PYY

Summary

PYY (peptide YY, HGNC:9748) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 17q21.31, encoding Peptide YY (P10082). This gut peptide inhibits exocrine pancreatic secretion, has a vasoconstrictory action and inhibitis jejunal and colonic mobility.

This gene encodes a member of the neuropeptide Y (NPY) family of peptides. The encoded preproprotein is proteolytically processed to generate two alternative peptide products that differ in length by three amino acids. These peptides, secreted by endocrine cells in the gut, exhibit different binding affinities for each of the neuropeptide Y receptors. Binding of the encoded peptides to these receptors mediates regulation of pancreatic secretion, gut mobility and energy homeostasis. Rare variations in this gene could increase susceptibility to obesity and elevated serum levels of the encoded peptides may be associated with anorexia nervosa.

Source: NCBI Gene 5697 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 7
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 44 total
• Phenotypes (HPO): 1
• MANE Select transcript: NM_001394028

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:9748
Approved symbol	PYY
Name	peptide YY
Location	17q21.31
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	PYY1
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000131096
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	600781
Entrez	5697

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 4 — 4 protein_coding

ENST00000360085, ENST00000592796, ENST00000692052, ENST00000917562

RefSeq mRNA: 3 — MANE Select: NM_001394028 NM_001394028, NM_001394029, NM_004160

CCDS: CCDS32662, CCDS92333

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000692052 — 4 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001687155	43953109	43953189
ENSE00002266620	43953296	43953483
ENSE00002966680	43953850	43953940
ENSE00003924918	43952733	43952980

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 125 present calls, max score 96.64.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 0.7015 / max 291.6906, expressed in 81 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (1 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
166290	0.7015	81

Top tissues by expression

257 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
mucosa of sigmoid colon	UBERON:0004993	96.64	gold quality
mucosa of transverse colon	UBERON:0004991	96.37	gold quality
colonic mucosa	UBERON:0000317	91.58	gold quality
rectum	UBERON:0001052	89.02	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	86.82	gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	86.43	gold quality
ileal mucosa	UBERON:0000331	85.79	gold quality
small intestine Peyer’s patch	UBERON:0003454	83.70	gold quality
transverse colon	UBERON:0001157	82.77	gold quality
small intestine	UBERON:0002108	78.17	gold quality
intestine	UBERON:0000160	72.84	gold quality
colonic epithelium	UBERON:0000397	72.10	gold quality
large intestine	UBERON:0000059	71.70	gold quality
colon	UBERON:0001155	71.19	gold quality
jejunal mucosa	UBERON:0000399	63.25	silver quality
duodenum	UBERON:0002114	62.10	gold quality
sigmoid colon	UBERON:0001159	59.41	gold quality
metanephros cortex	UBERON:0010533	59.15	gold quality
vermiform appendix	UBERON:0001154	57.61	gold quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	57.19	gold quality
caecum	UBERON:0001153	53.76	gold quality
metanephros	UBERON:0000081	53.67	gold quality
adult mammalian kidney	UBERON:0000082	52.99	gold quality
muscle layer of sigmoid colon	UBERON:0035805	51.00	gold quality
endometrium	UBERON:0001295	50.46	gold quality
frontal pole	UBERON:0002795	50.41	gold quality
middle frontal gyrus	UBERON:0002702	50.30	gold quality
paraflocculus	UBERON:0005351	50.18	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 10	UBERON:0013541	50.18	gold quality
quadriceps femoris	UBERON:0001377	49.78	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 4 experiment(s), a significant marker in 3.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-CURD-7	yes	24.99
E-ENAD-21	yes	24.99
E-GEOD-125970	yes	8.79
E-ANND-3	no	2.37

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): SP1, VDR

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

8 targeting PYY, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-3913-5P	99.78	67.26	968
HSA-MIR-3122	99.50	66.33	821
HSA-MIR-7155-5P	98.65	66.14	1290
HSA-MIR-7114-5P	98.51	67.87	1349
HSA-MIR-5691	98.23	67.02	1335
HSA-MIR-6805-3P	98.23	67.02	1334
HSA-MIR-1268A	87.06	61.46	145
HSA-MIR-1268B	87.06	61.46	145

