PSG9

Summary

PSG9 (pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein 9, HGNC:9526) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 19q13.31, encoding Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 9 (Q00887). Binds to the small latent transforming growth factor-beta complex, consisting of the N-terminal TGFB1 latency-associated peptide (LAP) and the mature form of TGFB1, thereby leading to the activation of TGFB1.

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the pregnancy-specific glycoprotein (PSG) family. This protein family and the closely related carcinoembryonic antigen cell adhesion molecule (CEACAM) gene family are both members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, and are organized as a large gene cluster. This protein is thought to inhibit platelet-fibrinogen interactions. Several studies suggest that reduced serum concentrations of PSGs are associated with fetal growth restrictions, while up-regulation of this gene has been observed in colorectal cancers. Several pseudogenes of this gene are found on chromosome 19. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants that encode multiple protein isoforms.

Source: NCBI Gene 5678 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 1
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 243 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_002784

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:9526
Approved symbol	PSG9
Name	pregnancy specific beta-1-glycoprotein 9
Location	19q13.31
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	PSGII
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000183668
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	176398
Entrez	5678

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 9 — 8 protein_coding, 1 retained_intron

ENST00000244293, ENST00000270077, ENST00000291752, ENST00000418820, ENST00000443718, ENST00000593948, ENST00000595404, ENST00000596730, ENST00000621109

RefSeq mRNA: 5 — MANE Select: NM_002784 NM_001301707, NM_001301708, NM_001301709, NM_001411075, NM_002784

CCDS: CCDS12618, CCDS77311, CCDS77312, CCDS77314, CCDS92636

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000270077 — 6 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001850662	43253282	43253646
ENSE00002292875	43267784	43268149
ENSE00002316640	43269368	43269530
ENSE00002436671	43258857	43259135
ENSE00002503378	43261860	43262138
ENSE00003657761	43258202	43258456

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth broad, 63 present calls, max score 94.61.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 2.2896 / max 2083.8337, expressed in 67 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (3 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
181250	2.2755	66
181249	0.0098	3
208849	0.0044	1

Top tissues by expression

243 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
placenta	UBERON:0001987	94.61	gold quality
decidua	UBERON:0002450	85.94	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	73.82	gold quality
ileal mucosa	UBERON:0000331	72.85	gold quality
diaphragm	UBERON:0001103	71.46	gold quality
pancreatic ductal cell	CL:0002079	67.78	silver quality
olfactory bulb	UBERON:0002264	67.37	gold quality
type B pancreatic cell	CL:0000169	67.07	gold quality
hair follicle	UBERON:0002073	62.91	gold quality
left ventricle myocardium	UBERON:0006566	62.56	gold quality
deltoid	UBERON:0001476	61.71	silver quality
stromal cell of endometrium	CL:0002255	61.37	gold quality
heart right ventricle	UBERON:0002080	60.24	gold quality
nasal cavity epithelium	UBERON:0005384	59.87	gold quality
CA1 field of hippocampus	UBERON:0003881	59.78	gold quality
rectum	UBERON:0001052	58.44	gold quality
gluteal muscle	UBERON:0002000	58.15	gold quality
triceps brachii	UBERON:0001509	57.95	gold quality
islet of Langerhans	UBERON:0000006	57.72	gold quality
quadriceps femoris	UBERON:0001377	57.57	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue of biceps brachii	UBERON:0004502	57.36	gold quality
smooth muscle tissue	UBERON:0001135	56.95	gold quality
vastus lateralis	UBERON:0001379	56.58	gold quality
adrenal tissue	UBERON:0018303	56.56	gold quality
cranial nerve II	UBERON:0000941	55.74	silver quality
colonic mucosa	UBERON:0000317	55.23	silver quality
thymus	UBERON:0002370	55.16	gold quality
epithelial cell of pancreas	CL:0000083	55.15	gold quality
mucosa of transverse colon	UBERON:0004991	54.42	gold quality
upper leg skin	UBERON:0004262	54.23	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	4.26
E-MTAB-6142	no	49.94

Regulation

Is transcription factor: yes

Downstream targets (CollecTRI)

1 targets.

