PSORS1C1
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Also known as SEEK1
Summary
PSORS1C1 (psoriasis susceptibility 1 candidate 1, HGNC:17202) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 6p21.33, encoding Psoriasis susceptibility 1 candidate gene 1 protein (Q9UIG5).
This gene is one of several genes thought to confer susceptibility to psoriasis and systemic sclerosis, located on chromosome 6 near the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I region.
Source: NCBI Gene 170679 — RefSeq curated summary.
At a glance
- GWAS associations: 94
- Clinical variants (ClinVar): 52 total
- MANE Select transcript:
NM_014068
Identifiers
Gene identifiers
| Field | Value |
|---|---|
| HGNC ID | HGNC:17202 |
| Approved symbol | PSORS1C1 |
| Name | psoriasis susceptibility 1 candidate 1 |
| Location | 6p21.33 |
| Locus type | gene with protein product |
| Status | Approved |
| Aliases | SEEK1 |
| Ensembl gene | ENSG00000204540 |
| Ensembl biotype | protein_coding |
| OMIM | 613525 |
| Entrez | 170679 |
Gene structure
Transcript identifiers
Ensembl transcripts: 9 — 4 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined, 3 protein_coding, 2 retained_intron
ENST00000259881, ENST00000467107, ENST00000479581, ENST00000481450, ENST00000493289, ENST00000547221, ENST00000548049, ENST00000550838, ENST00000552747
RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_014068
NM_014068
CCDS: CCDS34390
Canonical transcript exons
ENST00000259881 — 6 exons
| Exon | Start | End |
|---|---|---|
| ENSE00001666904 | 31138430 | 31138459 |
| ENSE00001697652 | 31125676 | 31125839 |
| ENSE00002384037 | 31139641 | 31140092 |
| ENSE00003520173 | 31129569 | 31129645 |
| ENSE00003542914 | 31138656 | 31138779 |
| ENSE00003893969 | 31114800 | 31114891 |
Expression profiles
Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 124 present calls, max score 97.21.
FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 2.7718 / max 96.8590, expressed in 938 samples.
FANTOM5 promoters (7 alternative TSS)
| Promoter ID | TPM avg | Samples expressed |
|---|---|---|
| 66860 | 1.1633 | 584 |
| 66859 | 1.0231 | 582 |
| 66861 | 0.2213 | 125 |
| 66858 | 0.1998 | 94 |
| 66862 | 0.1257 | 61 |
| 66866 | 0.0231 | 7 |
| 66865 | 0.0156 | 4 |
Top tissues by expression
132 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):
| Tissue | Anatomy ID | Expression score | Quality |
|---|---|---|---|
| left testis | UBERON:0004533 | 97.21 | gold quality |
| right testis | UBERON:0004534 | 97.09 | gold quality |
| testis | UBERON:0000473 | 96.60 | gold quality |
| male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis | CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473 | 89.21 | gold quality |
| skin of leg | UBERON:0001511 | 87.54 | gold quality |
| zone of skin | UBERON:0000014 | 86.62 | gold quality |
| primordial germ cell in gonad | CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991 | 85.58 | gold quality |
| skin of abdomen | UBERON:0001416 | 85.50 | gold quality |
| lower esophagus mucosa | UBERON:0035834 | 80.84 | gold quality |
| mucosa of stomach | UBERON:0001199 | 80.63 | gold quality |
| descending thoracic aorta | UBERON:0002345 | 79.50 | gold quality |
| ascending aorta | UBERON:0001496 | 78.36 | gold quality |
| thoracic aorta | UBERON:0001515 | 78.20 | gold quality |
| upper lobe of left lung | UBERON:0008952 | 77.95 | gold quality |
| apex of heart | UBERON:0002098 | 77.75 | gold quality |
| myometrium | UBERON:0001296 | 77.47 | gold quality |
| vagina | UBERON:0000996 | 77.43 | gold quality |
| right lung | UBERON:0002167 | 77.41 | gold quality |
| body of uterus | UBERON:0009853 | 76.17 | gold quality |
| transverse colon | UBERON:0001157 | 75.96 | gold quality |
| rectum | UBERON:0001052 | 75.94 | gold quality |
| body of stomach | UBERON:0001161 | 75.86 | gold quality |
| mucosa of transverse colon | UBERON:0004991 | 75.63 | gold quality |
| metanephros cortex | UBERON:0010533 | 75.44 | gold quality |
| small intestine Peyer’s patch | UBERON:0003454 | 75.03 | gold quality |
| colon | UBERON:0001155 | 74.59 | gold quality |
| duodenum | UBERON:0002114 | 74.49 | gold quality |
| small intestine | UBERON:0002108 | 74.37 | gold quality |
| muscle layer of sigmoid colon | UBERON:0035805 | 74.15 | gold quality |
| tibial artery | UBERON:0007610 | 74.08 | gold quality |
Single-cell (SCXA)
Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 0.
