RAD51

Summary

RAD51 (RAD51 recombinase, HGNC:9817) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 15q15.1, encoding DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 1 (Q06609). Plays an important role in homologous strand exchange, a key step in DNA repair through homologous recombination (HR). It is a common-essential gene (DepMap: required in 97.3% of cancer cell lines).

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the RAD51 protein family. RAD51 family members are highly similar to bacterial RecA and Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rad51, and are known to be involved in the homologous recombination and repair of DNA. This protein can interact with the ssDNA-binding protein RPA and RAD52, and it is thought to play roles in homologous pairing and strand transfer of DNA. This protein is also found to interact with BRCA1 and BRCA2, which may be important for the cellular response to DNA damage. BRCA2 is shown to regulate both the intracellular localization and DNA-binding ability of this protein. Loss of these controls following BRCA2 inactivation may be a key event leading to genomic instability and tumorigenesis. Multiple transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.

Source: NCBI Gene 5888 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): mirror movements 2 (Strong, GenCC) — +4 more curated relationships
• GWAS associations: 7
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 502 total — 5 pathogenic, 7 likely-pathogenic
• Phenotypes (HPO): 143
• Druggable target: yes
• Cancer dependency (DepMap): dependent in 97.3% of screened cell lines (common-essential)
• MANE Select transcript: NM_002875

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:9817
Approved symbol	RAD51
Name	RAD51 recombinase
Location	15q15.1
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	HsRad51, HsT16930, BRCC5, FANCR
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000051180
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	179617
Entrez	5888

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 18 — 15 protein_coding, 3 nonsense_mediated_decay

ENST00000267868, ENST00000382643, ENST00000423169, ENST00000525066, ENST00000526763, ENST00000527860, ENST00000531277, ENST00000532743, ENST00000533741, ENST00000557850, ENST00000645673, ENST00000894385, ENST00000894386, ENST00000912735, ENST00000912736, ENST00000912737, ENST00000912738, ENST00000948778

RefSeq mRNA: 4 — MANE Select: NM_002875 NM_001164269, NM_001164270, NM_002875, NM_133487

CCDS: CCDS10062, CCDS53931, CCDS53932

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000267868 — 10 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001875782	40731055	40732340
ENSE00002172341	40695174	40695425
ENSE00003540252	40729853	40729974
ENSE00003611871	40706177	40706294
ENSE00003842530	40698757	40698845
ENSE00003844329	40728711	40728824
ENSE00003846197	40709025	40709116
ENSE00003846973	40718805	40718899
ENSE00003847124	40701064	40701201
ENSE00003849460	40729505	40729634

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 193 present calls, max score 91.67.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 8.3127 / max 105.4209, expressed in 1231 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (3 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
146125	7.3668	1198
146126	0.9413	561
146127	0.0045	2

Top tissues by expression

285 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	91.67	gold quality
buccal mucosa cell	CL:0002336	87.04	gold quality
ventricular zone	UBERON:0003053	86.55	gold quality
embryo	UBERON:0000922	86.54	gold quality
ganglionic eminence	UBERON:0004023	85.74	gold quality
left testis	UBERON:0004533	85.48	gold quality
right testis	UBERON:0004534	85.37	gold quality
mucosa of transverse colon	UBERON:0004991	84.95	gold quality
testis	UBERON:0000473	84.64	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	84.43	gold quality
bone marrow cell	CL:0002092	82.81	gold quality
cervix squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006922	82.74	silver quality
secondary oocyte	CL:0000655	81.96	gold quality
bone marrow	UBERON:0002371	81.96	gold quality
rectum	UBERON:0001052	80.65	gold quality
trabecular bone tissue	UBERON:0002483	79.84	gold quality
stromal cell of endometrium	CL:0002255	79.51	gold quality
sperm	CL:0000019	79.31	gold quality
epithelium of nasopharynx	UBERON:0001951	78.88	silver quality
male germ cell	CL:0000015	78.62	gold quality
oocyte	CL:0000023	77.23	gold quality
vermiform appendix	UBERON:0001154	76.42	gold quality
placenta	UBERON:0001987	76.32	gold quality
amniotic fluid	UBERON:0000173	76.03	gold quality
squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006914	75.10	silver quality
lymph node	UBERON:0000029	74.73	gold quality
esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0002469	74.38	gold quality
esophagus squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006920	73.54	gold quality
caecum	UBERON:0001153	73.28	gold quality
epithelium of esophagus	UBERON:0001976	72.99	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	5.21

Regulation

Is transcription factor: yes

Downstream targets (CollecTRI)

1 targets.

Target	Regulation
SP1	Activation

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): BRCA2, CREBBP, E2F1, E2F4, EGR1, EP300, ETS1, ETV4, FLT3, HR, HSF4, MEN1, MYC, PTEN, RBL2, STAT5A, STAT5B, TP53

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

43 targeting RAD51, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-499A-5P	99.98	70.79	1323
HSA-MIR-96-5P	99.95	72.80	2140
HSA-MIR-124-3P	99.89	73.74	3043
HSA-MIR-506-3P	99.89	73.55	3057
HSA-MIR-374C-5P	99.80	72.06	2910
HSA-MIR-655-3P	99.80	72.19	2909
HSA-MIR-4713-5P	99.78	67.80	1794
HSA-MIR-320A-3P	99.77	69.73	2107
HSA-MIR-320B	99.77	69.73	2107
HSA-MIR-320C	99.77	69.73	2107
HSA-MIR-320D	99.77	69.73	2107
HSA-MIR-4429	99.77	69.62	2111
HSA-MIR-2681-5P	99.75	67.64	1655
HSA-MIR-3660	99.68	67.33	1149
HSA-MIR-4526	99.68	67.07	1136
HSA-MIR-5003-5P	99.61	69.13	1624
HSA-MIR-4261	99.59	70.30	3415
HSA-MIR-6832-5P	99.58	64.82	1132
HSA-MIR-4762-5P	99.57	68.54	1424
HSA-MIR-510-3P	99.54	70.06	2965
HSA-MIR-888-3P	99.53	69.77	1057
HSA-MIR-766-3P	99.47	65.24	1811
HSA-MIR-578	99.46	68.36	1787
HSA-MIR-147B-5P	99.45	70.62	2432
HSA-MIR-20A-3P	99.44	69.10	1575
HSA-MIR-32-3P	99.36	68.20	2517
HSA-MIR-329-5P	99.27	68.11	1597
HSA-MIR-194-5P	99.01	69.65	1465
HSA-MIR-9898	99.00	67.89	500
HSA-MIR-4801	98.96	69.42	2096

Functional genomics

DepMap (CRISPR cell-line fitness): dependent in 97.3% of screened cell lines, common-essential.