Target	Regulation
FOXP3	Activation

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

21 targeting PSG9, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-4262	100.00	73.26	3931
HSA-MIR-181A-5P	99.99	72.96	2995
HSA-MIR-181B-5P	99.99	72.97	2996
HSA-MIR-181C-5P	99.99	72.95	2996
HSA-MIR-181D-5P	99.99	73.04	2997
HSA-MIR-19A-3P	99.98	75.33	2762
HSA-MIR-19B-3P	99.98	75.44	2754
HSA-MIR-570-3P	99.96	72.41	4910
HSA-MIR-10527-5P	99.91	72.28	3754
HSA-MIR-6844	99.82	70.69	2423
HSA-MIR-4659A-3P	99.80	72.62	4248
HSA-MIR-4659B-3P	99.80	72.62	4248
HSA-MIR-556-3P	99.74	68.75	1203
HSA-MIR-7154-5P	99.69	70.52	1900
HSA-MIR-516B-5P	99.56	66.33	1495
HSA-MIR-6733-3P	99.54	67.80	1281
HSA-MIR-543	99.52	69.03	2595
HSA-MIR-323B-3P	99.14	68.89	725
HSA-MIR-501-5P	98.77	68.88	1328
HSA-MIR-8060	98.61	66.93	1187
HSA-MIR-9903	98.47	66.70	748

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 6)

• PSG9 may have a role in development of colorectal carcinogenesis in patients with adenomatous polyposis coli (PMID:15982419)
• PSG9, through its activation of TGFbeta-1, could be a potent inducer of immune tolerance (PMID:27389696)
• Findings illustrate the innovative mechanism by which PSG9 drives the progression of colorectal cancer and tumor angiogenesis. This occurs via nuclear translocation of PSG9/SMAD4, which activates angiogenic cytokines. (PMID:27528036)
• Results indicate that pregnancy-specific glycoprotein 9 (PSG9) may facilitate the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by fostering angiogenesis via promoting VEGFA production in cancer HCC. (PMID:28078509)
• Plasma OPN + MMP7 + PSG9 elevation in combination was a prognostic factor for overall survival in hepatocellular carcinoma (PMID:29770948)
• PSG7 and 9 (Pregnancy-Specific beta-1 Glycoproteins 7 and 9): Novel Biomarkers for Preeclampsia. (PMID:35322669)

Cross-species orthologs

0 orthologs

Paralogs (24): CEACAM21 (ENSG00000007129), CEACAM7 (ENSG00000007306), CEACAM1 (ENSG00000079385), CEACAM6 (ENSG00000086548), CEACAM4 (ENSG00000105352), CEACAM5 (ENSG00000105388), PSG8 (ENSG00000124467), CEACAM8 (ENSG00000124469), HEPACAM (ENSG00000165478), PSG6 (ENSG00000170848), CEACAM3 (ENSG00000170956), CEACAM19 (ENSG00000186567), HEPACAM2 (ENSG00000188175), PSG5 (ENSG00000204941), CEACAM18 (ENSG00000213822), CEACAM16 (ENSG00000213892), VSTM5 (ENSG00000214376), PSG3 (ENSG00000221826), PSG7 (ENSG00000221878), PSG1 (ENSG00000231924), PSG2 (ENSG00000242221), PSG11 (ENSG00000243130), PSG4 (ENSG00000243137), CEACAM20 (ENSG00000273777)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 9 — Q00887 (reviewed: Q00887)

Alternative names: PS34, Pregnancy-specific beta-1 glycoprotein B, Pregnancy-specific beta-1-glycoprotein 11, Pregnancy-specific glycoprotein 7

All UniProt accessions (7): A0A087WYK1, E7EW65, G3XAA7, H7C1I4, M0R0E4, M0R0U8, Q00887

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Binds to the small latent transforming growth factor-beta complex, consisting of the N-terminal TGFB1 latency-associated peptide (LAP) and the mature form of TGFB1, thereby leading to the activation of TGFB1. The activation of TGFB1 leads to stimulation of naive CD4(+) T-cells to increase FoxP3 expression and to an increase in the number of FoxP3(+) regulatory T-cells. Induces the differentiation of a suppressive CD4(+)LAP(+)FoxP3(-) T-cell subset. Induces the secretion of TGFB1 in macrophages, but not in activated CD4(+) T-cells. May reduce the expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines by CD4(+) T-cells, including IL2 and IL6.

