RACK1

Summary

RACK1 (receptor for activated C kinase 1, HGNC:4399) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 5q35.3, encoding Small ribosomal subunit protein RACK1 (P63244). Scaffolding protein involved in the recruitment, assembly and/or regulation of a variety of signaling molecules. It is a common-essential gene (DepMap: required in 99.9% of cancer cell lines).

Enables several functions, including cyclin binding activity; enzyme binding activity; and protein domain specific binding activity. Involved in several processes, including regulation of macromolecule metabolic process; regulation of signal transduction; and regulation of vesicle-mediated transport. Located in several cellular components, including midbody; perinuclear region of cytoplasm; and phagocytic cup. Part of IRE1-RACK1-PP2A complex.

Source: NCBI Gene 10399 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): neurodevelopmental disorder (Limited, GenCC) — +1 more curated relationship
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 32 total
• Druggable target: yes
• Cancer dependency (DepMap): dependent in 99.9% of screened cell lines (common-essential)
• MANE Select transcript: NM_006098

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:4399
Approved symbol	RACK1
Name	receptor for activated C kinase 1
Location	5q35.3
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	Gnb2-rs1, H12.3
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000204628
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	176981
Entrez	10399

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 49 — 32 protein_coding, 9 retained_intron, 5 nonsense_mediated_decay, 3 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined

ENST00000376817, ENST00000502548, ENST00000502844, ENST00000502890, ENST00000502905, ENST00000503081, ENST00000503170, ENST00000503494, ENST00000504128, ENST00000504325, ENST00000504726, ENST00000505461, ENST00000506312, ENST00000507000, ENST00000507261, ENST00000507273, ENST00000507756, ENST00000508044, ENST00000508682, ENST00000508963, ENST00000509148, ENST00000509535, ENST00000510199, ENST00000511473, ENST00000511566, ENST00000511900, ENST00000512805, ENST00000512968, ENST00000513027, ENST00000513060, ENST00000514183, ENST00000514318, ENST00000514455, ENST00000515417, ENST00000626067, ENST00000889840, ENST00000889841, ENST00000923653, ENST00000923654, ENST00000923655, ENST00000923656, ENST00000923657, ENST00000923658, ENST00000923659, ENST00000923660, ENST00000923661, ENST00000923662, ENST00000923663, ENST00000923664

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_006098 NM_006098

CCDS: CCDS34324

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000512805 — 8 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001471776	181243692	181243906
ENSE00003459155	181242174	181242345
ENSE00003501952	181239487	181239582
ENSE00003542884	181238099	181238239
ENSE00003618867	181237609	181237719
ENSE00003646461	181241492	181241639
ENSE00003687752	181239067	181239177
ENSE00003894121	181236897	181237042

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 294 present calls, max score 99.99.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 2141.1977 / max 10164.8994, expressed in 1828 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (18 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
65373	2089.9530	1828
65372	18.2000	1743
65360	5.9040	1510
65363	4.6294	1590
65364	3.8594	1484
65369	3.6378	1362
65367	2.8022	1233
65358	1.7477	969
65368	1.5963	1031
65361	1.5087	888

Top tissues by expression

295 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
pericardium	UBERON:0002407	99.99	gold quality
superior surface of tongue	UBERON:0007371	99.99	gold quality
endometrium epithelium	UBERON:0004811	99.98	gold quality
body of tongue	UBERON:0011876	99.98	gold quality
pharyngeal mucosa	UBERON:0000355	99.97	gold quality
nipple	UBERON:0002030	99.97	gold quality
trachea	UBERON:0003126	99.97	gold quality
vena cava	UBERON:0004087	99.97	gold quality
saphenous vein	UBERON:0007318	99.97	gold quality
tongue	UBERON:0001723	99.96	gold quality
thymus	UBERON:0002370	99.95	gold quality
cerebellar vermis	UBERON:0004720	99.95	gold quality
lower lobe of lung	UBERON:0008949	99.95	gold quality
mammary duct	UBERON:0001765	99.94	gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	99.93	gold quality
cardia of stomach	UBERON:0001162	99.93	gold quality
pylorus	UBERON:0001166	99.93	gold quality
caput epididymis	UBERON:0004358	99.92	gold quality
corpus epididymis	UBERON:0004359	99.92	gold quality
urethra	UBERON:0000057	99.91	gold quality
penis	UBERON:0000989	99.91	gold quality
trigeminal ganglion	UBERON:0001675	99.91	gold quality
cartilage tissue	UBERON:0002418	99.88	gold quality
renal medulla	UBERON:0000362	99.86	gold quality
pons	UBERON:0000988	99.86	gold quality
embryo	UBERON:0000922	99.85	gold quality
mammalian vulva	UBERON:0000997	99.85	gold quality
synovial joint	UBERON:0002217	99.85	gold quality
mucosa of sigmoid colon	UBERON:0004993	99.85	gold quality
paraflocculus	UBERON:0005351	99.85	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 27 experiment(s), a significant marker in 14.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-MTAB-6308	yes	4409.42
E-MTAB-9221	yes	2882.97
E-HCAD-9	yes	2457.17
E-CURD-122	yes	88.76
E-CURD-46	yes	66.64
E-CURD-88	yes	57.24
E-HCAD-11	yes	49.48
E-MTAB-6678	yes	35.09
E-MTAB-9067	yes	32.95
E-HCAD-13	yes	27.81
E-CURD-112	yes	22.10
E-MTAB-10042	yes	16.35
E-MTAB-9543	yes	15.17
E-MTAB-9801	yes	6.47
E-MTAB-11121	no	4434.13

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): AR, FOXO1, REL, TP53

Functional genomics

DepMap (CRISPR cell-line fitness): dependent in 99.9% of screened cell lines, common-essential.

