RASD2

Summary

RASD2 (RASD family member 2, HGNC:18229) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 22q12.3, encoding GTP-binding protein Rhes (Q96D21). GTPase signaling protein that binds to and hydrolyzes GTP.

This gene belongs to the Ras superfamily of small GTPases and is enriched in the striatum. The encoded protein functions as an E3 ligase for attachment of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO). This protein also binds to mutant huntingtin (mHtt), the protein mutated in Huntington disease (HD). Sumoylation of mHTT by this protein may cause degeneration of the striatum. The protein functions as an activator of mechanistic target of rapamycin 1 (mTOR1), which in turn plays a role in myelination, axon growth and regeneration. Reduced levels of mRNA expressed by this gene were found in HD patients.

Source: NCBI Gene 23551 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 5
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 31 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_014310

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:18229
Approved symbol	RASD2
Name	RASD family member 2
Location	22q12.3
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	TEM2, Rhes, MGC:4834
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000100302
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	612842
Entrez	23551

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 6 — 6 protein_coding

ENST00000216127, ENST00000885869, ENST00000885870, ENST00000885871, ENST00000885872, ENST00000918448

RefSeq mRNA: 4 — MANE Select: NM_014310 NM_001366725, NM_001376515, NM_001376516, NM_014310

CCDS: CCDS13916

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000216127 — 3 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000653539	35546801	35547080
ENSE00001044643	35551503	35553999
ENSE00001284385	35540831	35541500

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 167 present calls, max score 97.74.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth broad, TPM avg 5.4886 / max 933.3479, expressed in 418 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (6 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
192011	3.0478	209
192008	0.6433	239
192013	0.6413	85
192010	0.5413	88
192012	0.4598	81
192009	0.1552	69

Top tissues by expression

244 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
putamen	UBERON:0001874	97.74	gold quality
caudate nucleus	UBERON:0001873	97.18	gold quality
nucleus accumbens	UBERON:0001882	94.32	gold quality
lower esophagus muscularis layer	UBERON:0035833	90.61	gold quality
lower esophagus	UBERON:0013473	90.43	gold quality
right frontal lobe	UBERON:0002810	89.01	gold quality
esophagogastric junction muscularis propria	UBERON:0035841	87.40	gold quality
muscle layer of sigmoid colon	UBERON:0035805	87.35	gold quality
apex of heart	UBERON:0002098	86.85	gold quality
prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0000451	86.82	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 9	UBERON:0013540	86.46	gold quality
anterior cingulate cortex	UBERON:0009835	86.06	gold quality
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0009834	85.84	gold quality
frontal cortex	UBERON:0001870	85.45	gold quality
neocortex	UBERON:0001950	84.58	gold quality
forebrain	UBERON:0001890	82.41	gold quality
lateral globus pallidus	UBERON:0002476	82.29	gold quality
postcentral gyrus	UBERON:0002581	82.29	gold quality
cerebral cortex	UBERON:0000956	82.09	gold quality
primary visual cortex	UBERON:0002436	81.54	gold quality
amygdala	UBERON:0001876	81.36	gold quality
hypothalamus	UBERON:0001898	80.55	gold quality
superior frontal gyrus	UBERON:0002661	80.16	gold quality
corpus epididymis	UBERON:0004359	80.08	gold quality
gastrocnemius	UBERON:0001388	80.06	gold quality
parietal lobe	UBERON:0001872	79.91	gold quality
brain	UBERON:0000955	79.66	gold quality
prostate gland	UBERON:0002367	79.33	gold quality
muscle of leg	UBERON:0001383	79.14	gold quality
transverse colon	UBERON:0001157	78.86	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	3.54