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• molecular evolution (PMID:11580245)
• reduces double-strand break-induced homologous recombination with overexpression in mammalian cells (PMID:11691922)
• Elevated levels of Rad51 recombination protein in tumor cells. (PMID:11782381)
• differential effects of overexpression on gene targeting and extrachromosomal homologous recombination in a human tumor cell line (PMID:11809887)
• biochemical characterization by ATP hydrolysis (PMID:11839739)
• binding and ATPPase inhibition by adenine nucleotides (PMID:11839740)
• modulation of DNA binding by adenosine nucleotides (PMID:11839741)
• TGFbeta can promote DNA instability through down-regulation of Rad51 and inhibition of DNA repair. (PMID:11867550)
• autoantibody screening indicates Rad51 is a tumor-associated antigen in pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PMID:11935313)
• involved in homologous DNA pairing (PMID:12205100)
• association of oligomeric state with biochemical function (PMID:12226092)
• interacts with FANCD2 in S phase cell lines (PMID:12239151)
• physiological role for the WRN RecQ helicase protein in RAD51-dependent homologous recombination (PMID:12242278)
• crystal structure of a complex between an evolutionarily conserved sequence in BRCA2 (the BRC repeat) and the RecA-homology domain of RAD51 (PMID:12442171)
• S-phase RAD51 foci form normally in CAPAN-1 cells expressing truncated BRCA2. Moreover, we find that RAD51 specifically associates with chromatin at S phase in a reaction that is BRCA2-independent. (PMID:12606939)
• In conclusion, effective and prompt IR-induced Rad51 focus formation is cell cycle-regulated and requires both ATM and c-Abl. (PMID:12650908)
• study implies that the G/C polymorphism of the RAD51 gene may not be directly involved in the development and/or progression of breast cancer and so it may not be useful as an independent marker in this disease (PMID:12673366)
• p53 interacts with hRAD51 and hRAD54, and directly modulates homologous recombination. (PMID:12750285)
• Ectopic expression of the recombination protein Rad51 can protect cells from radiation-induced translocations. (PMID:12826751)
• exogenous nuclease-defective FEN-1 causes repeat instability and aberrant DNA repair. Inefficient flap processing blocks the formation of Rad51/BRCA1 complexes but invokes repair by other pathways (PMID:12917330)
• Rad51 is involved in the signalling and repair of DNA damage–REVIEW (PMID:14599770)
• link between elevated Rad51 protein levels, genome instability, and tumor progression (PMID:14724582)
• results establish a direct functional link between p53 and Rad51, and reveal that one of p53’s functions in genome stabilization may be to prevent detrimental genome rearrangements promoted by Rad51 (PMID:15095978)
• ADP/ATP processing and strand exchange by hRAD51 is enhanced by hXRCC2 (PMID:15123651)
• investigation of the role of tyrosine 315 by comparing the three-dimensional structures of human Rad51 and its prokaryotic homologue, Escherichia coli RecA (PMID:15165851)
• a crucial role of the ATPase activity in regulation of DNA strand exchange activity of hRad51 protein. (PMID:15226506)
• Mutational analyses of the human Rad51-Tyr315 residue indicates an important role of Tyr315 residue in ssDNA binding and DNA filament formation. (PMID:15330855)
• Rad54 protein serves as a dsDNA gateway for the Rad51-ssDNA filament, promoting binding and an ATP hydrolysis-dependent translocation of dsDNA during the search for homologous sequences (PMID:15466868)
• Rad51 binds at a promiscuous, highly electrostatic binding site in p53 (PMID:15611070)
• FANCD2 mediates double strand DNA break repair independently of BRCA2- and Rad51-associated homologous recombination (PMID:15671039)
• BLM collaborates with RAD51 to facilitate recombination repair and promotes the resistance of BCR/ABL-positive leukemia cells to DNA-damaging agents. (PMID:15750625)
• purified hRad51 and hRad52 interact with each other as well as with Mini chromosome maintenance (MCM) proteins in HeLa cell extracts (PMID:15766559)
• Rad51 forms regular stable filaments with extended double-stranded DNA in conditions that promote an efficient in vitro strand exchange reaction. (PMID:15944450)
• Data show that JC polyomavirus T-antigen inhibits homologous recombination DNA repair by binding insulin receptor substrate 1, which then translocates to the nucleus and binds Rad51 at the site of damaged DNA. (PMID:15965906)
• These results help us to model important mechanistic steps of hRad51 presynapsis on ssDNA templates. (PMID:16018971)
• MDC1 functions in Rad51-mediated homologous recombination by retaining Rad51 in chromatin. (PMID:16186822)
• We have made the unexpected observation that Rad51 degradation via the ubiquitin-mediated proteasome pathway occurs as a natural part of recombinational DNA repair. (PMID:16215984)
• Because mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 may be directly linked with breast cancer, genetic variations in the BRCA2 and RAD51 genes may be believed to play a role in this disease. (PMID:16261408)
• DNA-induced disassembly of higher-order forms of Rad51 and Rad52 proteins as steps that precede protein assembly during hRad51 presynapsis on DNA, in vitro. (PMID:16367760)
• RAD51C ensures a tight regulation of RAD51 assembly during DSB repair and plays a direct role in repairing DSBs in vivo. (PMID:16395335)

Cross-species orthologs

5 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	rad51	ENSDARG00000041411
mus_musculus	Rad51	ENSMUSG00000027323
rattus_norvegicus	Rad51	ENSRNOG00000037302
drosophila_melanogaster	spn-A	FBGN0003479
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00004297

Paralogs (6): DMC1 (ENSG00000100206), RAD51C (ENSG00000108384), XRCC3 (ENSG00000126215), RAD51B (ENSG00000182185), RAD51D (ENSG00000185379), XRCC2 (ENSG00000196584)

Protein

Protein identifiers

DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 1 — Q06609 (reviewed: Q06609)

Alternative names: RAD51 homolog A

All UniProt accessions (6): Q06609, E9PI54, E9PJ30, E9PNT5, H0YD61, Q9NZG9

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Plays an important role in homologous strand exchange, a key step in DNA repair through homologous recombination (HR). Binds to single-stranded DNA in an ATP-dependent manner to form nucleoprotein filaments which are essential for the homology search and strand exchange. Catalyzes the recognition of homology and strand exchange between homologous DNA partners to form a joint molecule between a processed DNA break and the repair template. Recruited to resolve stalled replication forks during replication stress. Part of a PALB2-scaffolded HR complex containing BRCA2 and RAD51C and which is thought to play a role in DNA repair by HR. Plays a role in regulating mitochondrial DNA copy number under conditions of oxidative stress in the presence of RAD51C and XRCC3. Also involved in interstrand cross-link repair.

Subunit / interactions. Forms linear homooligomers, giving rise to a RAD51 nucleoprotein filament, which is essential for strand-pairing reactions during DNA recombination. Interacts with RAD54L; the interaction enhances RAD51-mediated homology search and strand invasion. Interacts with RAD54B; the interaction could enhance RAD51-mediated homology search and strand invasion. Interacts with BRCA1 and either directly or indirectly with p53. Interacts with XRCC3. Interacts with the BCDX2 subcomplex RAD51C:RAD51B. Component of the homologous recombination repair (HR) complex composed of ERCC5/XPG, BRCA2, PALB2, DSS1 and RAD51. Interacts directly with PALB2 which may serve as a scaffold for a HR complex containing PALB2, BRCA2, RAD51C, RAD51 and XRCC3. Interacts with RAD51AP1 and RAD51AP2. Interacts with CHEK1, and this may require prior phosphorylation of CHEK1. Interacts with the MND1-PSMC3IP heterodimer. Found in a complex, at least composed of BLM, RAD51 and SPIDR; the complex formation is mediated by SPIDR. Interacts with SPIDR; the interaction is direct and recruits RAD51 to DNA damage sites. Interacts with FIGNL1 (via N-terminal one-half region); the interaction is direct. Interacts with RAD51AP1 (via C-terminal region); the interaction is direct. Interacts with NABP2, RPA1, PALB2 and RAD51. Interacts with SWI5/C9orf119, and at lower level with SFR1/MEIR5. Interacts with hyperphosphorylated RPA2; this interaction is necessary for efficient recruitment to chromatin in response to DNA damage. Interacts with SWSAP1; involved in homologous recombination repair. Interacts with PARPBP, BRCA2 and RECQL5; these interactions interfere with the formation of the RAD51-DNA homologous recombination structure. Interacts with POLQ; POLQ acts as an inhibitor of homology-recombination repair (HR) pathway by limiting RAD51 accumulation at resected ends. Interacts with FBH1. Interacts with POLN. Interacts with RFWD3. Interacts with the MCM8-MCM9 complex; the interaction recruits RAD51 to DNA damage sites. Component of a multiprotein complex with MEIOB and SPATA22. Interacts with the complex BRME1:HSF2BP:BRCA2. Interacts with HELQ; stimulating HELQ DNA helicase activity and ability to unwing DNA. Interacts with MMS22L; the interaction is direct and promotes recruitment of RAD51 to sites of DNA damage. Interacts with the ATAD5 RFC-like complex. Within the ATAD5 RFC-like complex, interacts with ATAD5 (via N-terminus); the interaction is direct and enhanced under replication stress. Interacts with WDR48; the interaction is enhanced under replication stress. Interacts with DNA helicase ZGRF1; the interaction promotes RAD51 strand exchange activity. Interacts (when phosphorylated) with TOPBP1; interaction takes place following phosphorylation by CK2 and PLK1 and promotes recruitment to DNA damage sites. Interacts with GRB2; this interaction inhibits RAD51 ATPase activity to stabilize RAD51 on stalled replication forks.

Subcellular location. Nucleus. Cytoplasm. Perinuclear region. Mitochondrion matrix. Chromosome. Cytoskeleton. Microtubule organizing center. Centrosome.

Tissue specificity. Highly expressed in testis and thymus, followed by small intestine, placenta, colon, pancreas and ovary. Weakly expressed in breast.

Post-translational modifications. Ubiquitinated by the SCF(FBH1) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, regulating RAD51 subcellular location and preventing its association with DNA. Ubiquitinated by RFWD3 in response to DNA damage: ubiquitination leads to degradation by the proteasome, promoting homologous recombination. Phosphorylation of Thr-309 by CHEK1 may enhance association with chromatin at sites of DNA damage and promote DNA repair by homologous recombination. Phosphorylated at Ser-14 by PLK1, triggering phosphorylation at Thr-13 by CK2, thereby promoting interaction with TOPBP1 and recruitment to DNA damage sites during S-phase. Phosphorylation by ABL1 inhibits function.

Disease relevance. Breast cancer (BC) [MIM:114480] A common malignancy originating from breast epithelial tissue. Breast neoplasms can be distinguished by their histologic pattern. Invasive ductal carcinoma is by far the most common type. Breast cancer is etiologically and genetically heterogeneous. Important genetic factors have been indicated by familial occurrence and bilateral involvement. Mutations at more than one locus can be involved in different families or even in the same case. Disease susceptibility is associated with variants affecting the gene represented in this entry. Mirror movements 2 (MRMV2) [MIM:614508] A disorder characterized by contralateral involuntary movements that mirror voluntary ones. While mirror movements are occasionally found in young children, persistence beyond the age of 10 is abnormal. Mirror movements occur more commonly in the upper extremities. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry. Fanconi anemia, complementation group R (FANCR) [MIM:617244] A disorder affecting all bone marrow elements and resulting in anemia, leukopenia and thrombopenia. It is associated with cardiac, renal and limb malformations, dermal pigmentary changes, and a predisposition to the development of malignancies. At the cellular level it is associated with hypersensitivity to DNA-damaging agents, chromosomal instability (increased chromosome breakage) and defective DNA repair. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Activity regulation. Acts as a self-inactivating ATPase, with rapid ATP hydrolysis and slow ADP dissociation. Ca(2+) by reducing the ATPase activity preserves the nucleoprotein filament in its active state, thereby stimulating the DNA strand exchange activity of RAD51.