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• Aberrant expression of signaling-related proteins 14-3-3 gamma and RACK1 in fetal Down syndrome brain (trisomy 21).(RACK1 or PROTEIN KINASE C RECEPTOR) (PMID:11824616)
• RACK1, an insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) receptor-interacting protein, modulates IGF-I-dependent integrin signaling and promotes cell spreading and contact with extracellular matrix (PMID:11884618)
• The anchoring protein RACK1 links protein kinase Cepsilon to integrin beta chains. (PMID:11934885)
• Protein kinase C epsilon-dependent regulation of cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator involves binding to a receptor for activated C kinase (RACK1) and RACK1 binding to Na+/H+ exchange regulatory factor. (PMID:11956211)
• RACK1 is an insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor-interacting protein that can regulate IGF-1-mediated Akt activation and protection from cell death. (PMID:11964397)
• As an interaction partner of factor associated with neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase) activation, RACK1 modulates activation of N-SMase by TNF. (PMID:12391233)
• RACK-1 serves as a scaffold protein for a multiprotein complex that includes the IFN-alpha receptor 2/beta-chain of the receptor, STAT1, Janus kinase 1, and tyrosine kinase 2. (PMID:12960323)
• eIF6 release regulates ribosome subunit joining and RACK1 provides a physical and functional link between PKC signalling and ribosome activation (PMID:14654845)
• associate Ki-1/57 with the RACK1/PKC pathway and may be important for the regulation of its cellular functions (PMID:14699138)
• RACK1 regulates specific functions of Gbetagamma (PMID:14963031)
• propose a previously unrecognized function of plectin as cytoskeletal regulator of PKC signaling (dislocation of PKCdelta and elevated enzymatic activity), and possibly other signaling events, through sequestration of the scaffolding protein RACK1 (PMID:14966116)
• interacts with the terminal region of the dopamine transporter (PMID:15202772)
• RACK-I anchors activated PKC-beta on the melanosome membrane, allowing PKC-beta to phosphorylate tyrosinase (PMID:15252133)
• RACK1 regulates G1/S progression by suppressing Src kinase activity (PMID:15254245)
• RACK1 physically associated with the p63alpha C-terminal domain through its WD40 domain. However, stratifin binds with phosphorylated DeltaNp63alpha in response to cisplatin. (PMID:15467455)
• The relevant consequence of RACK-1-reduced expression was the observation that release of tumor necrosis factor alpha following lipopolysaccharide challenge and mitogen-induced lymphocye proliferation. (PMID:15548575)
• RACK1 is a structural component of the ribosomal small subunit (40S). (PMID:15577927)
• RACK1 has a scaffolding function and regulates adhesion and insulin-like growth factor I signals that are necessary to regulate Akt activity and to promote turnover of focal adhesions and cell migration (PMID:15611085)
• RACK1, the receptor for activated C kinase 1, serves as an adaptor for PKC-mediated JNK activation. (PMID:16061178)
• RACK1 mRNA has a 5’ terminal oligopyrimidine sequence and that its translation is dependent on the availability of serum and amino acids in exactly the same way as any other vertebrate ribosomal protein mRNA. (PMID:16212959)
• RACK1 mediates recruitment of STAT3 to IR and IGF-1R specifically for activation, suggesting a general paradigm for the need of an adaptor in mediating activation of STATs by receptor protein tyrosine kinases. (PMID:16382134)
• RACK1 and beta-arrestin compete to sequester distinct ‘pools’ of PDE4D5. (PMID:16689683)
• The dysregulation of cytokine production observed in Alzheimer’s disease patients may partially be explained by a significant reduction in the expression of RACK-1 (PMID:16702786)
• RACK1 enhances IGF-I-mediated cell migration through its ability to exclusively associate with either beta1 integrin or PP2A in a complex at the IGF-IR. (PMID:16705158)
• These results together suggested that RACK1 might act as a novel signal molecule to mediate or regulate the functions of PER1 through protein interaction. (PMID:16757810)
• These results suggest that RACK1 modulates transcription of alpha2(I) collagen by TGF-beta1 through interference with Smad3 binding to the gene promoter. (PMID:16849317)
• RACK1 activates NHE5 both by integrin-dependent and independent pathways, which may coordinate cellular ion homeostasis during cell-matrix adhesion. (PMID:16920332)
• molecular complex most likely to obstruct RACK1 for functional attachment at syndecan-2, as revealed in cells transfected with oncogenic ras (PMID:16997272)
• RACK1 regulates mitotic exit by suppressing Src-mediated Sam68 phosphorylation and maintaining the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 1-cyclin B complex in an active state. (PMID:17072338)
• RACK1 binds to the BK(Ca) channel and it may form part of a BK(Ca)-channel regulatory complex in vascular smooth muscle. (PMID:17166942)
• Dpl interacts with RACK1 by means of its structured globular carboxyl-terminal region (PMID:17201176)
• RACK1 amd Rac2 are components of complexes involved in NK cell homotypic adhesion. (PMID:17269730)
• Review discusses how RACK1 promotes the ubiquitination and degradation of HIF-1 alpha through competition with HSP90 and recruitment of the elongin-C/B ubiquitin ligase complex. (PMID:17361105)
• Model a RACK1 proteome consisting of PKCepsilon-RACK1-NHERF1-NHERF1-tubulin with a role in stable expression of CFTR in the apical plasma membrane of epithelial cells. (PMID:17409124)
• primary pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells demonstrated colocalization of BMPRII and RACK1 in vivo (PMID:17515463)
• These findings support a novel role for RACK1 as a key regulator of cell migration and adhesion dynamics through the regulation of Src activity, and the modulation of paxillin phosphorylation at early adhesions. (PMID:17574549)
• direct interaction between RACK1 and PER1 (PMID:17718421)
• SSAT1, which shares 46% amino acid identity with SSAT2, also binds to HIF-1alpha and promotes its ubiquitination/degradation. However, in contrast to SSAT2, SSAT1 acts by stabilizing the interaction of HIF-1alpha with RACK1 (PMID:17875644)
• These results suggest that PKCepsilon signaling in the basal airway cell may involve RACK1; however, PKCepsilon regulation in ciliated cells uses RACK1-independent pathways. (PMID:17875659)
• Examine interactions between phosphodiesterase 4D5 (PDE4D5) and beta-arrestin and RACK1. (PMID:17900862)