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• Distribution of pancreatic polypeptide and peptide YY (PMID:11825640)
• Ontogeny and the effect of aging on pancreatic polypeptide and peptide YY (PMID:11825641)
• Central and peripheral regulation of gastric acid secretion by peptide YY (PMID:11825649)
• Feedback regulation of pancreatic secretion by peptide YY (PMID:11825650)
• Peptide YY as a growth factor for intestinal epithelium (PMID:11825653)
• Peptide YY and cancer: current findings and potential clinical applications (PMID:11825654)
• Peptide YY in gastrointestinal disorders (PMID:11825655)
• Effects of surgical manipulation of the intestine on peptide YY and its physiology (PMID:11825656)
• mutations in PYY and Y2R are not commonly found in humans with severe early-onset obesity. (PMID:15331560)
• Changes observed in circulating ghrelin and PYY concentrations in response to a test meal do not indicate a central role for these gut hormones in the control of appetite and the pathogenesis of obesity in these patients. (PMID:15972581)
• The common Arg allele of the PYY Arg72Thr variant modestly associates with type 2 diabetes and with type 2 diabetes-related quantitative traits. (PMID:15983231)
• in healthy humans the presence of fat in the small intestine suppresses ghrelin secretion, and fat-induced suppression of ghrelin and stimulation of peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide is dependent on fat digestion (PMID:15998659)
• PYY and glucagon like peptide-1 are colocalized and cosecreted from L cells, and total secretion of PYY is higher in females than in males, but fasting PYY levels and PYY secretion in response to oral glucose were not in any way correlated with BMI. (PMID:16174724)
• PYY is negatively correlated to degree of overweight, with reduced values in obese compared with normal-weight children. Decreased PYY levels could predispose subjects to develop obesity. (PMID:16204364)
• Elevated PYY may contribute to reduced intake and decreased bone turnover in anorexia nervosa. (PMID:16278259)
• Peptide YY increases after meal ingestion and decreases after fasting in a manner consistent with a meal-related signal of energy homeostasis and is independent of regulation by leptin. (PMID:16362815)
• rare sequence variants within PYY can influence human susceptibility to obesity (PMID:16368708)
• High levels of PYY and low levels of ghrelin in ICU patients compared to healthy controls. (PMID:16420657)
• the effects of intraduodenal fatty acids on ghrelin, PYY and GLP-2 secretion are dependent on their chain length (PMID:16563563)
• lower suppression of ghrelin in African-American youth, but not the lower peptide YY levels, correlates with insulinemia and insulin resistance (PMID:16720664)
• PP-fold is crucial for establishing simultaneous interactions with two subsites in the receptor for binding of, respectively, the N- and C-terminal ends of PYY. (PMID:16819834)
• Review summarizes the appetite suppressing effects of PYY in the regulation of food intake, focusing on whether it is a true endocrine factor that acts as a physiologic, hormonal regulator of appetite. (PMID:16828127)
• Increased PYY level does not have as a major role in the regulation of body weight in healthy postmenopausal women. (PMID:16907966)
• low circulating levels of PYY could contribute to hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance, and possibly contribute to subsequent development of obesity and type 2 diabetes (PMID:17045646)
• Overweight or obesity are associated with lower postprandial gastric volumes and normal PYY levels. Gastric emptying influences postprandial PYY levels. (PMID:17087952)
• no role for abnormal circulating PYY in human obesity but circulating PYY levels in humans are significantly elevated in anorexia nervosa (PMID:17119001)
• Cholecystokinin mediated the effect of intraduodenal fat on PYY secretion. (PMID:17138722)
• PYY (3-36) represents almost half of total PYY immunoreactivity in neonates. It’s correlations with ghrelin and BMI suggest a role of this peptide in the regulation of energy homeostasis. (PMID:17597642)
• Low carbohydrate hight fat diet stimulates PYY secretion more than a low fat high carbohydrate diet in obese individuals (PMID:17726080)
• Under conditions of high plasma PYY concentrations, mimicking the fed state, changes in neural activity within the caudolateral orbital frontal cortex predict feeding behaviour independently of meal-related sensory experiences (PMID:17934448)
• A 417 kcal beverage with 95% of calories from long-chain fatty acids suppressed subjective hunger and enhanced satiety in subjects showing robust increases in plasma peptide YY levels, but was ineffective in subjects with weak peptide YY responses. (PMID:17936861)
• In critical illness peptide YY levels correlate moderately with impaired gastric emptying, in a complex interaction with cholecystokinin. (PMID:18154642)
• Abnormal peptide YY secretion did not contribute to the development of obesity. (PMID:18239577)
• In women with anorexia nervosa, an elevated PYY level is strongly associated with diminished BMD, particularly at the spine. Therefore further investigation of the hypothesis that PYY may contribute to prevalent bone pathology in this disorder is merited (PMID:18486583)
• The lack of pre- and post-meal differences in satiety promoting hormone peptide YY makes it an unlikely contributor to binge eating in this group of obese women. (PMID:18534636)
• The impaired cholinergic regulation of the postprandial drop in ghrelin concentrations and rise in PYY concentrations might be part of the deregulated food intake in obese subjects (PMID:18567824)
• fasting peptide YY concentration is elevated in exercising women with hypothalamic amenorrhea and may serve as a proxy indicator of energy deficiency in this population (PMID:18929607)
• Ghrelin and PYY may regulate appetite during and after exercise. (PMID:18987287)
• PYY and ghrelin play a major role in pathogenesis of anorexia-cachexia syndrome in pediatric ALL patients. (PMID:19011469)
• Conclude that long-term exercise training has beneficial effects for overweight adolescents with respect to PYY and resistin, hormones related to appetite and insulin sensitivity. (PMID:19247279)