Subunit / interactions. Interacts with latency-associated peptide; leading to TGFB1 activation.

Subcellular location. Secreted.

Similarity. Belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. CEA family.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q00887-1	1	yes
Q00887-2	2

RefSeq proteins (5): NP_001288636, NP_001288637, NP_001288638, NP_001398004, NP_002775* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR003598	Ig_sub2	Domain
IPR003599	Ig_sub	Domain
IPR007110	Ig-like_dom	Domain
IPR013106	Ig_V-set	Domain
IPR013783	Ig-like_fold	Homologous_superfamily
IPR036179	Ig-like_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR050831	CEA_cell_adhesion	Family

Pfam: PF07686, PF13895

UniProt features (29 total): glycosylation site 6, sequence conflict 6, sequence variant 5, domain 4, disulfide bond 3, splice variant 2, signal peptide 1, chain 1, short sequence motif 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q00887-F1	87.44	0.72

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Disulfide bonds (3): 169–217, 262–310, 354–394

Glycosylation sites (6): 268, 303, 387, 104, 111, 199

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

1 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-202733	Cell surface interactions at the vascular wall

MSigDB gene sets: 137 (showing top): GOBP_SMAD_PROTEIN_SIGNAL_TRANSDUCTION, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_CELL_ACTIVATION, LI_CISPLATIN_RESISTANCE_DN, KOBAYASHI_EGFR_SIGNALING_24HR_UP, GOBP_HETEROPHILIC_CELL_CELL_ADHESION, GOBP_TOLERANCE_INDUCTION, GOBP_INFLAMMATORY_RESPONSE, GOZGIT_ESR1_TARGETS_DN, GOBP_CELL_CELL_ADHESION, BROWNE_HCMV_INFECTION_48HR_DN, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_LEUKOCYTE_DIFFERENTIATION, MISSIAGLIA_REGULATED_BY_METHYLATION_UP, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_IMMUNE_RESPONSE, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_HEMOPOIESIS, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_MULTICELLULAR_ORGANISMAL_PROCESS

GO Biological Process (7): tolerance induction dependent upon immune response (GO:0002461), Fc receptor mediated inhibitory signaling pathway (GO:0002774), transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway (GO:0007179), female pregnancy (GO:0007565), regulation of regulatory T cell differentiation (GO:0045589), positive regulation of SMAD protein signal transduction (GO:0060391), negative regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response (GO:1900016)

GO Molecular Function (1): protein-containing complex binding (GO:0044877)

GO Cellular Component (2): extracellular region (GO:0005576), transforming growth factor beta ligand-receptor complex (GO:0070021)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-1 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Hemostasis	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
adaptive immune response based on somatic recombination of immune receptors built from immunoglobulin superfamily domains	1
tolerance induction	1
immune response-inhibiting cell surface receptor signaling pathway	1
cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus	1
transforming growth factor beta receptor superfamily signaling pathway	1
multi-organism reproductive process	1
multi-multicellular organism process	1
regulatory T cell differentiation	1
regulation of T cell differentiation	1
regulation of SMAD protein signal transduction	1
SMAD protein signal transduction	1
positive regulation of transmembrane receptor protein serine/threonine kinase signaling pathway	1
positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction	1
negative regulation of cytokine production	1
cytokine production involved in inflammatory response	1
regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response	1
binding	1
cellular anatomical structure	1
plasma membrane signaling receptor complex	1
serine/threonine protein kinase complex	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1052 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
PSG9	CSH1	P01243	767
PSG9	CSH1	P01243	763
PSG9	PAPPA	Q13219	621
PSG9	ALPP	P05187	469
PSG9	AFP	P02771	447
PSG9	SMAD2	Q15796	442
PSG9	BAIAP3	O94812	411
PSG9	LGALS1	P09382	395
PSG9	PSG2	P11465	390
PSG9	PSG8	Q9UQ74	386
PSG9	PSG1	P11462	383
PSG9	PSG3	Q16557	383
PSG9	A0A096LNM5	A0A096LNM5	382
PSG9	C19orf53	Q9UNZ5	370
PSG9	TFPI2	P48307	358