Cross-species orthologs

5 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	rack1	ENSDARG00000041619
mus_musculus	Rack1	ENSMUSG00000020372
rattus_norvegicus	Rack1	ENSRNOG00000052620
drosophila_melanogaster	Rack1	FBGN0020618
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00010556

Protein

Protein identifiers

Small ribosomal subunit protein RACK1 — P63244 (reviewed: P63244)

Alternative names: Cell proliferation-inducing gene 21 protein, Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-2-like 1, Guanine nucleotide-binding protein subunit beta-like protein 12.3, Human lung cancer oncogene 7 protein, Receptor for activated C kinase, Receptor for activated C kinase 1, Receptor of activated protein C kinase 1

All UniProt accessions (23): D6R909, D6R9L0, D6R9Z1, D6RAC2, D6RAU2, D6RBD0, D6RDI0, D6REE5, D6RF23, D6RFX4, D6RFZ9, D6RGK8, D6RHH4, D6RHJ5, E9KL35, E9PD14, P63244, H0Y8R5, H0Y8W2, H0Y9P0, H0YAF8, H0YAM7, J3KPE3

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Scaffolding protein involved in the recruitment, assembly and/or regulation of a variety of signaling molecules. Interacts with a wide variety of proteins and plays a role in many cellular processes. Component of the 40S ribosomal subunit involved in translational repression. Involved in the initiation of the ribosome quality control (RQC), a pathway that takes place when a ribosome has stalled during translation, by promoting ubiquitination of a subset of 40S ribosomal subunits. Binds to and stabilizes activated protein kinase C (PKC), increasing PKC-mediated phosphorylation. May recruit activated PKC to the ribosome, leading to phosphorylation of EIF6. Inhibits the activity of SRC kinases including SRC, LCK and YES1. Inhibits cell growth by prolonging the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. Enhances phosphorylation of BMAL1 by PRKCA and inhibits transcriptional activity of the BMAL1-CLOCK heterodimer. Facilitates ligand-independent nuclear translocation of AR following PKC activation, represses AR transactivation activity and is required for phosphorylation of AR by SRC. Modulates IGF1R-dependent integrin signaling and promotes cell spreading and contact with the extracellular matrix. Involved in PKC-dependent translocation of ADAM12 to the cell membrane. Promotes the ubiquitination and proteasome-mediated degradation of proteins such as CLEC1B and HIF1A. Required for VANGL2 membrane localization, inhibits Wnt signaling, and regulates cellular polarization and oriented cell division during gastrulation. Required for PTK2/FAK1 phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Regulates internalization of the muscarinic receptor CHRM2. Promotes apoptosis by increasing oligomerization of BAX and disrupting the interaction of BAX with the anti-apoptotic factor BCL2L. Inhibits TRPM6 channel activity. Regulates cell surface expression of some GPCRs such as TBXA2R. Plays a role in regulation of FLT1-mediated cell migration. Involved in the transport of ABCB4 from the Golgi to the apical bile canalicular membrane. Promotes migration of breast carcinoma cells by binding to and activating RHOA. Acts as an adapter for the dephosphorylation and inactivation of AKT1 by promoting recruitment of PP2A phosphatase to AKT1. (Microbial infection) Binds to Y.pseudotuberculosis yopK which leads to inhibition of phagocytosis and survival of bacteria following infection of host cells. (Microbial infection) Enhances phosphorylation of HIV-1 Nef by PKCs. (Microbial infection) In case of poxvirus infection, remodels the ribosomes so that they become optimal for the viral mRNAs (containing poly-A leaders) translation but not for host mRNAs. (Microbial infection) Contributes to the cap-independent internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-mediated translation by some RNA viruses.