Cross-species orthologs

4 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	pyyb	ENSDARG00000035832
danio_rerio	pyya	ENSDARG00000053449
mus_musculus	Pyy	ENSMUSG00000017311
rattus_norvegicus	Pyy	ENSRNOG00000020877

Paralogs (2): PPY (ENSG00000108849), NPY (ENSG00000122585)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Peptide YY — P10082 (reviewed: P10082)

Alternative names: PYY-I, Peptide tyrosine tyrosine

All UniProt accessions (1): P10082

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. This gut peptide inhibits exocrine pancreatic secretion, has a vasoconstrictory action and inhibitis jejunal and colonic mobility.

Subcellular location. Secreted.

Post-translational modifications. The peptide YY form is cleaved at Pro-30 by the prolyl endopeptidase FAP (seprase) activity (in vitro) to generate peptide YY(3-36).

Similarity. Belongs to the NPY family.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
P10082-1	1, Long	yes
P10082-2	2, Short

RefSeq proteins (3): NP_001380957, NP_001380958, NP_004151 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001955	Pancreatic_hormone-like	Family
IPR020392	Pancreatic_hormone-like_CS	Conserved_site

Pfam: PF00159

UniProt features (15 total): sequence variant 3, peptide 2, modified residue 2, signal peptide 1, strand 1, helix 1, propeptide 1, region of interest 1, compositionally biased region 1, site 1, splice variant 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

6 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
7RT9	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.9
7YON	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.95
2DEZ	SOLUTION NMR
2DF0	SOLUTION NMR
2L60	SOLUTION NMR
2NA5	SOLUTION NMR

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P10082-F1	70.87	0.07

Antibody-complex structures (SAbDab): 2 — 7RT9, 7YON

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Catalytic / active sites (1): 30–31 (cleavage; by fap)

Post-translational modifications (2): 41, 64

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

2 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-375276	Peptide ligand-binding receptors
R-HSA-418594	G alpha (i) signalling events

MSigDB gene sets: 112 (showing top): GOBP_EPITHELIUM_DEVELOPMENT, BENPORATH_ES_WITH_H3K27ME3, GOBP_BEHAVIOR, ENK_UV_RESPONSE_KERATINOCYTE_UP, GCANCTGNY_MYOD_Q6, MODULE_64, MEF2_02, GGGTGGRR_PAX4_03, BROWNE_HCMV_INFECTION_48HR_DN, GOBP_DIGESTIVE_SYSTEM_DEVELOPMENT, REACTOME_PEPTIDE_LIGAND_BINDING_RECEPTORS, MODULE_75, YY1_02, GATA6_01, MODULE_99