IntAct

23 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
DSCAM	PSG9	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.540
PSG9	DSCAM	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.540
PSG9	CCDC85C	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
TGFB1	PSG9	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.440
PSG9	HSPD1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
DCC	PSG9	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
FGFR4	PSG9	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
PSG9	LEP	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
PSG9	AXL	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
PSG9	ARMS2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
PSG9	SMAD2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
PSG9	PTPN12	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
SMAD4	PSG9	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
PSG3	PSG1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
SMAD9	VSIG8	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
PSG9	EEF1A1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
PSG9	RIF1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000

BioGRID (44): PSG9 (Affinity Capture-MS), PSG9 (Affinity Capture-MS), ATP6V1E1 (Affinity Capture-MS), SECISBP2L (Affinity Capture-MS), COLGALT2 (Affinity Capture-MS), NEFL (Affinity Capture-MS), NEFM (Affinity Capture-MS), SHCBP1 (Affinity Capture-MS), APOL2 (Affinity Capture-MS), CCDC85C (Affinity Capture-MS), ZMYM1 (Affinity Capture-MS), ZBTB44 (Affinity Capture-MS), CELSR3 (Affinity Capture-MS), PSG9 (Affinity Capture-MS), SHCBP1 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A0K2S4Q6, A6NI73, O75019, O75022, O75023, O76036, P0C191, P11464, P11465, P13688, P31997, P40199, P59901, Q00887, Q00888, Q00889, Q08708, Q0V881, Q15238, Q16557, Q28110, Q496F6, Q5M7U7, Q5SQ64, Q6GTX8, Q6ISS4, Q6MG56, Q6PI73, Q863H2, Q863H3, Q8C567, Q8IYS5, Q8MHY9, Q8MJZ2, Q8N149, Q8N423, Q8N6C8, Q8VBT3, Q95JB9, Q96LA5

Diamond homologs: A0A0B4J1L0, D3ZQE1, E9QA28, O75871, P06731, P11464, P11465, P13688, P16573, P31809, P31997, P40198, P40199, Q00887, Q00888, Q00889, Q13046, Q14002, Q15238, Q16557, Q2WEN9, Q3KPI0, Q3UKK2, Q61400, Q63111, Q810J1, Q925P2, Q9D2Z1, Q9UQ72, Q9UQ74, A0A140LHF2, P0DP72, P35329, Q15223, Q15746, Q58EX2, Q6V4S5, Q96FE5, Q9D1T0, Q9GL76

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

243 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	213
Likely benign	18
Benign	1

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

684 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
19:43258334:T:TA	donor_gain	1.0000
19:43258335:C:A	donor_gain	1.0000
19:43269362:CCTCA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
19:43269363:CTCAC:C	donor_loss	1.0000
19:43269364:TCA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
19:43269365:CAC:C	donor_loss	1.0000
19:43258453:CCAT:C	acceptor_gain	0.9900
19:43258454:CATC:C	acceptor_gain	0.9900
19:43261858:A:AC	donor_gain	0.9900
19:43261859:C:CC	donor_gain	0.9900
19:43262139:C:CC	acceptor_gain	0.9900
19:43267782:A:AC	donor_gain	0.9900
19:43267783:C:CC	donor_gain	0.9900
19:43268150:C:CC	acceptor_gain	0.9900
19:43258317:T:TA	donor_gain	0.9800
19:43259134:CGCTG:C	acceptor_gain	0.9800
19:43259136:C:CC	acceptor_gain	0.9800
19:43259138:G:C	acceptor_gain	0.9800
19:43267777:CACT:C	donor_loss	0.9800
19:43267778:ACTC:A	donor_loss	0.9800
19:43267780:TCACA:T	donor_loss	0.9800
19:43267781:CA:C	donor_loss	0.9800
19:43267782:ACAGT:A	donor_loss	0.9800
19:43267783:C:T	donor_loss	0.9800
19:43267783:CA:C	donor_gain	0.9800
19:43268145:TGATG:T	acceptor_gain	0.9800
19:43268146:GATG:G	acceptor_gain	0.9800
19:43268148:TG:T	acceptor_gain	0.9800
19:43269366:A:AC	donor_gain	0.9800
19:43269367:C:CC	donor_gain	0.9800