Subunit / interactions. Monomer; also forms homodimers and homooligomers. Interacts with CPNE3. May interact with ABCB4. Component of the small (40S) ribosomal subunit. Interacts with the 80S ribosome. Binds NHERF1. Forms a ternary complex with TRIM63 and PRKCE. Interacts with HABP4, KRT1 and OTUB1. Interacts with SRC (via SH2 domain); the interaction is enhanced by tyrosine phosphorylation of RACK1. Recruited in a circadian manner into a nuclear complex which also includes BMAL1 and PRKCA. Interacts with AR. Interacts with IGF1R but not with INSR. Interacts with ADAM12. Interacts with CLEC1B (via N-terminal region) and with HIF1A; the interaction promotes their degradation. Interacts with RHOA; this enhances RHOA activation and promotes cell migration. Interacts with CHRM2; the interaction regulates CHRM2 internalization. Interacts with TRPM6 (via kinase domain). Interacts with PTK2/FAK1; required for PTK2/FAK1 phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Interacts with FLT1. Interacts with TBXA2R isoform 2. Interacts with HRAS. Interacts with LARP4B. Interacts with LARP4. Interacts with PKD2L1. Interacts with isoform 2 of SLC4A7. Interacts with SLC9A5; this interaction regulates SLC9A5 cell-surface targeting and SLC9A5 activity. Interacts with SLC9A6; this interaction regulates the distribution of SLC9A6 between endosomes and the plasma membrane. Interacts with LACC1; this interaction may regulate macrophage autophagic flux. (Microbial infection) Interacts with Y.pseudotuberculosis yopK. (Microbial infection) Interacts with Y.pseudotuberculosis yopK. Interacts with a number of viral proteins including Epstein-Barr virus BZLF1 and HIV-1 Nef; interaction with Nef increases Nef phosphorylation by PKC. (Microbial infection) Interacts with human respiratory syncytial virus matrix protein M; this interaction suppresses interferon signaling. (Microbial infection) Interacts with Influenza protein PA-X. (Microbial infection) Interacts with Toxoplasma gondii SAG1; the interaction promotes viability of host cells.

Subcellular location. Cell membrane. Cytoplasm. Perinuclear region. Nucleus. Perikaryon. Cell projection. Dendrite. Phagocytic cup.

Tissue specificity. In the liver, expressed at higher levels in activated hepatic stellate cells than in hepatocytes or Kupffer cells. Up-regulated in hepatocellular carcinomas and in the adjacent non-tumor liver tissue.

Post-translational modifications. Phosphorylated on Tyr-228 and/or Tyr-246 by SRC. This is required for binding to SRC. (Microbial infection) Phosphorylated by vaccinia virus B1 kinase on serine and threonine residues; this phosphorylation remodels the ribosome properties, favoring the viral mRNA translation.

Domain organisation. The 7 WD repeats mediate protein-protein interactions with binding partners.

Similarity. Belongs to the WD repeat G protein beta family. Ribosomal protein RACK1 subfamily.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_006089* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001680	WD40_rpt	Repeat
IPR015943	WD40/YVTN_repeat-like_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR019775	WD40_repeat_CS	Conserved_site
IPR020472	WD40_PAC1	Repeat
IPR036322	WD40_repeat_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR045223	RACK1-like	Family

Pfam: PF00400

UniProt features (83 total): strand 39, modified residue 14, mutagenesis site 13, repeat 7, turn 4, sequence conflict 3, chain 2, initiator methionine 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

204 structures, top 30 by resolution.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
8GLP	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	1.67
8QOI	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	1.9
9O3W	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	1.9
8YOO	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2
9C3H	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2
7R4X	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.15
9I2D	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.19
9PBE	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.19
8YOP	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.2
9O3V	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.2
9O3Y	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.2
8JDK	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.26
8G5Y	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.29
9S3D	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.32
9RPV	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.35
9S3B	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.38
8K2C	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.4
8XSX	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.4
9SPF	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.4
9SPI	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.4
8JDL	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.42
9S3C	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.42
4AOW	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.45
9QLO	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.47
9P8B	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.48
7XNY	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.5
8JDJ	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.5
9RUC	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.5
8G60	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.54
8IFE	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.57

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P63244-F1	92.54	0.82

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Post-translational modifications (14): 1, 2, 6, 10, 52, 96, 130, 183, 228, 276, 277, 278, 279, 316

Mutagenesis-validated functional residues (13):

Position	Phenotype
36–38	in demut; abolishes association with the ribosome and ability to initiate the ribosome quality control (rqc).
52	no effect on binding to src. abolishes binding to ptk2/fak1 and reduces cell adhesion and foci formation.
57	decreased binding to ptk2/fak1; when associated with a-60.
60	decreased binding to ptk2/fak1; when associated with a-57.
127	decreased binding to ptk2/fak1; when associated with a-130.
130	decreased binding to ptk2/fak1; when associated with a-127.
140	no effect on binding to src.
194	no effect on binding to src.
228	no effect on binding to src. does not abolish phosphorylation by src. abolishes phosphorylation by src; when associated
246	abolishes binding to src. does not abolish phosphorylation by src. abolishes phosphorylation by src; when associated wit
276–279	enhanced translation of mrnas containing poly-a leaders.
278	enhanced translation of mrnas containing poly-a leaders.
302	no effect on binding to src. abolishes phosphorylation by src; when associated with f-228 and f-246.