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

75 targeting RASD2, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-6867-5P	100.00	82.21	3464
HSA-MIR-4692	100.00	67.32	2066
HSA-MIR-4510	100.00	66.60	2050
HSA-MIR-6127	100.00	66.76	2188
HSA-MIR-6129	100.00	66.46	2080
HSA-MIR-6130	100.00	66.69	2012
HSA-MIR-6133	100.00	66.48	2064
HSA-MIR-4476	100.00	68.18	2030
HSA-MIR-6876-5P	100.00	67.68	2126
HSA-MIR-9-5P	100.00	72.28	2361
HSA-MIR-4514	99.99	67.10	1870
HSA-MIR-5688	99.96	73.23	4504
HSA-MIR-495-3P	99.96	72.81	4197
HSA-MIR-101-3P	99.94	75.03	2230
HSA-MIR-144-3P	99.94	73.98	2698
HSA-MIR-4731-5P	99.89	67.23	2537
HSA-MIR-605-3P	99.88	69.22	1833
HSA-MIR-4492	99.87	68.25	3611
HSA-MIR-4728-5P	99.85	69.39	4718
HSA-MIR-6756-5P	99.82	67.97	2466
HSA-MIR-6842-5P	99.80	67.54	1587
HSA-MIR-7110-5P	99.80	67.84	1712
HSA-MIR-4713-5P	99.78	67.80	1794
HSA-MIR-92A-2-5P	99.75	67.01	2164
HSA-MIR-5004-5P	99.68	66.63	1294
HSA-MIR-6766-5P	99.68	67.70	2325
HSA-MIR-6892-3P	99.68	66.40	1178
HSA-MIR-4527	99.66	67.43	714
HSA-MIR-3177-5P	99.65	70.38	1174
HSA-MIR-298	99.63	67.56	1916

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 15)

• Rhes is an imidazoline-regulated transcript in pancreatic beta-cells (PMID:16945334)
• Rhes can interfere with the functional activity of wt and mutated TSHr and with the respective hormone-stimulated cAMP production of FSHr and LHr. (PMID:17556863)
• The genes RASD2 might be vulnerability genes for neuropsychologically defined subgroups of schizophrenic patients. (PMID:18571626)
• The monomeric G proteins AGS1 and Rhes selectively influence Galphai-dependent signaling to modulate N-type (CaV2.2) calcium channels. (PMID:18815223)
• Binding to the Gbeta subunits involves the cationic regions of AGS1 and Rhes, and Data used Rhes-AGS1 chimeras to show that their different cationic regions determine the Gbeta-specificity of the interactions. (PMID:19255495)
• The sequestering of Rhes through its binding to mutant huntingtin may decrease the ability of Rhes to perform vital physiological functions in the striatum neurons of Huntington disease patients. (Review) (PMID:23583659)
• The findings of this study suggested that Rhes may play a crucial role in striatal iron homeostasis. (PMID:23999124)
• Rhes robustly binds the autophagy regulator Beclin-1, decreasing its inhibitory interaction with Bcl-2 independent of JNK-1 signaling. (PMID:24324270)
• Rhes is reduced in the brains of Huntington’s disease patients. (PMID:25556834)
• Findings reveal that ras homolog enriched in striatum is localized also in striatal cholinergic interneurons and, most importantly, lack of this G-protein, significantly alters dopamine D2 receptor modulation of striatal cholinergic excitability. (PMID:25818655)
• Rhes influences striatal cAMP/PKA-dependent signaling and synaptic plasticity in a gender-sensitive fashion (PMID:26190541)
• Study demonstrated that variation in the gene coding for RASD2 (rs6518956) affects in vivo prefrontal and striatal phenotypes in healthy human subjects that are relevant to schizophrenia (PMID:26228524)
• results support the hypothesis that Rhes expression is regulated by miRNA and indicate that miR-101 may be a potent modulator of Rhes expression in striatal neurons. (PMID:30064488)
• These regions have been used to design peptides aimed at inhibiting RHES interactions and, therefore, mHtt sumoylation; in turn, these peptides will be used to develop small molecule inhibitors by both rational design and virtual screening of large compound libraries. (PMID:31638189)
• Involvement of the Protein Ras Homolog Enriched in the Striatum, Rhes, in Dopaminergic Neurons’ Degeneration: Link to Parkinson’s Disease. (PMID:34070217)

Cross-species orthologs

2 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Rasd2	ENSMUSG00000034472
rattus_norvegicus	Rasd2	ENSRNOG00000014761