GO Biological Process (3): neuropeptide signaling pathway (GO:0007218), feeding behavior (GO:0007631), intestinal epithelial cell differentiation (GO:0060575)

GO Molecular Function (5): G protein-coupled receptor binding (GO:0001664), hormone activity (GO:0005179), neuropeptide hormone activity (GO:0005184), neuropeptide Y receptor binding (GO:0031841), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (2): extracellular region (GO:0005576), obsolete extracellular space (GO:0005615)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-2 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Class A/1 (Rhodopsin-like receptors)	1
GPCR downstream signalling	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	1
behavior	1
columnar/cuboidal epithelial cell differentiation	1
digestive tract development	1
signaling receptor binding	1
receptor ligand activity	1
hormone activity	1
neuropeptide activity	1
neuropeptide receptor binding	1
binding	1
cellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1301 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
PYY	NPY2R	P49146	999
PYY	NPY5R	Q15761	972
PYY	GHRL	Q9UBU3	959
PYY	NPY1R	P25929	933
PYY	GCG	P01275	916
PYY	LEP	P41159	909
PYY	CCK	P06307	903
PYY	POMC	P01189	901
PYY	IAPP	P10997	854
PYY	GIP	P09681	850
PYY	AGRP	O00253	840
PYY	FFAR2	O15552	836
PYY	INS	P01308	832
PYY	FFAR3	O14843	828
PYY	GLP1R	P43220	828

IntAct

9 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
PYY	FAP	psi-mi:“MI:0194”(cleavage reaction)	0.440
PYY	DPP4	psi-mi:“MI:0194”(cleavage reaction)	0.440
GUCA2B	PYY	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
NPY1R	NPY	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
PYY	NPY1R	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
NPY2R	NPY	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
NPY2R	PYY	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
PYY	PLXDC2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (7): PYY (Two-hybrid), PYY (Biochemical Activity), PLXDC2 (Affinity Capture-MS), PYY (Affinity Capture-MS), XPNPEP3 (Affinity Capture-MS), USP25 (Affinity Capture-MS), BTBD1 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A0F7YZQ7, B3IUE0, D3Z752, E2E4L2, F1QQI2, I7C2V3, M0R8L2, P01146, P01261, P01298, P01299, P01301, P01303, P01304, P06303, P06518, P07480, P07808, P08435, P09859, P0DP55, P0DQY8, P0DQY9, P10082, P10601, P10631, P14765, P28672, P28673, P33689, P48097, P51694, P57774, Q0VC44, Q27441, Q6RUW3, Q75UG5, Q8WRC7, Q90WF4, Q9DGK7

Diamond homologs: E2E4L2, P01298, P01299, P01300, P01301, P01302, P01303, P01304, P06303, P06884, P07808, P09475, P09641, P0DP55, P10082, P10601, P10631, P11967, P13083, P14765, P15427, P18107, P28672, P28673, P28674, P29071, P29203, P29204, P29205, P29206, P31229, P33684, P33689, P37999, P39659, P41335, P41336, P41337, P41519, P48097

SIGNOR signaling

2 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
PYY	up-regulates	NPY5R	binding
PYY	up-regulates	NPY4R	binding

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

44 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	28
Likely benign	0
Benign	10

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

1395 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
17:43953290:GCTCA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
17:43953291:CTCA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
17:43953292:TCA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
17:43953294:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
17:43953294:ACCGC:A	donor_loss	1.0000
17:43953295:C:A	donor_loss	1.0000
17:43953295:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
17:43953295:CCG:C	donor_gain	1.0000
17:43953190:C:CA	acceptor_loss	0.9900
17:43953191:T:G	acceptor_loss	0.9900
17:43953480:CCAT:C	acceptor_gain	0.9900
17:43953481:CATC:C	acceptor_gain	0.9900
17:43953848:A:AC	donor_gain	0.9900
17:43953849:C:CC	donor_gain	0.9900
17:43953849:CAG:C	donor_gain	0.9900
17:43958136:A:T	acceptor_gain	0.9900
17:43966286:AC:A	donor_gain	0.9900
17:43966287:CC:C	donor_gain	0.9900
17:43966293:T:C	donor_gain	0.9900
17:43966298:G:C	donor_gain	0.9900
17:44004386:CCTA:C	donor_loss	0.9900
17:44004387:CTACC:C	donor_loss	0.9900
17:44004388:TA:T	donor_loss	0.9900
17:44004389:A:C	donor_loss	0.9900
17:43953197:C:CT	acceptor_gain	0.9800
17:43953198:G:T	acceptor_gain	0.9800
17:43953289:CGCT:C	donor_loss	0.9800
17:43953414:CCC:C	acceptor_gain	0.9800
17:43953415:CCC:C	acceptor_gain	0.9800
17:43953417:C:CC	acceptor_gain	0.9800