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

4 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-5357905	Regulation of TNFR1 signaling
R-HSA-5357956	TNFR1-induced NF-kappa-B signaling pathway
R-HSA-5626978	TNFR1-mediated ceramide production
R-HSA-9766229	Degradation of CDH1

MSigDB gene sets: 533 (showing top): GSE18804_SPLEEN_MACROPHAGE_VS_BRAIN_TUMORAL_MACROPHAGE_UP, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_RESPONSE_TO_ENDOPLASMIC_RETICULUM_STRESS, GOBP_CYTOPLASMIC_TRANSLATION, GOBP_MEMBRANE_DEPOLARIZATION, HONMA_DOCETAXEL_RESISTANCE, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_PROTEASOMAL_UBIQUITIN_DEPENDENT_PROTEIN_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_PROTEIN_BINDING, GOBP_ESTABLISHMENT_OR_MAINTENANCE_OF_CELL_POLARITY, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_PHOSPHORYLATION, SWEET_KRAS_ONCOGENIC_SIGNATURE, MODULE_151, ENK_UV_RESPONSE_KERATINOCYTE_UP, GOBP_RESPONSE_TO_ENDOPLASMIC_RETICULUM_STRESS, GCM_NPM1, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_CELL_GROWTH

GO Biological Process (38): positive regulation of protein phosphorylation (GO:0001934), cytoplasmic translation (GO:0002181), gastrulation (GO:0007369), negative regulation of gene expression (GO:0010629), protein ubiquitination (GO:0016567), negative regulation of translation (GO:0017148), negative regulation of Wnt signaling pathway (GO:0030178), negative regulation of cell growth (GO:0030308), positive regulation of cell migration (GO:0030335), positive regulation of protein-containing complex assembly (GO:0031334), negative regulation of protein binding (GO:0032091), positive regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process (GO:0032436), regulation of protein localization (GO:0032880), positive regulation of Golgi to plasma membrane protein transport (GO:0042998), positive regulation of apoptotic process (GO:0043065), pigmentation (GO:0043473), positive regulation of GTPase activity (GO:0043547), negative regulation of smoothened signaling pathway (GO:0045879), rhythmic process (GO:0048511), negative regulation of phagocytosis (GO:0050765), regulation of cell division (GO:0051302), regulation of cell cycle (GO:0051726), negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction (GO:0051898), positive regulation of mitochondrial depolarization (GO:0051901), cellular response to glucose stimulus (GO:0071333), cellular response to growth factor stimulus (GO:0071363), rescue of stalled cytosolic ribosome (GO:0072344), regulation of adenylate cyclase-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway (GO:0106070), negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response (GO:1900102), negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hydrogen peroxide (GO:1903751), regulation of establishment of cell polarity (GO:2000114), positive regulation of gastrulation (GO:2000543), negative regulation of translational frameshifting (GO:2001125), positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway (GO:2001244), RNA processing (GO:0006396), translation (GO:0006412), regulation of translation (GO:0006417), apoptotic process (GO:0006915)

GO Molecular Function (22): RNA binding (GO:0003723), protein kinase C binding (GO:0005080), signaling receptor binding (GO:0005102), enzyme activator activity (GO:0008047), ion channel inhibitor activity (GO:0008200), cysteine-type endopeptidase activator activity involved in apoptotic process (GO:0008656), enzyme binding (GO:0019899), protein phosphatase binding (GO:0019903), protein serine/threonine kinase inhibitor activity (GO:0030291), protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor activity (GO:0030292), cyclin binding (GO:0030332), receptor tyrosine kinase binding (GO:0030971), signaling adaptor activity (GO:0035591), SH2 domain binding (GO:0042169), identical protein binding (GO:0042802), protein homodimerization activity (GO:0042803), ribosome binding (GO:0043022), translation regulator activity (GO:0045182), cadherin binding (GO:0045296), BH3 domain binding (GO:0051434), molecular adaptor activity (GO:0060090), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (23): phagocytic cup (GO:0001891), nucleus (GO:0005634), nucleoplasm (GO:0005654), cytoplasm (GO:0005737), mitochondrion (GO:0005739), cytosol (GO:0005829), small ribosomal subunit (GO:0015935), cytosolic small ribosomal subunit (GO:0022627), dendrite (GO:0030425), midbody (GO:0030496), neuronal cell body (GO:0043025), perikaryon (GO:0043204), perinuclear region of cytoplasm (GO:0048471), extracellular exosome (GO:0070062), IRE1-RACK1-PP2A complex (GO:1990630), nucleolus (GO:0005730), ribosome (GO:0005840), plasma membrane (GO:0005886), membrane (GO:0016020), cell projection (GO:0042995), neuron projection (GO:0043005), cell body (GO:0044297), ribonucleoprotein complex (GO:1990904)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-2 pathways:

Category	Pathways
TNF signaling	3
Regulation of CDH1 Function	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	9
protein binding	5
cytoplasm	3
translation	2
regulation of translation	2
negative regulation of signal transduction	2
biological_process	2
protein kinase inhibitor activity	2
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	2
nuclear lumen	2
intracellular membraneless organelle	2
regulation of protein phosphorylation	1
protein phosphorylation	1
positive regulation of protein modification process	1
positive regulation of phosphorylation	1
ectoderm formation	1
endoderm formation	1
mesoderm formation	1
embryonic morphogenesis	1
gene expression	1
regulation of gene expression	1
negative regulation of macromolecule biosynthetic process	1
protein modification by small protein conjugation	1
negative regulation of gene expression	1
negative regulation of protein metabolic process	1
Wnt signaling pathway	1
regulation of Wnt signaling pathway	1
regulation of cell growth	1
cell growth	1
negative regulation of growth	1
negative regulation of cellular process	1
cell migration	1
regulation of cell migration	1
positive regulation of cell motility	1
regulation of protein-containing complex assembly	1
positive regulation of cellular component biogenesis	1
positive regulation of cellular component organization	1
protein-containing complex assembly	1
regulation of protein binding	1
negative regulation of binding	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

0 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

IntAct

403 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
RACK1	LARP4B	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.880
MAPK14	OBSL1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.790
RACK1	HELZ	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.770
CFTR	ESYT2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.710
FBXW2	RACK1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.680
FBXW2	RACK1	psi-mi:“MI:0403”(colocalization)	0.680
FBXW2	RACK1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.680
RACK1	USP10	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.670
RACK1	BYSL	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.670
NCBP1	KPNA3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
NCBP2	KPNA3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.640
RACK1	DYNLL1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.630
RACK1	DYNLL1	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.630
DYNLL1	RACK1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.630
RACK1	RPS17	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.610
ACTN2	RACK1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
RACK1	USP54	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560

BioGRID (1074): GNB2L1 (Affinity Capture-MS), LARP4B (Two-hybrid), MKRN2 (Two-hybrid), GNB2L1 (Affinity Capture-MS), SYN2 (Affinity Capture-Western), JAK1 (Affinity Capture-Western), GNB2L1 (Affinity Capture-MS), GNB2L1 (Affinity Capture-MS), GNB2L1 (Affinity Capture-MS), GNB2L1 (Affinity Capture-MS), GNB2L1 (Affinity Capture-MS), GNB2L1 (Affinity Capture-MS), GNB2L1 (Affinity Capture-MS), GNB2L1 (Reconstituted Complex), LARP4 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A223GEB2, G1SJB4, G4MQX3, O18640, O24076, O24456, O35353, O42248, O42249, P16520, P17343, P23232, P25387, P26308, P29387, P38011, P46800, P49026, P49027, P52287, P54311, P62871, P63243, P63244, P63245, P63246, P63247, P68040, P69103, P69104, P79147, P83774, P93340, Q01369, Q08706, Q10281, Q20636, Q21215, Q25189, Q39336

Diamond homologs: A0A223GEB2, A1L271, A2QPZ4, A4R3M4, A6H603, A6RRD4, B2VWG7, B3MHX6, B3MJV8, B4GT01, B4JPT9, B5DG67, B8N9H4, C0S902, C1GB49, C4R6H3, C4YPI7, C5GVJ9, C5JD40, E3LB80, G0S8H7, G1SJB4, G4MQX3, O14775, O18640, O24076, O24456, O42248, O42249, O94527, P0CS34, P0CS35, P25382, P25387, P38011, P40968, P46800, P49026, P49027, P52287

SIGNOR signaling

12 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
RACK1	up-regulates	PTK7	binding
ABL1	up-regulates	RACK1	phosphorylation
RACK1	“down-regulates activity”	TRPM6	binding
RACK1	“up-regulates activity”	LARP4B	binding
RACK1	“up-regulates activity”	PPP2CA	binding
RACK1	“down-regulates quantity by destabilization”	CLEC1B	binding
RACK1	“up-regulates activity”	“Elongin E3-Cul-5”	binding
GNAS	“down-regulates activity”	RACK1	binding
JUN	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	RACK1
SRC	up-regulates	RACK1	phosphorylation
RACK1	“up-regulates activity”	PKC	binding

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 164 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
Nonsense-Mediated Decay (NMD)	5	12.4×	6e-03
Nonsense Mediated Decay (NMD) independent of the Exon Junction Complex (EJC)	7	8.8×	3e-03
Signaling by ROBO receptors	6	7.9×	7e-03
Nonsense Mediated Decay (NMD) enhanced by the Exon Junction Complex (EJC)	7	7.3×	6e-03
Regulation of expression of SLITs and ROBOs	9	6.6×	2e-03
Infectious disease	17	4.5×	1e-04
Metabolism of RNA	10	4.4×	6e-03

GO biological processes:

GO term	Partners	Fold	FDR
mRNA stabilization	5	14.4×	9e-03
translation	9	7.3×	5e-03

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

32 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	1
Likely benign	0
Benign	2

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

1187 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
5:181237604:CTTA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
5:181237605:TTA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
5:181237606:TACCT:T	donor_loss	1.0000
5:181237607:ACC:A	donor_loss	1.0000
5:181237608:CCTGG:C	donor_gain	1.0000
5:181238093:ACTC:A	donor_loss	1.0000
5:181238094:CTCA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
5:181238095:T:TA	donor_loss	1.0000
5:181238096:CACC:C	donor_loss	1.0000
5:181238097:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
5:181238097:A:T	donor_loss	1.0000
5:181238097:AC:A	donor_gain	1.0000
5:181238098:C:A	donor_loss	1.0000
5:181238098:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
5:181238098:CC:C	donor_gain	1.0000
5:181238235:CCATC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:181238236:CATCC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:181239481:GCTCA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
5:181239482:CTCA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
5:181239483:TCA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
5:181239484:CACC:C	donor_loss	1.0000
5:181239485:A:C	donor_loss	1.0000
5:181239486:C:T	donor_loss	1.0000
5:181239578:TCATC:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:181239579:CATC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:181239579:CATCC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:181239580:ATC:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:181239581:TC:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:181239582:CC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:181239582:CCTAC:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000

