:86846990 A>T), RS1000361602 (11:86823822 C>T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:618376 | disease phenotypes: MIM:133780

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (1): exudative vitreoretinopathy 1 (MONDO:0007589)

Orphanet (2): Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy (Orphanet:891), Retinopathy of prematurity (Orphanet:90050)

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

13 associations (top):

StudyTraitp-value
GCST004183_16Lung function (FEV1)9.000000e-09
GCST005580_252Intraocular pressure2.000000e-10
GCST005580_268Intraocular pressure4.000000e-10
GCST006288_186Heel bone mineral density3.000000e-07
GCST006288_425Heel bone mineral density8.000000e-06
GCST006288_46Heel bone mineral density1.000000e-11
GCST006412_6Intraocular pressure6.000000e-10
GCST006979_411Heel bone mineral density9.000000e-61
GCST007430_118Peak expiratory flow5.000000e-10
GCST007431_162Lung function (FEV1/FVC)5.000000e-20
GCST007432_144FEV12.000000e-13
GCST007692_67Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease7.000000e-10
GCST008062_79Blood urea nitrogen levels6.000000e-13

EFO canonical traits (5, from GWAS)

EFO IDTrait name
EFO:0004314forced expiratory volume
EFO:0004695intraocular pressure measurement
EFO:0009270heel bone mineral density
EFO:0009718peak expiratory flow
EFO:0004713FEV/FVC ratio

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

DescriptorNameTree numbers
C536382Exudative vitreoretinopathy 1 (supp.)

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

PharmGKB variants

1 variants.

VariantGenesLevelScore#Clin annotsDrugs
rs10898563FZD4, PRSS230.000

CTD chemical–gene interactions

103 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

ChemicalActions (top 5)PubMed papers
Estradiolincreases reaction, decreases reaction, affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases expression12
Valproic Aciddecreases expression, increases expression, affects cotreatment8
bisphenol Adecreases reaction, affects expression, increases expression, affects cotreatment, increases methylation (+1 more)5
Benzo(a)pyreneaffects methylation, increases expression5
methylmercuric chloridedecreases expression, affects cotreatment4
Particulate Matterdecreases expression, increases abundance, affects cotreatment, increases expression4
trichostatin Aaffects cotreatment, decreases expression3
Ethinyl Estradioldecreases expression, affects expression3
Tetrachlorodibenzodioxinaffects cotreatment, decreases expression, affects expression, increases expression3
Tobacco Smoke Pollutiondecreases expression, decreases methylation3
Genisteindecreases reaction, increases expression, decreases expression3
sodium arseniteincreases abundance, increases expression2
cobaltous chloridedecreases expression2
mercuric bromidedecreases expression, affects cotreatment2
perfluorooctane sulfonic aciddecreases expression2
entinostatdecreases expression, affects cotreatment2
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamideaffects cotreatment, increases expression, decreases expression2
belinostatdecreases expression, affects cotreatment2
Resveratrolaffects cotreatment, increases expression, decreases expression2
Fulvestrantaffects cotreatment, increases methylation, decreases expression2
Vorinostataffects cotreatment, decreases expression2
Panobinostataffects cotreatment, decreases expression2
Air Pollutantsdecreases expression, increases abundance2
Copperaffects cotreatment, increases expression, affects binding2
Doxorubicinincreases expression2
Nickelincreases expression2
Phenylmercuric Acetateaffects cotreatment, decreases expression2
Progesteronedecreases expression, increases expression2
Cyclosporinedecreases expression2
p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acidaffects cotreatment, decreases expression2

Cellosaurus cell lines

1 cell lines: 1 cancer cell line

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

CellosaurusNameCategorySex
CVCL_B2CAAbcam HeLa PRSS23 KOCancer cell lineFemale

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.