| Experiment | Marker? | Max mean expression |
|---|---|---|
| E-ANND-3 | no | 1.46 |
Regulation
Is transcription factor: no
miRNA regulators (miRDB)
15 targeting PSORS1C1, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):
| miRNA | Max score | Avg score | miRNA target_count |
|---|---|---|---|
| HSA-MIR-4673 | 100.00 | 66.64 | 1490 |
| HSA-MIR-4692 | 100.00 | 67.32 | 2066 |
| HSA-MIR-4514 | 99.99 | 67.10 | 1870 |
| HSA-MIR-4645-5P | 99.98 | 65.81 | 1284 |
| HSA-MIR-7106-5P | 99.53 | 67.47 | 3574 |
| HSA-MIR-1207-5P | 99.49 | 69.11 | 2983 |
| HSA-MIR-4318 | 99.38 | 66.94 | 1505 |
| HSA-MIR-4520-2-3P | 99.14 | 69.28 | 1009 |
| HSA-MIR-4763-3P | 99.10 | 67.83 | 2649 |
| HSA-MIR-7851-3P | 98.72 | 64.88 | 980 |
| HSA-MIR-7850-5P | 98.12 | 67.28 | 1111 |
| HSA-MIR-6730-5P | 98.03 | 68.12 | 1299 |
| HSA-MIR-617 | 96.79 | 65.96 | 738 |
| HSA-MIR-6742-5P | 96.32 | 64.01 | 869 |
| HSA-MIR-6834-5P | 96.25 | 64.88 | 823 |
Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 12)
- In a case-control study, five of the nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) found in SEEK1 were associated with psoriasis, while one of the four SNPs found in SPR1 showed association. (PMID:12930300)
- SEEK1 polymorphisms +39604, +39709, and +26680 are not associated with Crohn’s disease in the Newfoundland population. (PMID:15301859)
- Report PCR-RFLP genotyping assay for PSORS1C1 which is in linkage disequilibrium with HLA-B*58:01 and may be marker for allopurinol-related Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis in Japanese. (PMID:22277675)
- PSORS1C1 comparison showed association with the complete set of systemic sclerosis patients and all the subsets except for the anti-centromere-positive patients but, the association was dependent on different HLA class II alleles. (PMID:22896740)
- this study demonstrates that SNPs in the PSORS1C1-encoding gene have a strong association with RA. (PMID:23769905)
- PSORS1C1/CDSN gene may play a pathogenic role in ankylosing spondylitis (PMID:24210685)
- The association has been found between PSORS1C1 SNPs and asthma in Hispanic Americans. (PMID:24406073)
- ACPA were associated significantly with rs7574865 in STAT-4. The SNP rs2233945 in the PSORS1C1 gene was protective regarding the presence of bone erosions, while rs2542151 in PTPN2 gene was associated with joint damage. (PMID:27342690)
- Patients carrying PSORS1C1 variant allele rs2233945 did not reach low disease activity at 6 months in both the whole RA group and Etanercept treated patients. (PMID:28107378)
- The results of this study confirms the minor allele PSORS1C1 is positively associated with allopurinol-induced drug hypersensitivity. (PMID:29193002)
- results show, for the first time, the male-only associations of the PSORS1C3 gene with psoriasis risk and of the PSORS1C1/CDSN gene with severity of disease. However, the age dependent associations need to be validated in larger sample sizes as well as in other populations. (PMID:29589160)
- Psoriasis Susceptibility 1 Candidate 1 (PSORS1C1) Polymorphism is Associated with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease in a Chinese Han Population. (PMID:34325607)
Cross-species orthologs
0 orthologs
Protein
Protein identifiers
Psoriasis susceptibility 1 candidate gene 1 protein — Q9UIG5 (reviewed: Q9UIG5)
Alternative names: Protein SEEK1
All UniProt accessions (4): A0A0C4DGJ2, D2IYL0, Q2M3K9, Q9UIG5
UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →
Tissue specificity. Expressed in skin. Also found in heart, placenta, liver, skeletal muscle and pancreas.