AlphaMissense

2068 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
5:181237003:A:G	W310R	1.000
5:181237003:A:T	W310R	1.000
5:181237008:C:G	R308P	1.000
5:181237029:C:T	G301D	1.000
5:181237030:C:G	G301R	1.000
5:181237032:G:T	A300D	1.000
5:181237035:A:G	F299S	1.000
5:181237038:A:G	L298P	1.000
5:181237038:A:T	L298Q	1.000
5:181237613:C:A	G295V	1.000
5:181237613:C:T	G295D	1.000
5:181237614:C:A	G295C	1.000
5:181237614:C:G	G295R	1.000
5:181237623:A:G	S292P	1.000
5:181237624:C:A	W291C	1.000
5:181237624:C:G	W291C	1.000
5:181237625:C:G	W291S	1.000
5:181237626:A:G	W291R	1.000
5:181237626:A:T	W291R	1.000
5:181237629:C:G	A290P	1.000
5:181237631:A:G	L289P	1.000
5:181237639:G:C	C286W	1.000
5:181237640:C:T	C286Y	1.000
5:181237641:A:G	C286R	1.000
5:181237712:T:A	E262V	1.000
5:181237714:T:A	L261F	1.000
5:181237714:T:G	L261F	1.000
5:181237715:A:G	L261S	1.000
5:181237718:T:A	D260V	1.000
5:181237718:T:C	D260G	1.000

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000466305 (5:181236534 T>C), RS1000509016 (5:181245802 G>A), RS1000515879 (5:181245022 C>A), RS1000522892 (5:181240033 G>A,C), RS1000755576 (5:181244778 G>A), RS1001023217 (5:181240915 G>A,C), RS1001141054 (5:181236465 A>C), RS1001146823 (5:181244576 C>G), RS1001718850 (5:181241395 A>C), RS1001803648 (5:181243972 T>C), RS1002026664 (5:181237214 G>C,T), RS1002028942 (5:181242282 G>C), RS1002096335 (5:181238537 G>A), RS1002131846 (5:181241728 T>C), RS1002573161 (5:181237993 G>A)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:176981 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
neurodevelopmental disorder	Limited	Autosomal dominant
Tourette syndrome	Limited	Unknown

Mondo (2): neurodevelopmental disorder (MONDO:0700092), Tourette syndrome (MONDO:0007661)

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

0 associations (top):

MeSH disease descriptors (2)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D065886	Neurodevelopmental Disorders	F03.625
D005879	Tourette Syndrome	C10.228.140.079.898; C10.228.662.825.800; C10.574.500.850; C16.320.400.820; F03.625.992.850

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (1): CHEMBL5725031 (SINGLE PROTEIN)

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

ChEMBL bioactivities

2 potent at pChembl≥5 of 2 total, top 2 by pChembl (potency: 10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM).

pChembl	Type	Value	Unit	Molecule
5.54	Kd	2871	nM	CHEMBL3752910
5.54	ED50	2871	nM	CHEMBL3752910

PubChem BioAssay actives

1 with measured affinity, of 8 total; 1 most potent distinct compounds. Largely complementary to BindingDB; screening values are coarse (µM, 4 dp), so sub-nM hits tie at the floor.

Compound	Assay	Type	Value	Unit
4-methyl-3-[(1-methyl-6-pyridin-3-ylpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino]-N-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]benzamide	2148445: Binding affinity to human GNB2L1 incubated for 45 mins by Kinobead based pull down assay	kd	2.8712	uM

CTD chemical–gene interactions

85 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
bisphenol A	affects expression, decreases expression	3
Flutamide	increases expression, decreases reaction	3
Valproic Acid	decreases expression, increases methylation	3
bisphenol F	decreases expression, increases expression, affects cotreatment	2
arsenite	affects binding, increases reaction, increases methylation	2
sodium arsenite	decreases expression, increases activity	2
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid	decreases expression, increases expression	2
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	2
Dehydroepiandrosterone	affects reaction, increases expression, decreases reaction	2
Lead	affects expression, increases expression	2
Phenylmercuric Acetate	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	2
Quercetin	decreases expression, increases expression	2
Zinc Sulfate	affects expression, decreases expression	2
Particulate Matter	increases methylation, decreases expression, increases abundance	2
FR900359	decreases phosphorylation	1
moringin	increases expression	1
TAK-243	increases sumoylation	1
triphenyl phosphate	affects expression	1
deoxynivalenol	increases expression	1
diethyl phthalate	decreases expression	1
pyrogallol 1,3-dimethyl ether	affects cotreatment, affects localization, increases expression	1
salinomycin	decreases expression	1
ferric ammonium citrate	decreases reaction, increases expression	1
beta-lapachone	increases expression	1
cobaltous chloride	increases expression	1
perfluorooctanoic acid	decreases expression	1
estradiol-bovine serum albumin	increases expression	1
testosterone-3-carboxymethyloxime-bovine serum albumin conjugate	increases expression	1
chloropicrin	affects expression	1
U 0126	affects expression, affects reaction	1