Domain organisation. The nuclear localization may reside in the C-terminus (between 259 and 339 AA).

Induction. Stress-induced increase in the mitochondrial levels is seen.

Miscellaneous. Mutagenesis of Arg-264 to Ala inhibits nuclear localization. Mutagenesis of Lys-264 to Gln inhibits nuclear localization. Deletion of 254-Arg-Lys-255 inhibits nuclear localization.

Similarity. Belongs to the RecA family. RAD51 subfamily.

Isoforms (4)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q06609-1	1	yes
Q06609-2	2
Q06609-3	3
Q06609-4	4

RefSeq proteins (4): NP_001157741, NP_001157742, NP_002866, NP_597994 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR003593	AAA+_ATPase	Domain
IPR010995	DNA_repair_Rad51/TF_NusA_a-hlx	Homologous_superfamily
IPR011941	DNA_recomb/repair_Rad51	Family
IPR013632	Rad51_C	Domain
IPR016467	DNA_recomb/repair_RecA-like	Family
IPR020587	RecA_monomer-monomer_interface	Domain
IPR020588	RecA_ATP-bd	Domain
IPR027417	P-loop_NTPase	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF08423, PF14520

Enzyme classification (BRENDA):

• EC 3.6.4.B7 — (BRENDA: organisms, substrates, inhibitors, Km, kcat entries)

Catalyzed reactions (Rhea), 1 shown:

• ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate + H(+) (RHEA:13065)

UniProt features (77 total): strand 17, helix 16, binding site 11, mutagenesis site 8, sequence variant 6, modified residue 5, splice variant 4, cross-link 2, turn 2, initiator methionine 1, chain 1, domain 1, region of interest 1, short sequence motif 1, sequence conflict 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

52 structures, top 30 by resolution.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
1N0W	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.7
9TRM	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.4
9SVY	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.6
8PBC	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.61
9Q29	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.61
9SRZ	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.61
9I62	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.64
9Q2A	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.67
9SVX	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.7
8UVW	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.73
8PBD	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.83
9Q23	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.84
9Q28	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.84
8XBW	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.89
8BR2	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.9
9SSL	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.9
9ZZR	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.95
7EJC	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.97
9QNC	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.98
9SW0	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3
9TRL	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3
8C3J	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	3.02
8GYK	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.14
9QN8	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.14
8R64	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.2
8RCD	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.2
9Q2B	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.2
9TYY	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.2
9Q25	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.24
9OMY	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.25

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q06609-F1	91.59	0.89

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (11): 135; 170; 222; 268; 319; 322; 130; 132; 133; 134; 134

Post-translational modifications (7): 2, 13, 14, 54, 309, 58, 64

Mutagenesis-validated functional residues (8):

Position	Phenotype
13	abolished phosphorylation by ck2.
14	abolished phosphorylation by plk1 and subsequent phosphorylation by ck2.
58	impaired ubiquitination; when associated with r-64.
64	impaired ubiquitination; when associated with r-58.
86	loss of homooligomerization.
89	loss of homooligomerization.
208–209	disrupts interaction with brca2, no effect on homooligomerization, promotes interaction with xpo1 and cytoplasmic locali
309	confers hypersensitivity to hydroxyurea.

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

13 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-5685938	HDR through Single Strand Annealing (SSA)
R-HSA-5685942	HDR through Homologous Recombination (HRR)
R-HSA-5693554	Resolution of D-loop Structures through Synthesis-Dependent Strand Annealing (SDSA)
R-HSA-5693568	Resolution of D-loop Structures through Holliday Junction Intermediates
R-HSA-5693579	Homologous DNA Pairing and Strand Exchange
R-HSA-5693616	Presynaptic phase of homologous DNA pairing and strand exchange
R-HSA-8953750	Transcriptional Regulation by E2F6
R-HSA-912446	Meiotic recombination
R-HSA-9701192	Defective homologous recombination repair (HRR) due to BRCA1 loss of function
R-HSA-9704331	Defective HDR through Homologous Recombination Repair (HRR) due to PALB2 loss of BRCA1 binding function
R-HSA-9704646	Defective HDR through Homologous Recombination Repair (HRR) due to PALB2 loss of BRCA2/RAD51/RAD51C binding function
R-HSA-9709570	Impaired BRCA2 binding to RAD51
R-HSA-9709603	Impaired BRCA2 binding to PALB2

MSigDB gene sets: 720 (showing top): GOBP_DNA_TEMPLATED_DNA_REPLICATION_MAINTENANCE_OF_FIDELITY, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_DOUBLE_STRAND_BREAK_REPAIR, REACTOME_MEIOTIC_RECOMBINATION, E2F_Q4, GOBP_CHROMOSOME_ORGANIZATION, E2F_Q4_01, GOBP_RESPONSE_TO_NITROGEN_COMPOUND, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_DNA_RECOMBINATION, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_CELL_CYCLE_CHECKPOINT, GOBP_RESPONSE_TO_IONIZING_RADIATION, MULLIGHAN_NPM1_SIGNATURE_3_UP, BIOCARTA_ATM_PATHWAY, GOBP_CELL_CYCLE_DNA_REPLICATION, FISCHER_G1_S_CELL_CYCLE, GOBP_CELL_CYCLE_PHASE_TRANSITION

GO Biological Process (32): telomere maintenance via recombination (GO:0000722), double-strand break repair via homologous recombination (GO:0000724), DNA recombinase assembly (GO:0000730), DNA repair (GO:0006281), DNA recombination (GO:0006310), mitotic recombination (GO:0006312), DNA damage response (GO:0006974), reciprocal meiotic recombination (GO:0007131), response to xenobiotic stimulus (GO:0009410), response to toxic substance (GO:0009636), response to X-ray (GO:0010165), regulation of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination (GO:0010569), telomere maintenance via telomere lengthening (GO:0010833), replication fork processing (GO:0031297), interstrand cross-link repair (GO:0036297), DNA strand invasion (GO:0042148), meiotic cell cycle (GO:0051321), chromosome organization involved in meiotic cell cycle (GO:0070192), cellular response to ionizing radiation (GO:0071479), cellular response to gamma radiation (GO:0071480), cellular response to hydroxyurea (GO:0072711), cellular response to cisplatin (GO:0072719), cellular response to camptothecin (GO:0072757), response to glucoside (GO:1904631), replication-born double-strand break repair via sister chromatid exchange (GO:1990414), mitotic recombination-dependent replication fork processing (GO:1990426), double-strand break repair involved in meiotic recombination (GO:1990918), regulation of DNA damage checkpoint (GO:2000001), DNA metabolic process (GO:0006259), meiosis I (GO:0007127), telomere organization (GO:0032200), cellular response to alkaloid (GO:0071312)

GO Molecular Function (15): DNA strand exchange activity (GO:0000150), chromatin binding (GO:0003682), double-stranded DNA binding (GO:0003690), single-stranded DNA binding (GO:0003697), ATP binding (GO:0005524), ATP-dependent activity, acting on DNA (GO:0008094), single-stranded DNA helicase activity (GO:0017116), enzyme binding (GO:0019899), identical protein binding (GO:0042802), DNA polymerase binding (GO:0070182), ATP-dependent DNA damage sensor activity (GO:0140664), nucleotide binding (GO:0000166), DNA binding (GO:0003677), protein binding (GO:0005515), ATP hydrolysis activity (GO:0016887)

GO Cellular Component (24): nuclear ubiquitin ligase complex (GO:0000152), nuclear chromosome (GO:0000228), chromosome, telomeric region (GO:0000781), chromatin (GO:0000785), condensed chromosome (GO:0000793), condensed nuclear chromosome (GO:0000794), lateral element (GO:0000800), male germ cell nucleus (GO:0001673), nucleus (GO:0005634), nucleoplasm (GO:0005654), nucleolus (GO:0005730), cytoplasm (GO:0005737), mitochondrion (GO:0005739), mitochondrial matrix (GO:0005759), centrosome (GO:0005813), cytosol (GO:0005829), PML body (GO:0016605), protein-containing complex (GO:0032991), protein-DNA complex (GO:0032993), site of double-strand break (GO:0035861), perinuclear region of cytoplasm (GO:0048471), presynaptic intermediate filament cytoskeleton (GO:0099182), chromosome (GO:0005694), cytoskeleton (GO:0005856)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-9 pathways:

Category	Pathways
HDR through Homologous Recombination (HRR) or Single Strand Annealing (SSA)	2
Resolution of D-Loop Structures	2
Defective homologous recombination repair (HRR) due to PALB2 loss of function	2
Defective homologous recombination repair (HRR) due to BRCA2 loss of function	2
HDR through Homologous Recombination (HRR)	1
Homologous DNA Pairing and Strand Exchange	1
Generic Transcription Pathway	1
Meiosis	1
Diseases of DNA Double-Strand Break Repair	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	5
DNA metabolic process	3
DNA recombination	3
nucleus	3
chromosome	3
nuclear lumen	3
telomere maintenance	2
meiotic cell cycle process	2
response to chemical	2
response to ionizing radiation	2
catalytic activity, acting on DNA	2
binding	2
DNA binding	2
ATP-dependent activity	2
protein binding	2
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	2
cytoplasm	2
mitotic recombination	1
recombinational repair	1
double-strand break repair	1
double-strand break repair via synthesis-dependent strand annealing	1
protein-DNA complex assembly	1
DNA repair complex assembly	1
DNA damage response	1
cellular response to stress	1
meiosis I	1
reciprocal homologous recombination	1
regulation of DNA recombination	1
double-strand break repair via homologous recombination	1
regulation of double-strand break repair	1
DNA-templated DNA replication maintenance of fidelity	1
DNA repair	1
cell cycle	1
sexual reproduction	1
reproductive process	1
meiotic nuclear division	1
chromosome organization	1
meiotic cell cycle	1
cellular response to radiation	1
response to gamma radiation	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

5521 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
RAD51	RAD52	P43351	999
RAD51	BRCA2	P51587	999
RAD51	BRCA1	P38398	999
RAD51	ATRX	P46100	998
RAD51	PALB2	Q86YC2	997
RAD51	TP53	P04637	995
RAD51	BARD1	Q99728	994
RAD51	FANCD2	Q9BXW9	993
RAD51	RAD54B	Q9Y620	980
RAD51	CHEK1	O14757	973
RAD51	MND1	Q9BWT6	968
RAD51	WRN	Q14191	966
RAD51	ATM	Q13315	958
RAD51	K7EN88	K7EN88	956
RAD51	EXO1	Q9UQ84	954

IntAct

272 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
BRCA2	RAD51	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.980
RAD51	BRCA2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.980
BRCA2	RAD51	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.980
RAD51	BRCA2	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.980
BRCA2	RAD51	psi-mi:“MI:0403”(colocalization)	0.980
BRCA2	RAD51	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.980
PALB2	BRCA2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.970
IGBP1	PPP6C	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.940
RAD51	RAD51	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.920
RAD51	RAD51	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.920
RAD51	RAD51	psi-mi:“MI:0403”(colocalization)	0.920

BioGRID (672): RAD51 (Two-hybrid), RAD51 (Affinity Capture-Western), RAD51 (Affinity Capture-MS), RAD51 (Affinity Capture-MS), RAD51 (Affinity Capture-Western), RAD51 (Affinity Capture-Western), RAD51 (Affinity Capture-Western), RAD51 (Affinity Capture-Western), RAD51 (Synthetic Growth Defect), RAD51 (Two-hybrid), RAD51AP1 (Two-hybrid), RAD51 (Two-hybrid), CDH13 (Two-hybrid), CST6 (Two-hybrid), FAM84B (Two-hybrid)

ESM2 similar proteins: A2SR54, A3CWU4, A4FWV5, A4YCN4, A5UMW0, A6VGG2, A8AB83, A9AA90, B8BM09, O27436, O42634, O73948, O77507, O93748, P0CW58, P0CW59, P25453, P37383, P37384, P50265, P70099, P94102, Q06609, Q08297, Q12UG7, Q14565, Q27297, Q2KJ94, Q2NE95, Q39009, Q40134, Q46A31, Q49593, Q4JAT5, Q61880, Q67EU8, Q6L126, Q7EAG4, Q7GBF7, Q7GBF8

Diamond homologs: A2SR54, A3CWU4, A3CXI2, A3MXX9, A4FWV5, A4WN87, A4YCN4, A5UMW0, A6VGG2, A8AB83, A9AA90, B0R7Y4, B1YC14, B8BM09, B8D610, C3MRI1, C3MY77, C3MZK6, C3N7M8, C3NFU5, C4KIT6, O27436, O29269, O42634, O58001, O73948, O74036, O77507, O93748, P0CW58, P0CW59, P0CW91, P0CW92, P25301, P25453, P25454, P36601, P37383, P37384, P50265

SIGNOR signaling

33 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
CHEK1	up-regulates	RAD51	phosphorylation
PALB2	up-regulates	RAD51	binding
BRCA2	“up-regulates activity”	RAD51	binding
ABL1	“up-regulates activity”	RAD51	phosphorylation
RAD51AP1	“up-regulates activity”	RAD51	binding
XRCC3	“up-regulates quantity by stabilization”	RAD51	binding
RAD51	“form complex”	“BRCC ubiquitin ligase complex”	binding
XRCC3	“up-regulates activity”	RAD51	relocalization
“D1-D2-G-X3 complex”	“up-regulates activity”	RAD51	relocalization
HDLBP	“up-regulates activity”	RAD51	binding
BCR-ABL	“up-regulates activity”	RAD51	phosphorylation
“Caspase 3 complex”	“down-regulates quantity by destabilization”	RAD51	cleavage
CASP3	“down-regulates quantity by destabilization”	RAD51	cleavage
PLK1	“up-regulates activity”	RAD51	phosphorylation
RFWD3	“up-regulates activity”	RAD51	ubiquitination
CDK2	“down-regulates quantity by destabilization”	RAD51	phosphorylation
“SHU complex”	“up-regulates activity”	RAD51	binding
ABL1	down-regulates	RAD51	phosphorylation
ABL1	up-regulates	RAD51	phosphorylation
FLT3	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	RAD51	“transcriptional regulation”
STAT5A	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	RAD51	“transcriptional regulation”
RAD51	“up-regulates activity”	SYCP3	binding
RAD51	“up-regulates activity”	Synaptonemal_complex	binding
RAD51	up-regulates	DNA_repair
FBH1	“up-regulates activity”	RAD51	binding
“Cullin 1-RBX1-Skp1”	“up-regulates activity”	RAD51	ubiquitination

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 160 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
Impaired BRCA2 binding to PALB2	7	33.0×	9e-08
Translesion synthesis by POLK	5	32.7×	1e-05
Resolution of D-loop Structures through Synthesis-Dependent Strand Annealing (SDSA)	8	32.5×	1e-08
Homologous DNA Pairing and Strand Exchange	8	31.4×	1e-08
Resolution of D-loop Structures through Holliday Junction Intermediates	10	31.0×	1e-10
Defective homologous recombination repair (HRR) due to BRCA1 loss of function	7	30.5×	1e-07
Defective HDR through Homologous Recombination Repair (HRR) due to PALB2 loss of BRCA1 binding function	7	30.5×	1e-07
Defective HDR through Homologous Recombination Repair (HRR) due to PALB2 loss of BRCA2/RAD51/RAD51C binding function	7	30.5×	1e-07

GO biological processes:

GO term	Partners	Fold	FDR
regulation of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination	6	46.8×	3e-07
mitotic G2/M transition checkpoint	5	31.6×	4e-05
cellular response to ionizing radiation	8	25.9×	1e-07
mismatch repair	5	25.5×	1e-04
mitotic G2 DNA damage checkpoint signaling	6	20.9×	4e-05
double-strand break repair via homologous recombination	17	20.9×	4e-15
DNA recombination	7	18.6×	1e-05
base-excision repair	5	18.4×	4e-04

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

502 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	5
Likely pathogenic	7
Uncertain significance	247
Likely benign	194
Benign	26

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (12)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
29868	NM_002875.5(RAD51):c.760C>T (p.Arg254Ter)	Pathogenic
29869	NM_002875.5(RAD51):c.855dup (p.Pro286fs)	Pathogenic
471141	NM_002875.5(RAD51):c.749G>A (p.Arg250Gln)	Pathogenic
4770021	NM_002875.5(RAD51):c.378T>G (p.Phe126Leu)	Pathogenic
916731	NM_002875.5(RAD51):c.391A>C (p.Thr131Pro)	Pathogenic
2443994	NM_002875.5(RAD51):c.871ATC[1] (p.Ile292del)	Likely pathogenic
2500726	NM_002875.5(RAD51):c.590C>T (p.Thr197Ile)	Likely pathogenic
2636942	NM_002875.5(RAD51):c.53_69delinsTATCTTCTT (p.Glu18fs)	Likely pathogenic
3906887	NM_002875.5(RAD51):c.881A>G (p.His294Arg)	Likely pathogenic
4077458	NM_002875.5(RAD51):c.388C>T (p.Arg130Ter)	Likely pathogenic
449674	NM_002875.5(RAD51):c.857C>T (p.Pro286Leu)	Likely pathogenic
522859	NM_002875.5(RAD51):c.772G>A (p.Glu258Lys)	Likely pathogenic