Isoforms (2)
| UniProt ID | Names | Canonical? |
|---|---|---|
| Q9UIG5-1 | 1 | yes |
| Q9UIG5-2 | 2 |
RefSeq proteins (1): NP_054787* (*=MANE)
Domains & families (InterPro)
| ID | Name | Type |
|---|---|---|
| IPR028206 | SEEK1 | Family |
Pfam: PF15357
UniProt features (11 total): sequence variant 7, chain 1, region of interest 1, compositionally biased region 1, splice variant 1
Structure
Experimental structures (PDB)
0 structures.
Predicted structure (AlphaFold)
| Model | pLDDT | Fraction very-high |
|---|---|---|
| AF-Q9UIG5-F1 | 55.10 | 0.00 |
Function
Pathways and Gene Ontology
Reactome pathways
0 pathways
MSigDB gene sets: 41 (showing top):
PEDRIOLI_MIR31_TARGETS_DN, ZWANG_CLASS_1_TRANSIENTLY_INDUCED_BY_EGF, ZWANG_TRANSIENTLY_UP_BY_2ND_EGF_PULSE_ONLY, ALK_DN.V1_DN, KRAS.300_UP.V1_DN, KRAS.50_UP.V1_DN, KRAS.600_UP.V1_DN, KRAS.600.LUNG.BREAST_UP.V1_DN, KRAS.LUNG_UP.V1_DN, BARX1_TARGET_GENES, CBX7_TARGET_GENES, HMG20B_TARGET_GENES, TEAD2_TARGET_GENES, TOP2B_TARGET_GENES, ZNF146_TARGET_GENES
GO Biological Process (0):
GO Molecular Function (0):
GO Cellular Component (0):
Protein interactions and networks
STRING
374 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):
| Protein A | Protein B | Partner UniProt | Score |
|---|---|---|---|
| PSORS1C1 | CDSN | Q15517 | 945 |
| PSORS1C1 | HLA-C | P04222 | 772 |
| PSORS1C1 | CCHCR1 | Q8TD31 | 645 |
| PSORS1C1 | PSORS1C2 | Q9UIG4 | 620 |
| PSORS1C1 | TCF19 | Q9Y242 | 594 |
| PSORS1C1 | MCCD1 | P59942 | 495 |
| PSORS1C1 | HLA-B | P01889 | 479 |
| PSORS1C1 | KLHL8 | Q9P2G9 | 472 |
| PSORS1C1 | TSBP1 | Q5SRN2 | 471 |
| PSORS1C1 | OR10C1 | Q96KK4 | 462 |
| PSORS1C1 | POLR1H | Q9P1U0 | 453 |
| PSORS1C1 | HLA-DQB1 | P01917 | 450 |
| PSORS1C1 | C6orf15 | Q6UXA7 | 447 |
| PSORS1C1 | SOD1 | P00441 | 429 |
| PSORS1C1 | KRT1 | P04264 | 422 |
IntAct
1 interactions, top by confidence:
BioGRID (1): PSORS1C1 (Two-hybrid)
ESM2 similar proteins: A0A1B0GTK4, A0JNL8, A2RUT3, A4D1N5, A4D250, B1ANY3, C0HMD7, F1MQW7, F2Z3F1, J3KSC0, O14603, O95411, P0C092, P0DMR3, P37200, P47939, P47940, P69615, Q0VFX4, Q14695, Q32KZ5, Q3C1V9, Q4G0G2, Q4R3X9, Q52M75, Q53S99, Q5SR53, Q5SWW7, Q5T6R2, Q5W5W9, Q66669, Q66HF0, Q6AWC8, Q6DGF6, Q6ZP68, Q6ZV80, Q6ZVU0, Q7L4S7, Q7Z4H9, Q8N2C9
Diamond homologs: Q7YR46, Q9UIG5
SIGNOR signaling
0 interactions.