Paralogs (35): RALA (ENSG00000006451), REM1 (ENSG00000088320), RASL10A (ENSG00000100276), RASL12 (ENSG00000103710), RHEB (ENSG00000106615), RASD1 (ENSG00000108551), RERGL (ENSG00000111404), RAP1A (ENSG00000116473), RASL11A (ENSG00000122035), RAP2C (ENSG00000123728), RAP2A (ENSG00000125249), RRAS (ENSG00000126458), RAP1B (ENSG00000127314), RASL11B (ENSG00000128045), KRAS (ENSG00000133703), RRAS2 (ENSG00000133818), RERG (ENSG00000134533), REM2 (ENSG00000139890), RIT1 (ENSG00000143622), RALB (ENSG00000144118), RIT2 (ENSG00000152214), MRAS (ENSG00000158186), DIRAS3 (ENSG00000162595), GEM (ENSG00000164949), DIRAS2 (ENSG00000165023), RRAD (ENSG00000166592), RHEBL1 (ENSG00000167550), NKIRAS2 (ENSG00000168256), HRAS (ENSG00000174775), DIRAS1 (ENSG00000176490), RAP2B (ENSG00000181467), ERAS (ENSG00000187682), NKIRAS1 (ENSG00000197885), NRAS (ENSG00000213281), RASL10B (ENSG00000270885)

Protein

Protein identifiers

GTP-binding protein Rhes — Q96D21 (reviewed: Q96D21)

Alternative names: Ras homolog enriched in striatum, Tumor endothelial marker 2

All UniProt accessions (1): Q96D21

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. GTPase signaling protein that binds to and hydrolyzes GTP. Regulates signaling pathways involving G-proteins-coupled receptor and heterotrimeric proteins such as GNB1, GNB2 and GNB3. May be involved in selected striatal competencies, mainly locomotor activity and motor coordination.

Subunit / interactions. Monomer (Potential). Interacts with PIK3CA and UBE2I. Interacts with GNB1, GNB2 and GNB3. Interacts with HTT; interacts with mutant HTT (mHTT) with a much higher affinity than wild type HTT.

Subcellular location. Cell membrane.

Tissue specificity. Pancreatic endocrine cells (islets of Langerhans).

Post-translational modifications. Farnesylated. Farnesylation is required for membrane targeting.

Miscellaneous. Reduces cell survival in striatal cells with Huntington disease by binding to mutant Huntington disease protein (mHTT; poly-Gln region with 82 repeats) and inducing sumoylation of mHTT.

Similarity. Belongs to the small GTPase superfamily. RasD family.

RefSeq proteins (4): NP_001353654, NP_001363444, NP_001363445, NP_055125* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001806	Small_GTPase	Family
IPR005225	Small_GTP-bd	Domain
IPR027417	P-loop_NTPase	Homologous_superfamily
IPR052236	Small_GTPase_RasD	Family

Pfam: PF00071

UniProt features (9 total): binding site 3, chain 1, propeptide 1, region of interest 1, short sequence motif 1, modified residue 1, lipid moiety-binding region 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q96D21-F1	83.11	0.60

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (3): 26–33; 73–77; 140–143

Post-translational modifications (2): 263, 263

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 88 (showing top): GOBP_BEHAVIOR, GCANCTGNY_MYOD_Q6, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_PROTEIN_SUMOYLATION, MEF2_02, GOBP_CELL_CELL_SIGNALING, GOBP_PEPTIDYL_LYSINE_MODIFICATION, SRF_C, GOBP_PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL_3_KINASE_PROTEIN_KINASE_B_SIGNAL_TRANSDUCTION, GOBP_SYNAPTIC_TRANSMISSION_DOPAMINERGIC, GOBP_PROTEIN_SUMOYLATION, GOBP_POST_TRANSLATIONAL_PROTEIN_MODIFICATION, GOBP_SYNAPTIC_SIGNALING, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_INTRACELLULAR_SIGNAL_TRANSDUCTION, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL_3_KINASE_PROTEIN_KINASE_B_SIGNAL_TRANSDUCTION, RYTTCCTG_ETS2_B

GO Biological Process (5): synaptic transmission, dopaminergic (GO:0001963), signal transduction (GO:0007165), locomotory behavior (GO:0007626), positive regulation of protein sumoylation (GO:0033235), positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction (GO:0051897)

GO Molecular Function (4): GTPase activity (GO:0003924), GTP binding (GO:0005525), G-protein beta-subunit binding (GO:0031681), nucleotide binding (GO:0000166)