SpliceAI

1643 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
15:40698752:TTCA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
15:40698754:CA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
15:40698755:A:AC	acceptor_loss	1.0000
15:40698755:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:40698756:G:GA	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:40698756:GT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:40698756:GTA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:40698756:GTAA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:40698756:GTAAT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:40698758:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:40698843:GAG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
15:40698844:AGGTA:A	donor_loss	1.0000
15:40698845:GGTA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
15:40698847:T:G	donor_loss	1.0000
15:40701056:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:40701057:T:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:40701060:GCA:G	acceptor_loss	1.0000
15:40701062:A:AC	acceptor_loss	1.0000
15:40701062:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:40701063:G:GT	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:40701063:GC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:40701063:GCA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:40701063:GCAGT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:40701197:TTCTG:T	donor_gain	1.0000
15:40701198:TCTG:T	donor_gain	1.0000
15:40701199:CTG:C	donor_gain	1.0000
15:40701200:TG:T	donor_gain	1.0000
15:40701201:GG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
15:40701202:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
15:40701202:GTAA:G	donor_loss	1.0000

AlphaMissense

2200 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
15:40701131:T:A	V52D	1.000
15:40706217:C:A	A89E	1.000
15:40709060:G:A	G127R	1.000
15:40709060:G:C	G127R	1.000
15:40709061:G:A	G127E	1.000
15:40709061:G:T	G127V	1.000
15:40709066:T:C	F129L	1.000
15:40709068:C:A	F129L	1.000
15:40709068:C:G	F129L	1.000
15:40709075:G:T	G132W	1.000
15:40709076:G:A	G132E	1.000
15:40709078:A:C	K133Q	1.000
15:40709082:C:T	T134I	1.000
15:40709092:T:G	C137W	1.000
15:40709113:C:G	C144W	1.000
15:40729525:A:T	D222V	1.000
15:40729527:A:C	S223R	1.000
15:40729529:T:A	S223R	1.000
15:40729529:T:G	S223R	1.000
15:40729546:G:C	R229T	1.000
15:40729546:G:T	R229I	1.000
15:40729547:A:C	R229S	1.000
15:40729547:A:T	R229S	1.000
15:40729561:G:A	G234D	1.000
15:40729573:T:A	L238H	1.000
15:40729573:T:C	L238P	1.000
15:40729582:G:C	R241T	1.000
15:40729582:G:T	R241M	1.000
15:40729583:G:C	R241S	1.000
15:40729583:G:T	R241S	1.000

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000081593 (15:40695216 C>T), RS1000174544 (15:40703327 C>G), RS1000261225 (15:40716470 A>G), RS1000371561 (15:40709688 T>G), RS1000395200 (15:40703926 CAG>C), RS1000399033 (15:40692814 G>A), RS1000445147 (15:40709408 G>A), RS1000455513 (15:40697641 G>A,C,T), RS1000456563 (15:40716427 CATG>C), RS1000590205 (15:40716754 A>G), RS1000694873 (15:40703610 T>C), RS1000697370 (15:40722795 T>A,G), RS1000924527 (15:40692885 G>A), RS1000944769 (15:40728135 C>T), RS1000955023 (15:40705513 G>A)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:179617 | disease phenotypes: MIM:114480, MIM:614508, MIM:617244, MIM:167000

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
mirror movements 2	Strong	Autosomal dominant
Fanconi anemia complementation group R	Strong	Autosomal dominant
familial congenital mirror movements	Supportive	Autosomal dominant
Fanconi anemia	Supportive	Autosomal recessive
hereditary breast carcinoma	Limited	Autosomal dominant

Mondo (7): hereditary breast carcinoma (MONDO:0016419), mirror movements 2 (MONDO:0013790), Fanconi anemia complementation group R (MONDO:0014986), ovarian cancer (MONDO:0008170), hereditary neoplastic syndrome (MONDO:0015356), familial congenital mirror movements (MONDO:0016558), Fanconi anemia (MONDO:0019391)

Orphanet (4): Hereditary breast cancer (Orphanet:227535), Familial congenital mirror movements (Orphanet:238722), Rare ovarian cancer (Orphanet:213500), Inherited cancer-predisposing syndrome (Orphanet:140162)

HPO phenotypes

143 total (30 of 143 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0000006	Autosomal dominant inheritance
HP:0000010	Recurrent urinary tract infections
HP:0000027	Azoospermia
HP:0000028	Cryptorchidism
HP:0000035	Abnormal testis morphology
HP:0000044	Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
HP:0000047	Hypospadias
HP:0000072	Hydroureter
HP:0000079	Abnormality of the urinary system
HP:0000083	Renal insufficiency
HP:0000125	Pelvic kidney
HP:0000130	Abnormality of the uterus
HP:0000135	Hypogonadism
HP:0000175	Cleft palate
HP:0000218	High palate
HP:0000238	Hydrocephalus
HP:0000252	Microcephaly
HP:0000268	Dolichocephaly
HP:0000286	Epicanthus
HP:0000316	Hypertelorism
HP:0000324	Facial asymmetry
HP:0000340	Sloping forehead
HP:0000347	Micrognathia
HP:0000364	Hearing abnormality
HP:0000365	Hearing impairment
HP:0000377	Abnormal pinna morphology
HP:0000453	Choanal atresia
HP:0000478	Abnormality of the eye
HP:0000483	Astigmatism
HP:0000486	Strabismus

GWAS associations

7 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST008559_8	Anxiety and stress-related disorders	7.000000e-07
GCST010002_167	Refractive error	3.000000e-11
GCST010725_23	Malaria	2.000000e-06
GCST010725_38	Malaria	3.000000e-06
GCST010725_80	Malaria	7.000000e-06
GCST012227_283	Hip circumference adjusted for BMI	7.000000e-09
GCST90002397_252	Mean spheric corpuscular volume	6.000000e-22

EFO canonical traits (2, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0010098	stress-related disorder
EFO:0008039	BMI-adjusted hip circumference

MeSH disease descriptors (4)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D005199	Fanconi Anemia	C15.378.050.085.080.280; C15.378.190.223.500.500.280; C16.320.077.280; C18.452.284.280
D009386	Neoplastic Syndromes, Hereditary	C04.700; C16.320.700
D010051	Ovarian Neoplasms	C04.588.322.455; C12.050.351.500.056.630.705; C12.050.351.937.418.685; C12.100.250.056.630.705; C12.900.418.685; C19.344.410; C19.391.630.705
C562840	Breast Cancer, Familial (supp.)

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (1): CHEMBL2034807 (SINGLE PROTEIN)

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

PharmGKB variants

3 variants.

Variant	Genes	Level	Score	#Clin annots	Drugs
rs1801320	RAD51		0.00	0
rs7180135	RAD51		0.00	0
rs12593359	RAD51		0.00	0

Binding affinities (BindingDB)

147 measured of 151 human assays (165 total across all organisms); most potent 50 below. Values come from heterogeneous assays and are not directly comparable.