Disease & clinical
Clinical variants and AI predictions
ClinVar
52 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):
| Classification | Count (floor) |
|---|---|
| Pathogenic | 0 |
| Likely pathogenic | 0 |
| Uncertain significance | 31 |
| Likely benign | 4 |
| Benign | 10 |
Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)
SpliceAI
1186 predictions. Top by Δscore:
| Variant | Effect | Δscore |
|---|---|---|
| 6:31114890:AGGTG:A | donor_loss | 1.0000 |
| 6:31117527:TCCCT:T | acceptor_loss | 1.0000 |
| 6:31117529:CCTG:C | acceptor_loss | 1.0000 |
| 6:31117530:C:CC | acceptor_gain | 1.0000 |
| 6:31117530:CTGT:C | acceptor_loss | 1.0000 |
| 6:31133641:GCTAT:G | donor_gain | 1.0000 |
| 6:31138302:GATGC:G | acceptor_gain | 1.0000 |
| 6:31138304:TGC:T | acceptor_gain | 1.0000 |
| 6:31138305:GC:G | acceptor_gain | 1.0000 |
| 6:31138306:CC:C | acceptor_gain | 1.0000 |
| 6:31138307:C:CA | acceptor_loss | 1.0000 |
| 6:31138307:C:CC | acceptor_gain | 1.0000 |
| 6:31114888:GAAG:G | donor_gain | 0.9900 |
| 6:31114893:T:G | donor_loss | 0.9900 |
| 6:31117525:GGTCC:G | acceptor_gain | 0.9900 |
| 6:31117526:GTCC:G | acceptor_gain | 0.9900 |
| 6:31117527:TCC:T | acceptor_gain | 0.9900 |
| 6:31117528:CC:C | acceptor_gain | 0.9900 |
| 6:31117528:CCC:C | acceptor_gain | 0.9900 |
| 6:31117529:CC:C | acceptor_gain | 0.9900 |
| 6:31117531:T:C | acceptor_loss | 0.9900 |
| 6:31133676:GAAA:G | donor_gain | 0.9900 |
| 6:31138303:ATGC:A | acceptor_gain | 0.9900 |
| 6:31138309:G:C | acceptor_gain | 0.9900 |
| 6:31138309:G:GC | acceptor_gain | 0.9900 |
| 6:31114892:G:GG | donor_gain | 0.9800 |
| 6:31129547:A:AG | acceptor_gain | 0.9800 |
| 6:31129552:C:G | acceptor_gain | 0.9800 |
| 6:31133677:A:T | donor_gain | 0.9800 |
| 6:31137566:AT:A | acceptor_gain | 0.9800 |
AlphaMissense
983 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:
| Variant | Protein change | am_pathogenicity |
|---|---|---|
| 6:31139678:T:C | F69L | 0.949 |
| 6:31139680:C:A | F69L | 0.949 |
| 6:31139680:C:G | F69L | 0.949 |
| 6:31138775:T:C | F55L | 0.891 |
| 6:31138777:C:A | F55L | 0.891 |
| 6:31138777:C:G | F55L | 0.891 |
| 6:31139762:T:C | F97L | 0.863 |
| 6:31139764:T:A | F97L | 0.863 |
| 6:31139764:T:G | F97L | 0.863 |
| 6:31139909:T:C | F146L | 0.841 |
| 6:31139911:T:A | F146L | 0.841 |
| 6:31139911:T:G | F146L | 0.841 |
| 6:31139918:A:C | S149R | 0.784 |
| 6:31139920:C:A | S149R | 0.784 |
| 6:31139920:C:G | S149R | 0.784 |
| 6:31139679:T:C | F69S | 0.708 |
| 6:31139729:G:C | D86H | 0.695 |
| 6:31139841:T:C | I123T | 0.690 |
| 6:31139641:G:C | W56C | 0.667 |
| 6:31139641:G:T | W56C | 0.667 |
| 6:31139739:T:A | V89D | 0.659 |
| 6:31139733:T:C | I87T | 0.652 |
| 6:31139648:G:T | G59W | 0.651 |
| 6:31139733:T:G | I87S | 0.630 |
| 6:31139730:A:T | D86V | 0.610 |
| 6:31139719:G:C | R82S | 0.605 |
| 6:31139719:G:T | R82S | 0.605 |
| 6:31139679:T:G | F69C | 0.601 |
| 6:31139841:T:G | I123S | 0.600 |
| 6:31139710:A:C | R79S | 0.590 |
dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000289720 (6:31139431 C>T), RS1000602109 (6:31121823 G>A,C), RS1000647534 (6:31133424 C>T), RS1000655376 (6:31127577 A>G), RS1000707506 (6:31127234 A>G), RS1000861584 (6:31127389 C>T), RS1000949975 (6:31122052 A>G), RS1001009016 (6:31133286 G>A), RS1001140627 (6:31122145 C>A), RS1001162849 (6:31118426 G>C), RS1001275337 (6:31124209 C>T), RS1001340329 (6:31130463 G>A), RS1001774408 (6:31128007 A>G), RS1001920328 (6:31121381 G>A), RS1002033998 (6:31113456 A>C,G)
Disease associations
OMIM: gene MIM:613525 | disease phenotypes:
GenCC curated gene-disease
Mondo (0):
Orphanet (0):
HPO phenotypes
0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):
GWAS associations
94 associations (top):
| Study | Trait | p-value |
|---|---|---|
| GCST000589_3 | White blood cell count | 7.000000e-09 |
| GCST000984_14 | Idiopathic membranous nephropathy | 1.000000e-42 |
| GCST001137_9 | White blood cell count | 4.000000e-13 |
| GCST001146_4 | Systemic sclerosis | 6.000000e-10 |
| GCST001181_2 | Drug-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS/TEN) | 3.000000e-07 |
| GCST001239_1 | Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS-TEN) | 2.000000e-08 |
| GCST001729_10 | Crohn’s disease | 5.000000e-28 |
| GCST001737_11 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-related biomarkers | 6.000000e-09 |
| GCST001737_12 | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-related biomarkers | 8.000000e-09 |
| GCST001768_5 | Behcet’s disease | 2.000000e-20 |
| GCST001779_4 | Hematology traits | 5.000000e-07 |
| GCST001812_2 | Epstein-Barr virus immune response (EBNA-1) | 2.000000e-10 |
| GCST002140_3 | Multiple myeloma | 1.000000e-10 |
| GCST002647_135 | Height | 2.000000e-32 |
| GCST002702_21 | Height | 2.000000e-07 |
| GCST002876_3 | Type 1 diabetes and autoimmune thyroid diseases | 1.000000e-22 |
| GCST002884_7 | Cutaneous lupus erythematosus | 4.000000e-10 |
| GCST003542_141 | Night sleep phenotypes | 5.000000e-06 |
| GCST003833_1 | Adult asthma | 2.000000e-11 |
| GCST003833_17 | Adult asthma | 7.000000e-08 |
| GCST004131_25 | Inflammatory bowel disease | 2.000000e-31 |
| GCST004133_79 | Ulcerative colitis | 5.000000e-65 |
| GCST004521_103 | Autism spectrum disorder or schizophrenia | 2.000000e-08 |
| GCST004521_114 | Autism spectrum disorder or schizophrenia | 3.000000e-17 |
| GCST004521_117 | Autism spectrum disorder or schizophrenia | 3.000000e-15 |
| GCST004521_126 | Autism spectrum disorder or schizophrenia | 2.000000e-10 |
| GCST004521_132 | Autism spectrum disorder or schizophrenia | 2.000000e-09 |
| GCST004521_16 | Autism spectrum disorder or schizophrenia | 2.000000e-12 |
| GCST004521_19 | Autism spectrum disorder or schizophrenia | 2.000000e-12 |
| GCST004521_2 | Autism spectrum disorder or schizophrenia | 2.000000e-16 |
EFO canonical traits (11, from GWAS)
| EFO ID | Trait name |
|---|---|
| EFO:0005081 | surfactant protein D measurement |
| EFO:0004645 | response to vaccine |
| EFO:0009180 | rosacea severity measurement |
| EFO:0005298 | allergic sensitization measurement |
| EFO:0009598 | feeling miserable measurement |
| EFO:0009597 | feeling nervous measurement |