AlphaMissense

2764 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
19:43258347:C:A	W366C	0.975
19:43258347:C:G	W366C	0.975
19:43258916:C:G	C310S	0.975
19:43258917:A:T	C310S	0.975
19:43261885:A:C	S228R	0.970
19:43261885:A:T	S228R	0.970
19:43261887:T:G	S228R	0.970
19:43267894:A:G	L107P	0.968
19:43262029:C:A	W180C	0.963
19:43262029:C:G	W180C	0.963
19:43268015:A:G	W67R	0.963
19:43268015:A:T	W67R	0.963
19:43267898:A:G	S106P	0.957
19:43268013:C:A	W67C	0.957
19:43268013:C:G	W67C	0.957
19:43261919:C:G	C217S	0.956
19:43261920:A:T	C217S	0.956
19:43262031:A:G	W180R	0.956
19:43262031:A:T	W180R	0.956
19:43258349:A:G	W366R	0.955
19:43258349:A:T	W366R	0.955
19:43262063:C:G	C169S	0.953
19:43262064:A:T	C169S	0.953
19:43262064:A:G	C169R	0.950
19:43262063:C:T	C169Y	0.949
19:43258264:C:G	C394S	0.948
19:43258265:A:T	C394S	0.948
19:43258271:A:C	Y392D	0.947
19:43258917:A:G	C310R	0.945
19:43258385:A:G	C354R	0.944

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000192734 (19:43262230 C>A,T), RS1000257509 (19:43266967 A>C), RS1000332382 (19:43267192 A>T), RS1000454716 (19:43254765 AAG>A), RS1000594992 (19:43266322 A>G), RS1000609786 (19:43270114 C>T), RS1000798076 (19:43262975 G>A), RS1001017095 (19:43269499 G>A,C), RS1001180695 (19:43260848 C>A), RS1001321507 (19:43255504 A>G), RS1001331384 (19:43255778 T>A), RS1001603392 (19:43263853 G>A), RS1001625996 (19:43267487 C>G), RS1001676970 (19:43264072 G>A,C,T), RS1002194623 (19:43260696 C>G)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:176398 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

1 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST006585_2665	Blood protein levels	1.000000e-07

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

28 total (human), top 28 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Aflatoxin B1	decreases methylation, increases expression	2
aristolochic acid I	decreases expression	1
sotorasib	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
sodium arsenite	decreases expression	1
zinc chromate	increases abundance, increases expression	1
potassium chromate(VI)	increases expression	1
chromium hexavalent ion	increases abundance, increases expression	1
fipronil	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide	increases expression	1
abrine	increases expression	1
trametinib	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
NVP-BKM120	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
2,3,5-trichloro-6-phenyl-(1,4)benzoquinone	decreases expression	1
Irinotecan	affects cotreatment, increases response to substance	1
Arsenic	affects methylation	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases methylation	1
Leucovorin	affects cotreatment, increases response to substance	1
Copper	affects binding, increases expression	1
DEET	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Disulfiram	affects binding, increases expression	1
Fluorouracil	affects cotreatment, increases response to substance	1
Lucanthone	increases expression	1
Methylcholanthrene	affects binding, increases reaction	1
Silicon Dioxide	increases expression	1
Valproic Acid	decreases expression	1
Cyclosporine	increases expression	1
beta-Naphthoflavone	decreases expression	1
S-Nitrosoglutathione	increases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.