Ligand	Measure	Value
MLS000697664	IC50	1560 nM
1,1,3-Trimethyl-2-[3-(1,3,3-trimethyl-1,3-dihydro-indol-2-ylidene)-propenyl]-1H-benzo[e]indolium	IC50	10600 nM
(3-methyl-4-pyrrolidino-phenyl)amine;hydrochloride	EC50	13700 nM
(6-chloranyl-2-phenyl-chromen-4-ylidene)-(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl)azanium;tetrafluoroborate	IC50	14700 nM
2-chloranyl-N1,N4-bis[4-(4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl)phenyl]benzene-1,4-dicarboxamide	IC50	16400 nM
3-[(8,9-dimethoxy-2-phenyl-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-5-yl)amino]propyl-diethyl-amine	IC50	21100 nM
(2Z)-3-ethyl-2-[(E)-3-(3-ethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium-2-yl)-2-methyl-prop-2-enylidene]-1,3-benzothiazole;iodide	EC50	22400 nM
9-Methoxy-5,11-dimethyl-6H-pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole	IC50	24700 nM
6-formyl-4,7-dihydroxy-9-keto-5H-phenazine-1-carboxylic acid methyl ester	IC50	24800 nM
N-cyclopentyl-2-((5-((2-oxobenzo[d]thiazol-3(2H)-yl)methyl)-4-phenpropyl-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)thio)acetamide	EC50	25000 nM
2-amino-4,6-dimethyl-3-oxo-1-N,9-N-bis[(3R,6S,7R,10S,16S)-7,11,14-trimethyl-2,5,9,12,15-pentaoxo-3,10-di(propan-2-yl)-8-oxa-1,4,11,14-tetrazabicyclo[14.3.0]nonadecan-6-yl]phenoxazine-1,9-dicarboxamide	IC50	32100 nM
3-(phenylmethyl)-2-[(E)-2-(3-pyridinyl)ethenyl]-4-quinazolinone	IC50	37000 nM
6,7,12,15,15-pentamethyl-3,10-diazatetracyclo[10.2.1.02,11.04,9]pentadeca-2(11),3,5,7,9-pentaene-1-carboxylic acid	IC50	37100 nM
3-[(2Z)-2-(3-formyl-4-oxo-1-cyclohexa-2,5-dienylidene)hydrazinyl]benzoic acid	IC50	42500 nM
cid_649572	IC50	42500 nM
4-[morpholin-4-yl(2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropoxy)phosphoryl]morpholine	IC50	42500 nM
methyl 2-azanyl-5-phenyl-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxylate	IC50	42500 nM
MLS000082684	IC50	42500 nM
MLS000054855	IC50	42500 nM
cid_3237774	IC50	42500 nM
MLS000051428	IC50	42500 nM
SMR000074755	IC50	42500 nM
2-(4-quinazolinylamino)hexanoic acid	IC50	42500 nM
1,1,4,4-tetraketo-N,6-diphenyl-2,3-dihydro-1,4-dithiin-5-carboxamide	EC50	43900 nM
2N-(3,3-aminoiminopropyl)-4-[4-(4-formamido-1-methyl-1H-2-pyrrolylcarboxamido)-1-methyl-1H-2-pyrrolylcarboxamido]-1-methyl-1H-2-pyrrolecarboxamide	IC50	47000 nM
3-[[8,9-dimethoxy-2-(3-pyridyl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-c]quinazolin-5-yl]amino]propyl-diethyl-amine	IC50	49900 nM
MLS000050598	IC50	53000 nM
4-[4-(4-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]carbonyl-2,9-dimethyl-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-one	IC50	53000 nM
2-[(2,5-dichlorophenyl)hydrazinylidene]-2-(2,6-dimethyl-4-morpholinyl)acetic acid ethyl ester	IC50	53000 nM
(E)-3-[2-[N-acetyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)anilino]-1,3-thiazol-4-yl]prop-2-enoic acid	IC50	53000 nM
Acid, 24	IC50	53000 nM
(E)-3-(1-benzyl-3-pyridin-3-ylpyrazol-4-yl)prop-2-enoic acid	IC50	53000 nM
1-benzyl-N-(2-fluorobenzyl)-3,5-dimethyl-pyrazole-4-carboxamide	IC50	53000 nM
2-[(2-chlorophenyl)hydrazo]-2-(2-oxolanylmethylimino)acetic acid ethyl ester	IC50	53000 nM
3-[1,3-bis(oxidanylidene)isoindol-2-yl]-N-(4,5-dihydro-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)benzamide	IC50	53000 nM
3-cyclopentylpropanoic acid [2-[[(tert-butylamino)-oxomethyl]amino]-2-oxoethyl] ester	IC50	53000 nM
6-diazanyl-N,N-di(propan-2-yl)pyridine-3-sulfonamide	IC50	53000 nM
2-[1-[(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]ethyl]-5-phenyl-3H-thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one	IC50	53000 nM
(E)-1-[4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]-3-thiophen-2-yl-2-propen-1-one	IC50	53000 nM
4-(2-furanylmethylsulfamoyl)-N-methyl-N-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)benzamide	IC50	53000 nM
2-[4-(4-methylphenyl)-2-(2-pyridinyl)-5-thiazolyl]acetic acid	IC50	53000 nM
3-[(4-chlorophenyl)sulfonylamino]propanoic acid [2-(4-methoxyanilino)-2-oxoethyl] ester	IC50	53000 nM
2-[(veratroylhydrazono)methyl]benzoic acid	IC50	53000 nM
MLS000761278	IC50	53000 nM
4-ethoxy-N-[(6-fluoro-1,1-diketo-2,3-dihydrothiochromen-4-ylidene)amino]benzenesulfonamide	IC50	53000 nM
2-[ethyl-[(4-keto-1H-quinazolin-2-yl)methyl]amino]-N-[2-(4-fluorophenyl)ethyl]acetamide	IC50	53000 nM
2-[[4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]sulfanyl]-N-(5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl)acetamide	IC50	53000 nM
Glycopeptide, 2	IC50	53000 nM
4-[7-[4-[diethyl(methyl)ammonio]butoxy]-9-keto-fluoren-2-yl]oxybutyl-diethyl-methyl-ammonium;iodide	IC50	53000 nM
2-(aminocarbonylamino)-N-[4-[(4-methoxyphenyl)sulfamoyl]phenyl]-4-methylsulfanyl-butanamide	IC50	53000 nM

ChEMBL bioactivities

68 potent at pChembl≥5 of 178 total, top 50 by pChembl (potency: 10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM).

pChembl	Type	Value	Unit	Molecule
8.03	Kd	9.24	nM	CHEMBL6174717
7.46	IC50	35	nM	CHEMBL6174717
7.40	Kd	40.12	nM	CHEMBL6162630
7.25	Kd	56.71	nM	CHEMBL6134638
6.89	Kd	128.3	nM	CHEMBL6149072
6.84	Kd	145.1	nM	CHEMBL6147824
6.63	Kd	236.5	nM	CHEMBL6152887
6.60	IC50	250	nM	CHEMBL2316725
6.45	Kd	355	nM	CHEMBL5527941
6.44	Ki	366	nM	CHEMBL5527941
6.44	Kd	365.5	nM	CHEMBL5527941
6.43	IC50	370	nM	CHEMBL2316724
6.22	Kd	602.4	nM	CHEMBL6176383
6.14	IC50	720	nM	CHEMBL6175342
6.12	IC50	750	nM	CHEMBL133930
6.12	Ki	750	nM	CHEMBL1215819
6.09	IC50	810	nM	CHEMBL2316723
6.05	IC50	900	nM	CHEMBL133930
6.03	IC50	930	nM	CHEMBL2316722
6.02	EC50	950	nM	CHEMBL4516566
5.98	IC50	1050	nM	CHEMBL1215819
5.89	Kd	1300	nM	CHEMBL3427781
5.89	IC50	1300	nM	CHEMBL5280045
5.85	IC50	1400	nM	CHEMBL2316721
5.85	Kd	1400	nM	CHEMBL6175342
5.82	IC50	1500	nM	CHEMBL1215819
5.75	Ki	1800	nM	CHEMBL1215817
5.70	EC50	2000	nM	CHEMBL4468829
5.70	IC50	2000	nM	CHEMBL1215817
5.68	IC50	2100	nM	CHEMBL1215810
5.67	IC50	2140	nM	CHEMBL2316720
5.64	IC50	2300	nM	CHEMBL5287027
5.60	IC50	2500	nM	CHEMBL1215817
5.58	IC50	2600	nM	CHEMBL1215818
5.57	IC50	2700	nM	CHEMBL1215815
5.52	Kd	3000	nM	CHEMBL3427780
5.52	IC50	3000	nM	CHEMBL3823105
5.52	IC50	3000	nM	CHEMBL5277728
5.51	IC50	3100	nM	CHEMBL2316738
5.46	IC50	3500	nM	CHEMBL1215811
5.42	IC50	3800	nM	CHEMBL5287027
5.40	EC50	4000	nM	CHEMBL5561822
5.38	Ki	4200	nM	CHEMBL1215818
5.37	IC50	4300	nM	CHEMBL6168507
5.31	IC50	4900	nM	CHEMBL5280045
5.30	IC50	5000	nM	CHEMBL1215818
5.28	IC50	5290	nM	CHEMBL2316739
5.25	Kd	5600	nM	CHEMBL1567670
5.22	IC50	6000	nM	CHEMBL1567670
5.22	IC50	6000	nM	CHEMBL1215813

PubChem BioAssay actives

56 with measured affinity, of 541 total; 39 most potent distinct compounds. Largely complementary to BindingDB; screening values are coarse (µM, 4 dp), so sub-nM hits tie at the floor.