GO Cellular Component (3): plasma membrane (GO:0005886), synapse (GO:0045202), membrane (GO:0016020)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
chemical synaptic transmission	1
cell communication	1
cellular process	1
signaling	1
regulation of cellular process	1
cellular response to stimulus	1
behavior	1
protein sumoylation	1
regulation of protein sumoylation	1
positive regulation of protein modification by small protein conjugation or removal	1
phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction	1
regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction	1
positive regulation of intracellular signal transduction	1
ribonucleoside triphosphate phosphatase activity	1
guanyl ribonucleotide binding	1
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding	1
protein binding	1
nucleoside phosphate binding	1
heterocyclic compound binding	1
membrane	1
cell periphery	1
cell junction	1
cellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

2621 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
RASD2	HTT	P42858	946
RASD2	BECN1	Q14457	907
RASD2	CD248	Q9HCU0	885
RASD2	PLXDC1	Q8IUK5	777
RASD2	OXA1L	Q15070	668
RASD2	PPP1R1B	Q9UD71	605
RASD2	VAPA	Q9P0L0	604
RASD2	IPO5	O00410	583
RASD2	UBE2I	P50550	549
RASD2	ADORA2A	P29274	518
RASD2	ARHGEF17	Q96PE2	517
RASD2	PRKACA	P17612	477
RASD2	PRKACG	P22612	477
RASD2	PRKACB	P22694	473
RASD2	TCP1	P17987	470

IntAct

7 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
RASD2	LRP5	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
RASD2	LRP6	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
RASD2	RABAC1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.490
	RASD2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400

BioGRID (22): LRP5 (Affinity Capture-MS), LRP6 (Affinity Capture-MS), RAP1GDS1 (Affinity Capture-MS), SLC4A7 (Affinity Capture-MS), AKT1 (Affinity Capture-Western), PIK3R1 (Affinity Capture-Western), PIK3R1 (Reconstituted Complex), SLC4A7 (Affinity Capture-MS), LRP6 (Affinity Capture-MS), LRP5 (Affinity Capture-MS), RASD2 (Reconstituted Complex), RASD2 (Reconstituted Complex), RASD2 (Reconstituted Complex), RASD2 (Reconstituted Complex), SLC4A7 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A1DZY4, A6QP66, O35626, O35929, O88910, O88954, P0C0E4, P35295, P51157, P51158, P53667, P53668, P53669, P55040, P55041, P55043, P63032, P63033, Q06AU5, Q12829, Q13368, Q13637, Q3SWY9, Q5E9J3, Q5FVY2, Q5R541, Q5RFI2, Q6DGN0, Q6IMA3, Q6IMA7, Q6IMB1, Q6P0U3, Q6T310, Q8AVS6, Q8IYK8, Q8QFP8, Q8VEL9, Q8VHP8, Q8VHQ4, Q8WXH6

Diamond homologs: A5A6J7, A6NIZ1, A8NU18, B4GFJ8, B4JFU8, B4NJ72, D3Z8L7, G4MZY8, O35626, O42277, O42785, O93856, O95057, P01112, P01113, P01114, P01115, P01117, P03967, P05774, P08642, P08644, P08645, P08647, P0CQ42, P0CQ43, P10114, P10301, P10833, P13856, P18613, P20171, P22123, P22126, P22278, P22279, P22280, P23175, P28775, P32252

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

31 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	27
Likely benign	2
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

464 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
22:35546793:T:TA	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:35546796:T:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:35546797:GCA:G	acceptor_loss	1.0000
22:35546798:CA:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
22:35546799:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:35546799:AGCC:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
22:35546800:G:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
22:35546800:G:GA	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:35546800:GC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:35546800:GCC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:35546800:GCCC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:35546800:GCCCC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:35547076:CACAG:C	donor_loss	1.0000
22:35547079:AGG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
22:35547081:GTGAG:G	donor_loss	1.0000
22:35547082:T:A	donor_loss	1.0000
22:35551498:TGCA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
22:35551499:GCA:G	acceptor_loss	1.0000
22:35551501:A:AT	acceptor_loss	1.0000
22:35551501:AG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:35551501:AGG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:35551501:AGGG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:35551502:GG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:35551502:GGG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:35551502:GGGG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
22:35551498:T:TA	acceptor_gain	0.9900
22:35551501:A:AG	acceptor_gain	0.9900
22:35551502:G:GG	acceptor_gain	0.9900
22:35551502:GGGGA:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
22:35541496:CCCAG:C	donor_loss	0.9800