ChEMBL screening assays

7 unique, capped per target: 7 binding

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL5651487	Binding	Binding affinity to human GNB2L1 incubated for 45 mins by Kinobead based pull down assay	NVP-BHG712: Effects of Regioisomers on the Affinity and Selectivity toward the EPHrin Family. — ChemMedChem

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

299 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT04586348	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Prenatal Iodine Supplementation and Early Childhood Neurodevelopment
NCT04873115	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Sialanar Plus orAl rehabiLitation Against Placebo Plus Oral Rehabilitation for chIldren and Adolescents With seVere Sialorrhoea and Neurodisabilties,
NCT00152750	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Study of Clonidine on Sleep Architecture in Children With Tourette’s Syndrome (TS) and Comorbid ADHD
NCT00226824	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Safety Study of Galantamine in Tic Disorders
NCT00241176	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Open Label Trial of Aripiprazole in Children and Adolescents With Tourette’s Disorder
NCT00370838	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Comparison of Keppra and Clonidine in the Treatment of Tics
NCT01018056	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Developing New Treatments for Tourette Syndrome: Therapeutic Trials With Modulators of Glutamatergic Neurotransmission
NCT01547000	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Guanfacine in Children With Tic Disorders
NCT03239210	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effects of Ondansetron in Obsessive-compulsive and Tic Disorders
NCT02559102	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Dexmedetomidine Sedation Versus General Anaesthesia for Inguinal Hernia Surgery in Infants
NCT02757079	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Study of the Efficacy and Safety of NPC-15 for Sleep Disorders of Children With Neurodevelopmental Disorders
NCT06915480	PHASE3	RECRUITING	Reducing Missed Appointments
NCT07377032	PHASE3	RECRUITING	TAP-GRIN: Interventional Study on Patients With GRIN-related Neurodevelopmental Disorders
NCT00004376	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Phase III Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Guanfacine for Tourette Syndrome and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
NCT00206323	PHASE3	COMPLETED	A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Tourette Syndrome Study.
NCT00206336	PHASE3	COMPLETED	An Open-label Study to Determine the Efficacy and Safety of Topiramate in the Treatment of Tourette Syndrome.
NCT00478842	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Pallidal Stimulation and Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome
NCT00681863	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Open-label Extension Study of Pramipexole in the Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Tourette Syndrome
NCT01501695	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Phase III Study of 5LGr to Treat Tic Disorder
NCT03087201	PHASE3	COMPLETED	CANNAbinoids in the Treatment of TICS (CANNA-TICS)
NCT03487783	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Aripiprazole Oral Solution in the Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Tourette’s Syndrome
NCT03567291	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Evaluation of Safety and Tolerability of Long-term TEV-50717 (Deutetrabenazine) for Treatment of Tourette Syndrome in Children and Adolescents
NCT03571256	PHASE3	COMPLETED	A Study to Test if TEV-50717 is Effective in Relieving Tics Associated With Tourette Syndrome (TS)
NCT06021522	PHASE3	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	A Study to Evaluate Long-term Safety of Ecopipam Tablets in Children, Adolescents and Adults With Tourette’s Disorder
NCT02909959	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Sulforaphane for the Treatment of Young Men With Autism Spectrum Disorder
NCT06081348	PHASE2	RECRUITING	Sertraline vs. Placebo in the Treatment of Anxiety in Children and AdoLescents With NeurodevelopMental Disorders
NCT06352372	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Safety and Efficacy of tPBM for Epileptiform Activity in Autism
NCT00004393	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Phase II Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial of Risperidone in Tourette Syndrome
NCT00004652	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Phase II Pilot Controlled Study of Short Vs Longer Term Pimozide (Orap) Therapy in Tourette Syndrome
NCT00231985	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Effectiveness of Behavior Therapy and Psychosocial Therapy for the Treatment of Tourette Syndrome and Chronic Tic Disorder
NCT00311909	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Thalamic Deep Brain Stimulation for Tourette Syndrome
NCT00529308	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) for Individuals With Tourette’s Syndrome
NCT00558467	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Pramipexole Pilot Phase II Study in Children and Adolescents With Tourette Disorder According to DSM-IV Criteria
NCT01043549	PHASE2	TERMINATED	Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Posterior Parietal Cortex in Patients Suffering From Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome
NCT01133353	PHASE2	WITHDRAWN	A Study of the Effectiveness and Safety of Tetrabenazine MR in Pediatric Subjects With Tourette’s Syndrome
NCT01475383	PHASE2	WITHDRAWN	Study Evaluating The Safety And Efficacy Of PF-03654746 In Adult Subjects With Tourette’s Syndrome
NCT01647269	PHASE2	COMPLETED	A Trial of Bilateral Deep Brain Stimulation to the Globus Pallidus Internum in Tourette Syndrome
NCT01904773	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetic, and Efficacy Study of AZD5213 in Adolescents With Tourette’s Disorder
NCT02102698	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Ecopipam Treatment of Tourette’s Syndrome in Subjects 7-17 Years
NCT02217007	PHASE2	WITHDRAWN	A Trial Evaluating the Efficacy, Safety, and Pharmacokinetics of SNC-102 in Subjects With Tourette Syndrome