Compound	Assay	Type	Value	Unit
1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-iodo-4-morpholin-4-ylpyrrole-2,5-dione	724821: Inhibition of human RAD51 binding to single stranded DNA by fluorescence polarization assay	ic50	0.2500	uM
N-[2-[(2S,4R)-2-[[(1S)-1-(2-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]carbamoyl]-4-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl]-2-oxoethyl]-6-fluoroquinoline-2-carboxamide	2066591: Binding affinity to RAD51 (unknown origin) assessed as dissociation constant by fluorescence polarization assay	kd	0.3550	uM
3-bromo-1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-morpholin-4-ylpyrrole-2,5-dione	724821: Inhibition of human RAD51 binding to single stranded DNA by fluorescence polarization assay	ic50	0.3700	uM
(4S)-4-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[(2-aminoacetyl)amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-5-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[(2S)-4-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(1S)-1-carboxy-2-phenylethyl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-1,4-dioxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-3-carboxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid	499540: Inhibition of human RAD51 assessed as concentration required for half dissociation of protein/single-stranded DNA complex formation by fluorescence polarimetry	ki	0.7500	uM
disodium;5-isothiocyanato-2-[(E)-2-(4-isothiocyanato-2-sulfonatophenyl)ethenyl]benzenesulfonate	1954698: Inhibition of RAD51 (unknown origin) assessed as reduction in novel 58/33-dsDNA formation incubated for 1 hr by electrophoresis based DNA strand exchange assay	ic50	0.7500	uM
3-chloro-1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]pyrrole-2,5-dione	724821: Inhibition of human RAD51 binding to single stranded DNA by fluorescence polarization assay	ic50	0.8100	uM
3-chloro-1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-phenylpyrrole-2,5-dione	724821: Inhibition of human RAD51 binding to single stranded DNA by fluorescence polarization assay	ic50	0.9300	uM
3-[2-acetyl-3-(1-propylindazol-5-yl)-3,4-dihydropyrazol-5-yl]-6-chloro-4-phenyl-1H-quinolin-2-one	1605279: Inhibition of biotinylated BRC4 peptide binding to His-tagged human RAD51 expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta(DE3) pLysS cells assessed as BRC4-RAD51 protein -protein interaction by competitive ELISA	ec50	0.9500	uM
4-bromo-5-chloro-N-[2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl]thiophene-2-sulfonamide	1207141: Binding affinity to RAD51 (unknown origin) by isothermal calorimetry	kd	1.3000	uM
disodium;5-cyano-2-[(E)-2-(4-cyano-2-sulfonatophenyl)ethenyl]benzenesulfonate	1954698: Inhibition of RAD51 (unknown origin) assessed as reduction in novel 58/33-dsDNA formation incubated for 1 hr by electrophoresis based DNA strand exchange assay	ic50	1.3000	uM
3-(4-aminophenyl)-4-chloro-1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)pyrrole-2,5-dione	724821: Inhibition of human RAD51 binding to single stranded DNA by fluorescence polarization assay	ic50	1.4000	uM
(4S)-4-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[(2-aminoacetyl)amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-5-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[(2S)-4-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(1S)-1-carboxy-2-phenylethyl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1,4-dioxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-3-carboxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid	499540: Inhibition of human RAD51 assessed as concentration required for half dissociation of protein/single-stranded DNA complex formation by fluorescence polarimetry	ki	1.8000	uM
4-[5-(6-chloro-2-oxo-4-phenyl-1H-quinolin-3-yl)-3-(1-methylindol-5-yl)-3,4-dihydropyrazol-2-yl]-4-oxobutanoic acid	1605279: Inhibition of biotinylated BRC4 peptide binding to His-tagged human RAD51 expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta(DE3) pLysS cells assessed as BRC4-RAD51 protein -protein interaction by competitive ELISA	ec50	2.0000	uM
(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-amino-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]pentanedioic acid	499542: Inhibition of human RAD51 assessed as dissociation of protein/single-stranded DNA complex formation by fluorescence polarimetry	ic50	2.1000	uM
3-chloro-1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)pyrrole-2,5-dione	724821: Inhibition of human RAD51 binding to single stranded DNA by fluorescence polarization assay	ic50	2.1400	uM
disodium;5-(phenoxycarbonylamino)-2-[(E)-2-[4-(phenoxycarbonylamino)-2-sulfonatophenyl]ethenyl]benzenesulfonate	1954699: Inhibition of RAD51 (unknown origin) using labeled 100-ss DNA as substrate assessed as reduction in DNA D-loop formation by [gamma-32P]ATP based scintillation counter method	ic50	2.3000	uM
(4S)-4-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[(2-aminoacetyl)amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-5-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[(2S)-4-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(1S)-1-carboxy-2-phenylethyl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-1,4-dioxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-3-carboxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid	499544: Inhibition of human RAD51 assessed as dissociation of protein/single-stranded oligo(AGT)12 complex formation by fluorescence polarimetry	ic50	2.6000	uM
(4S)-4-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[(2-aminoacetyl)amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-5-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[(2S)-4-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(1S)-1-carboxy-2-phenylethyl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1,4-dioxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-3-carboxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid	499544: Inhibition of human RAD51 assessed as dissociation of protein/single-stranded oligo(AGT)12 complex formation by fluorescence polarimetry	ic50	2.7000	uM
2-phenylethyl (2S)-2-benzamido-3-(1H-indol-3-yl)propanoate	1207141: Binding affinity to RAD51 (unknown origin) by isothermal calorimetry	kd	3.0000	uM
N-ethyl-4-pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalin-4-ylaniline	1309725: Inhibition of RAD51-mediated homologous recombination in human HEK293-DR-GFP cells transfected with pCBASce expressing I-Sce-I after 24 hrs following transfection by 7-aminoactinomycin D staining based flow cytometry	ic50	3.0000	uM
disodium;5-[(4-methoxybenzoyl)amino]-2-[(E)-2-[4-[(4-methoxybenzoyl)amino]-2-sulfonatophenyl]ethenyl]benzenesulfonate	1954698: Inhibition of RAD51 (unknown origin) assessed as reduction in novel 58/33-dsDNA formation incubated for 1 hr by electrophoresis based DNA strand exchange assay	ic50	3.0000	uM
1-(4-bromo-3-chlorophenyl)-3-chloro-4-morpholin-4-ylpyrrole-2,5-dione	724821: Inhibition of human RAD51 binding to single stranded DNA by fluorescence polarization assay	ic50	3.1000	uM
(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-4-amino-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[(2-aminoacetyl)amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-4-carboxybutanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanoyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-carboxypropanoyl]amino]pentanedioic acid	499542: Inhibition of human RAD51 assessed as dissociation of protein/single-stranded DNA complex formation by fluorescence polarimetry	ic50	3.5000	uM
3-benzyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)-6H-triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-7-one	2080013: Displacement of BRC4-biotinylated peptide from human RAD51 by competitive ELISA	ec50	4.0000	uM
3-chloro-1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyrrole-2,5-dione	724821: Inhibition of human RAD51 binding to single stranded DNA by fluorescence polarization assay	ic50	5.2900	uM
3-benzyl-2-[(E)-2-pyridin-3-ylethenyl]quinazolin-4-one	664765: Binding affinity to human RAD51 in absence of ATP by SPR method	kd	5.6000	uM
(4S)-4-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[(2S)-6-amino-2-[[2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S,3R)-2-[[(2S)-2-[[(2S)-2-[(2-aminoacetyl)amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxybutanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]-3-hydroxypropanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-methylbutanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-3-methylpentanoyl]amino]propanoyl]amino]hexanoyl]amino]-5-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-6-amino-1-[[(2S)-4-amino-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(1S)-1-carboxy-2-phenylethyl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1,4-dioxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-3-methyl-1-oxobutan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxohexan-2-yl]amino]-3-carboxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid	499544: Inhibition of human RAD51 assessed as dissociation of protein/single-stranded oligo(AGT)12 complex formation by fluorescence polarimetry	ic50	6.0000	uM
3-chloro-1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)pyrrole-2,5-dione	724821: Inhibition of human RAD51 binding to single stranded DNA by fluorescence polarization assay	ic50	6.4300	uM
3-chloro-1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-morpholin-4-ylpyrrole-2,5-dione	724821: Inhibition of human RAD51 binding to single stranded DNA by fluorescence polarization assay	ic50	6.8200	uM
3-chloro-1-(4-chloro-3-fluorophenyl)-4-morpholin-4-ylpyrrole-2,5-dione	724821: Inhibition of human RAD51 binding to single stranded DNA by fluorescence polarization assay	ic50	7.9100	uM
6-chloro-3-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-propanoyl-3,4-dihydropyrazol-5-yl]-4-phenyl-1H-quinolin-2-one	1605279: Inhibition of biotinylated BRC4 peptide binding to His-tagged human RAD51 expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta(DE3) pLysS cells assessed as BRC4-RAD51 protein -protein interaction by competitive ELISA	ec50	8.0000	uM
N-cyclohexyl-2-[[5-[(2-oxo-1,3-benzothiazol-3-yl)methyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl]sulfanyl]acetamide	1638125: Displacement of N-terminal biotinylated-BRC4 from recombinant human Rad51 expressed in Escherichia coli by ELISA	ec50	8.0000	uM
3-chloro-1-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-4-morpholin-4-ylpyrrole-2,5-dione	724821: Inhibition of human RAD51 binding to single stranded DNA by fluorescence polarization assay	ic50	8.3200	uM
4-(4-aminophenyl)pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalin-7-ol	1309721: Inhibition of human N-terminal 6-histidine/Avi-tagged recombinant RAD51 expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) assessed as D-loop formation using 5’-32P-labeled 90-mer ssDNA as substrate preincubated for 10 mins followed by substrate addition with subsequent incubation with substrate for 5 mins measured after 20 mins in presence of supercoiled pRS306 dsDNA by agarose gel electrophoresis	ic50	8.4000	uM
4-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalin-7-ol	1309721: Inhibition of human N-terminal 6-histidine/Avi-tagged recombinant RAD51 expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) assessed as D-loop formation using 5’-32P-labeled 90-mer ssDNA as substrate preincubated for 10 mins followed by substrate addition with subsequent incubation with substrate for 5 mins measured after 20 mins in presence of supercoiled pRS306 dsDNA by agarose gel electrophoresis	ic50	9.8000	uM
1-(3-bromo-4-chlorophenyl)-3-chloro-4-morpholin-4-ylpyrrole-2,5-dione	724821: Inhibition of human RAD51 binding to single stranded DNA by fluorescence polarization assay	ic50	9.9400	uM
4-[5-(6-chloro-2-oxo-4-phenyl-1H-quinolin-3-yl)-3-(1-ethylindol-5-yl)-3,4-dihydropyrazol-2-yl]-4-oxobutanoic acid	1605279: Inhibition of biotinylated BRC4 peptide binding to His-tagged human RAD51 expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta(DE3) pLysS cells assessed as BRC4-RAD51 protein -protein interaction by competitive ELISA	ec50	10.0000	uM
3-[2-acetyl-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,4-dihydropyrazol-5-yl]-6-chloro-4-phenyl-1H-quinolin-2-one	1605279: Inhibition of biotinylated BRC4 peptide binding to His-tagged human RAD51 expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta(DE3) pLysS cells assessed as BRC4-RAD51 protein -protein interaction by competitive ELISA	ec50	10.0000	uM
disodium;5-azido-2-[(E)-2-(4-azido-2-sulfonatophenyl)ethenyl]benzenesulfonate	1954698: Inhibition of RAD51 (unknown origin) assessed as reduction in novel 58/33-dsDNA formation incubated for 1 hr by electrophoresis based DNA strand exchange assay	ic50	10.0000	uM