AlphaMissense

1778 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
22:35546885:G:C	G26R	1.000
22:35546885:G:T	G26C	1.000
22:35546886:G:A	G26D	1.000
22:35546886:G:T	G26V	1.000
22:35546900:G:C	G31R	1.000
22:35546901:G:A	G31D	1.000
22:35546901:G:T	G31V	1.000
22:35546925:T:C	F39S	1.000
22:35546939:T:C	F44L	1.000
22:35546941:T:A	F44L	1.000
22:35546941:T:G	F44L	1.000
22:35546972:T:C	F55L	1.000
22:35546974:C:A	F55L	1.000
22:35546974:C:G	F55L	1.000
22:35546979:G:C	R57P	1.000
22:35547015:T:C	L69P	1.000
22:35547024:T:C	L72P	1.000
22:35547026:G:A	D73N	1.000
22:35547026:G:C	D73H	1.000
22:35547027:A:C	D73A	1.000
22:35547027:A:G	D73G	1.000
22:35547027:A:T	D73V	1.000
22:35547028:T:A	D73E	1.000
22:35547028:T:G	D73E	1.000
22:35547036:G:A	G76D	1.000
22:35547047:T:A	F80I	1.000
22:35547047:T:C	F80L	1.000
22:35547047:T:G	F80V	1.000
22:35547048:T:C	F80S	1.000
22:35547048:T:G	F80C	1.000

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000072954 (22:35534772 C>A,T), RS1000160776 (22:35550623 G>A), RS1000212787 (22:35551000 G>A), RS1000263034 (22:35534495 T>C), RS1000425121 (22:35535036 C>T), RS1000541005 (22:35539165 C>T), RS1000923296 (22:35539209 T>G), RS1001101938 (22:35545316 G>A), RS1001134686 (22:35533392 C>A,T), RS1001152446 (22:35540161 G>A), RS1001301626 (22:35545788 G>A,C), RS1001502501 (22:35533023 G>A,T), RS1001555343 (22:35546001 G>A), RS1001727142 (22:35533829 A>T), RS1001816460 (22:35545575 A>T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:612842 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

5 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST005316_259	Intelligence (MTAG)	3.000000e-09
GCST005958_13	Waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI (age >50)	1.000000e-06
GCST005962_33	Waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI x sex x age interaction (4df test)	6.000000e-06
GCST007013_1	Hippocampal volume in mild cognitive impairment	2.000000e-07
GCST007576_283	Chronotype	1.000000e-09

EFO canonical traits (6, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0004337	intelligence
EFO:0007788	BMI-adjusted waist-hip ratio
EFO:0008007	age at assessment
EFO:0008343	sex interaction measurement
EFO:0005035	hippocampal volume
EFO:0008328	chronotype measurement

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

29 total (human), top 29 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Nickel	decreases expression	2
Cadmium Chloride	increases expression	2
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate	decreases expression	1
sodium arsenite	increases expression	1
butyraldehyde	increases expression	1
S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)cysteine	affects response to substance, increases expression, affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
pentanal	increases expression	1
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid	increases expression	1
CGP 52608	increases reaction, affects binding	1
perfluoro-n-nonanoic acid	increases expression	1
ICG 001	increases expression	1
abrine	decreases expression	1
4-(4-((5-(4,5-dimethyl-2-nitrophenyl)-2-furanyl)methylene)-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzoic acid	increases expression	1
Rosiglitazone	increases expression	1
Resveratrol	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Decitabine	affects expression	1
Sunitinib	decreases expression	1
Acetaminophen	increases expression	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation, increases methylation	1
Cisplatin	affects expression	1
Lipopolysaccharides	decreases expression, affects response to substance, increases expression, affects cotreatment	1
Plant Extracts	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	decreases expression	1
Triclosan	increases expression	1
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium	increases expression	1
Gold Compounds	decreases methylation, increases expression	1
Okadaic Acid	increases expression	1
Copper Sulfate	increases expression	1
Acrylamide	increases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.