| EFO:0004761 | uric acid measurement |
| EFO:0004615 | apolipoprotein B measurement |
| EFO:0008039 | BMI-adjusted hip circumference |
| EFO:0007788 | BMI-adjusted waist-hip ratio |
| EFO:0007789 | BMI-adjusted waist circumference |
Drugs & pharmacology
Drug and pharmacology data
Is drug target: no
PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)
PharmGKB clinical annotations
5 annotations.
| Variant | Type | Level | Drugs | Phenotypes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| rs2233945 | Efficacy | 3 | etanercept | Rheumatoid arthritis |
| rs3130985 | Toxicity | 3 | carboplatin;gemcitabine | Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma;Thrombocytopenia |
| rs3131003 | Toxicity | 3 | allopurinol | Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions |
| rs3815087 | Toxicity | 4 | allopurinol | Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions;Stevens-Johnson Syndrome;Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis |
| rs9263726 | Toxicity | 3 | allopurinol | Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms;Stevens-Johnson Syndrome |
PharmGKB variants
5 variants.
| Variant | Genes | Level | Score | #Clin annots | Drugs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| rs2233945 | PSORS1C1, PSORS1C2 | 3 | 2.50 | 1 | etanercept |
| rs3815087 | PSORS1C1 | 4 | -2.50 | 1 | allopurinol |
| rs9263726 | PSORS1C1, PSORS1C2 | 3 | 3.75 | 1 | allopurinol |
| rs3131003 | PSORS1C1 | 3 | 3.00 | 1 | allopurinol |
| rs3130985 | CDSN, PSORS1C1 | 3 | 2.50 | 1 | carboplatin;gemcitabine |
CTD chemical–gene interactions
16 total (human), top 16 by PubMed support.
| Chemical | Actions (top 5) | PubMed papers |
|---|---|---|
| sodium arsenite | decreases expression, increases expression | 2 |
| Silicon Dioxide | decreases expression, increases expression | 2 |
| bisphenol A | decreases methylation | 1 |
| CGP 52608 | affects binding, increases reaction | 1 |
| Resveratrol | affects cotreatment, decreases expression | 1 |
| Arsenic | affects methylation | 1 |
| Atrazine | increases expression | 1 |
| Benzo(a)pyrene | affects methylation, decreases methylation | 1 |
| Estradiol | affects expression | 1 |
| Oxygen | increases expression | 1 |
| Phthalic Acids | increases methylation | 1 |
| Plant Extracts | affects cotreatment, decreases expression | 1 |
| Smoke | decreases expression | 1 |
| Testosterone | decreases expression | 1 |
| Thiram | increases expression | 1 |
| Tobacco Smoke Pollution | decreases expression | 1 |
Clinical trials (associated diseases)
0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.
Related Atlas pages
- Disease cohort memberships (association, not causation — diseases whose associated-gene cohort lists this gene; a subset are also under Associated diseases): autoimmune thyroid disease, Behcet disease, cutaneous lupus erythematosus, Epstein-Barr virus infection, membranous glomerulonephritis, plasma cell myeloma, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, systemic sclerosis, Takayasu arteritis, toxic epidermal necrolysis, type 1 diabetes mellitus