CTD chemical–gene interactions

151 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Cisplatin	decreases expression, decreases reaction, increases expression, affects reaction, affects cotreatment (+1 more)	7
chromium hexavalent ion	affects expression, affects phosphorylation, decreases expression, decreases localization, affects localization (+2 more)	5
sodium arsenite	decreases expression, increases expression	4
zinc chromate	affects reaction, increases abundance, affects expression, affects phosphorylation, decreases expression (+2 more)	4
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation, decreases expression, increases expression, affects cotreatment	4
Doxorubicin	affects expression, decreases expression, increases expression, increases reaction, affects reaction (+1 more)	4
Oxygen	decreases expression	4
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	affects expression, decreases expression, increases expression	4
4-biphenylamine	decreases expression, decreases reaction	3
bisphenol A	decreases expression, increases expression	3
Resveratrol	affects cotreatment, increases expression, decreases expression	3
lasiocarpine	decreases expression, increases expression	2
potassium chromate(VI)	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	2
SB 203580	decreases expression, decreases reaction	2
N-(oxo-5,6-dihydrophenanthridin-2-yl)-N,N-dimethylacetamide hydrochloride	decreases expression	2
(+)-JQ1 compound	decreases reaction, increases response to substance, increases cleavage, decreases expression, affects binding (+2 more)	2
Leflunomide	decreases expression	2
Arsenic	affects methylation, decreases methylation, increases abundance	2
Camptothecin	decreases expression	2
Estradiol	increases expression	2
Mustard Gas	affects localization, decreases reaction, decreases expression, decreases response to substance	2
Testosterone	decreases expression, increases expression, affects cotreatment	2
Aflatoxin B1	increases expression, affects cotreatment, increases response to substance	2
Sodium Selenite	decreases expression	2
Cadmium Chloride	decreases expression, increases expression	2
Particulate Matter	decreases expression, increases abundance	2
tetrachlorobenzoquinone	decreases reaction, decreases response to substance, affects expression, increases reaction, decreases expression (+3 more)	1
GSK-J4	decreases expression	1
afuresertib	decreases expression	1
INCB054329	decreases expression, affects cotreatment	1

ChEMBL screening assays

124 unique, capped per target: 116 binding, 8 admet

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL1219278	Binding	Inhibition of human RAD51 assessed as concentration required for half dissociation of protein/single-stranded DNA complex formation by fluorescence polarimetry	Design of potent inhibitors of human RAD51 recombinase based on BRC motifs of BRCA2 protein: modeling and experimental validation of a chimera peptide. — J Med Chem
CHEMBL3824500	ADMET	Inhibition of Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) expressing human N-terminal 6-histidine/Avi-tagged RAD51 binding to 5’-Alexa488-oligo-dT45 ssDNA preincubated for 40 mins followed by substrate addition measured after 40 mins by fluorescence polariz	Development of Small Molecules that Specifically Inhibit the D-loop Activity of RAD51. — J Med Chem

Cellosaurus cell lines

1 cell lines: 1 cancer cell line

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

Cellosaurus	Name	Category	Sex
CVCL_9U92	Delta-Rad51+hRad51-DT40	Cancer cell line	Female

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

385 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00190697	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Study of LY353381 (Arzoxifene) for Patients Who Benefitted From This Drug in Other Oncology Trials and Wished to Continue Treatment
NCT00277160	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Study of Primary Prophylaxis With Neulasta (Pegfilgrastim) Versus Secondary Prophylaxis After Chemotherapy in Elderly Subjects (>/= 65 Years Old) With Cancer
NCT00727961	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Tolerance of Caelyx in Patients With Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. (Study P04072)(COMPLETED)
NCT00740116	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Tranexamic Acid in Surgery of Advanced Ovarian Cancer
NCT00817479	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Tumor Gene Expression in Women With Ovarian Cancer
NCT01432015	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Fosaprepitant Versus Aprepitant in the Prevention of Chemotherapy Induced Nausea and Vomiting
NCT01706120	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Study of Clinical and Biological Prognostic Factors in Patients With Ovarian Cancer Receiving Carboplatin +Paclitaxel With Bevacizumab
NCT01932125	PHASE4	COMPLETED	An Interventional Study of Avastin (Bevacizumab) in Patients With Advanced/Metastatic Epithelial Ovarian Cancer, Fallopian Tube Cancer or Primary Peritoneal Cancer
NCT01953107	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Oral Iron vs. Placebo in Newly Diagnosed Gynecologic Oncology Patients Who Are Surgical Candidates.
NCT02035345	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Slowed Carboplatin Infusion for Ovarian Cancer Patients Receiving Carboplatin Re-Treatment
NCT02243059	PHASE4	WITHDRAWN	Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Lymph Node Staging in Ovarian Cancer
NCT03164980	PHASE4	TERMINATED	QoL-Comparison Between Trabectedin/PLD and Pt-based Therapy in Patients With Pt-sensitive Recurrent Ovarian Cancer
NCT03384511	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Use of 18F-ALF-NOTA-PRGD2 PET/CT Scan to Predict the Efficacy and Adverse Events of Apatinib in Malignancies.
NCT03543462	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Diaphragmatic Resection And Gynecological Ovarian Neoplasm
NCT03752216	PHASE4	COMPLETED	NIraparib and Quality of LifE is a Longitudinal Study Evaluating in Real Life the Tolerability of Niraparib.
NCT03858166	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Efficacy and Safety of PEG-rhG-CSF Secondary Prophylaxis vs. Therapeutic Administration in Patients With Ovarian Cancer
NCT04024254	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Study of Serum Folate Levels in Patients Treated With Olaparib
NCT04330040	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Prospective Multicentre Phase-IV Clinical Trial of Olaparib in Indian Patients With Ovarian and Metastatic Breast Cancer
NCT04352439	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Aspirin for Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism Among Ovarian Cancer Patients Receiving Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy
NCT05187208	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	PARP Inhibitor Oral Maintenance in Low-Risk Ovarian Cancer
NCT05606692	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Influences of Propofol and Sevoflurane Anesthesia in Ovarian Cancer (Anesthetics)
NCT05926336	PHASE4	RECRUITING	The Effects of Using Different Anesthetics on the Prognosis of Primary Tumors and Its Mechanism of Action
NCT06412120	PHASE4	RECRUITING	Study Evaluating Safety, Tolerability, and Metabolism of Niraparib
NCT06871787	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging With Indocyanine Green to Evaluate Bowel Anastomoses in Gynecologic Oncology Surgery
NCT06887933	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	A Trial to Evaluate the Safety of Niraparib Tablets in Adult Female Participants With Advanced or Relapsed Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
NCT07469202	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	CYTALUX Dose Extension Study
NCT06519786	PHASE3	UNKNOWN	Safety and Efficacy of Metformin for Treatment of Cytopenia in Children and Adolescents With Fanconi Anemia
NCT00001806	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Methods in Education for Breast Cancer Genetics
NCT00002477	PHASE3	UNKNOWN	Adjuvant Chemotherapy Compared With Observation in Treating Patients With Resected Early Stage Ovarian Epithelial Cancer
NCT00002568	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Combination Chemotherapy With or Without Surgery in Treating Patients With Stage III Ovarian Epithelial Cancer
NCT00002641	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Surgery With or Without Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With Soft Tissue Sarcoma
NCT00002717	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Paclitaxel and Cisplatin in Treating Patients With Stage III or Stage IV Ovarian Cancer or Primary Peritoneal Cancer
NCT00002764	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Surgery With or Without Combination Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With Lung Metastases From Soft Tissue Sarcoma
NCT00002819	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Chemotherapy With or Without Peripheral Stem Cell Transplantation in Treating Patients With Persistent Ovarian Epithelial Cancer
NCT00002894	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Platinum-based Chemotherapy With or Without Paclitaxel in Treating Patients With Relapsed Ovarian Cancer
NCT00002895	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Early Chemotherapy Based on CA 125 Level Alone Compared With Delayed Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With Recurrent Ovarian Epithelial , Fallopian Tube, or Primary Peritoneal Cancer
NCT00003120	PHASE3	COMPLETED	S9701 Paclitaxel in Treating Patients With Advanced Ovarian, Fallopian Tube, or Primary Peritoneal Cancer in Remission
NCT00003214	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Chemosensitivity Testing to Assign Treatment for Patients With Stage III or Stage IV Ovarian Cancer
NCT00003322	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Combination Chemotherapy in Treating Patients With Primary Peritoneal or Stage III Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
NCT00003636	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Chemotherapy Plus Surgery in Treating Patients With Stage III or Stage IV Ovarian, Peritoneal, or Fallopian Tube Cancer