AlphaMissense

0 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000045864 (17:44003885 G>A), RS1000068285 (17:43989149 C>A,G,T), RS1000094227 (17:43977215 T>C), RS1000129108 (17:43997767 C>T), RS1000155787 (17:43959759 C>A), RS1000185885 (17:43963329 G>A,T), RS1000205036 (17:43970459 A>G), RS1000341026 (17:43956911 G>A), RS1000435685 (17:43985312 G>A,C), RS1000456945 (17:43956458 A>G), RS1000472222 (17:43991793 G>A), RS1000481193 (17:44004210 C>G), RS1000570263 (17:43994204 GC>G), RS1000584194 (17:43964898 C>T), RS1000642646 (17:43963691 T>A,C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:600781 | disease phenotypes: MIM:237310

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (2): hyperammonemia due to N-acetylglutamate synthase deficiency (MONDO:0009377), obesity disorder (MONDO:0011122)

Orphanet (3): Hyperammonemia due to N-acetylglutamate synthase deficiency (Orphanet:927), Obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency (Orphanet:71529), NON RARE IN EUROPE: Non rare obesity (Orphanet:521399)

HPO phenotypes

1 total (1 of 1 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0001513	Obesity

GWAS associations

7 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST001694_10	Response to taxane treatment (paclitaxel)	9.000000e-06
GCST004278_38	Pulse pressure	4.000000e-08
GCST006479_49	Diverticular disease	5.000000e-06
GCST006585_2233	Blood protein levels	1.000000e-09
GCST010244_283	Triglyceride levels	1.000000e-15
GCST010396_267	Gut microbiota (bacterial taxa, hurdle binary method)	3.000000e-07
GCST011927_4	HDL levels x fish oil supplementation interaction (2df)	3.000000e-16

EFO canonical traits (6, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0005763	pulse pressure measurement
EFO:0009959	diverticular disease
EFO:0004530	triglyceride measurement
EFO:0007874	gut microbiome measurement
EFO:0004612	high density lipoprotein cholesterol measurement
EFO:0600007	fish oil supplement exposure measurement

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
C536109	N-acetyl glutamate synthetase deficiency (supp.)

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

36 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Orlistat	increases expression, increases secretion, decreases secretion, decreases reaction	3
entinostat	increases expression, affects cotreatment	2
osteum	decreases reaction, increases expression	1
mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate	affects methylation, increases abundance	1
sodium arsenite	affects methylation	1
perfluorooctanoic acid	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
tobacco tar	decreases reaction, increases expression	1
benzo(e)pyrene	increases methylation	1
diallyl disulfide	decreases reaction, increases expression	1
allyl sulfide	increases expression, decreases reaction	1
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
dexloxiglumide	decreases reaction, increases expression	1
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
perfluorohexanesulfonic acid	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
abrine	increases expression	1
dorsomorphin	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
theaflavin-3,3’-digallate	affects expression	1
Olive Oil	decreases reaction, increases expression	1
Resveratrol	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Decitabine	affects expression	1
Arsenic	affects methylation	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation, increases methylation	1
Cisplatin	affects expression	1
Ibuprofen	decreases expression	1
Methapyrilene	increases methylation	1
Phthalic Acids	increases methylation	1
Plant Extracts	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Scorpion Venoms	increases hydrolysis	1
Triglycerides	decreases reaction, increases secretion	1
Aflatoxin B1	affects methylation	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

300 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00076362	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Pediatric Hypothalamic Obesity
NCT00079547	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Safety and Effectiveness of Low and High Carbohydrate Diets
NCT00115063	PHASE4	TERMINATED	LOSS- Louisiana Obese Subjects Study
NCT00134303	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Trial Comparing Metformin Versus Placebo in Non Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) Patients Receiving Bariatric Surgery for Obesity
NCT00143936	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Safety and Efficacy of Low and High Carbohydrate Diets
NCT00143962	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Comparison of Two Approaches to Weight Loss Follow-Up Study
NCT00152360	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Effect of Xenical on Weight and Risk Factors
NCT00176306	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Levofloxacin Pharmacokinetics (PK) in the Severely Obese
NCT00203450	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Zonegran for the Treatment of Weight Gain Associated With Psychotropic Medication Use: A Placebo-Controlled Trial
NCT00205504	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Oral Contraceptives in the Metabolic Syndrome
NCT00229229	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Comparison of 4 Diets in the Management of Overweight Patients With Vascular Disease
NCT00234988	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Phase IV, Multi-Center, Open-Label Trial of Sibutramine in Combination With a Hypocaloric Diet in Obese and Overweight Thai Subjects.
NCT00264589	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Exercise Training and Cardiovascular Function in Obesity and in Type 2 Diabetes
NCT00288873	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Characterization of Hyperparathyroidism and Vitamin D Deficiency in Obesity
NCT00298857	PHASE4	TERMINATED	A Pharmacokinetic Study to Compare the Dosing of Valproic Acid in Subjects With Different Body Weights
NCT00315146	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Optimizing Body Composition for Function in Older Adults
NCT00319202	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Clinical Trial to Assess the Effects of Candesartan on the Carbohydrate Metabolism of Obese Subjects
NCT00327912	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Versus Laparoscopic Biliopancreatic Diversion (BPD)- Duodenal Switch for Superobesity
NCT00352287	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study to Determine the Effects of Human Growth Hormone and Pioglitazone in Overweight, Prediabetic Adults
NCT00353054	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect of Calcium/Vitamin D Supplementation on Body Weight and Fat Loss.
NCT00390637	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Diet, Obesity and Genes (DiOGenes)
NCT00415688	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Lifestyle Modification for Obesity-Related Type 2 Diabetes
NCT00433641	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Weight Loss in Response to Sibutramine (MERIDIA) is Influenced by the Inherited Genes
NCT00440375	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effects of Rosiglitazone on Bone in Postmenopausal Diabetic Women
NCT00453557	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Mechanism of Growth Hormone Effects on Adipose Tissue
NCT00456885	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Effect of Exenatide on Weight and Hunger in Obese, Healthy Women
NCT00463112	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect of Diet Plus Sibutramine on Hormonal and Metabolic Features in Overweight and Obese Women With PCOS
NCT00512187	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Moderate Weight Loss Makes Obese Patients With Severe Chronic Plaque Psoriasis Responsive to Sub-Optimal Dose of Cyclosporine: an Investigator Blinded, Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial
NCT00516919	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Behavioral Weight Loss Therapy for Obesity and Binge Eating in Monolingual Hispanic Persons
NCT00522470	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effects of Rosiglitazone on Serum Ghrelin and Peptide YY Levels
NCT00537810	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treatment of Binge Eating in Obese Patients in Primary Care
NCT00538486	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Randomized, Double-Blind, Active Control Trial Comparing Effects of Telmisartan, Candesartan and Amlodipine, Alone or Plus Metformin, on Non-Diabetic, Obese Hypertensive Patients
NCT00584389	PHASE4	TERMINATED	The Effect of Rimonabant on Energy Expenditure, Fat Metabolism and Body Composition
NCT00585182	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study to Evaluate Weight-based Enoxaparin Dosing in Obese Medical Patients at Risk for DVT
NCT00632840	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Pharmacological Regulation of Fat Transport in Metabolic Syndrome
NCT00636142	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effects of Infliximab on Insulin Sensitivity and Beta Cell Function in Insulin Resistant Human Obesity
NCT00675987	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Randomized Clinical Trial To Study Losartan On Endothelial Dysfunction and Insulin Resistance In Obese Patients
NCT00694811	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effects of Re-Feeding Duration on Weight Maintenance After Weight Loss With Very-Low-Energy Diets (VLEDs)
NCT00699413	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Supplements for Controlling Resistance to Insulin
NCT00729963	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Sibutramine Versus Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)in Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) Patients