REN

Summary

REN (renin, HGNC:9958) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 1q32.1, encoding Renin (P00797). Renin is a highly specific endopeptidase, whose only known function is to generate angiotensin I from angiotensinogen in the plasma, initiating a cascade of reactions that produce an elevation of blood pressure and increased sodium retention by the kidney.

This gene encodes renin, an aspartic protease that is secreted by the kidneys. Renin is a part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system involved in regulation of blood pressure, and electrolyte balance. This enzyme catalyzes the first step in the activation pathway of angiotensinogen by cleaving angiotensinogen to form angiotensin I, which is then converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin I converting enzyme. This cascade can result in aldosterone release, narrowing of blood vessels, and increase in blood pressure as angiotension II is a vasoconstrictive peptide. Transcript variants that encode different protein isoforms and that arise from alternative splicing and the use of alternative promoters have been described, but their full-length nature has not been determined. Mutations in this gene have been shown to cause hyperuricemic nephropathy familial juvenile 2, familial hyperproreninemia, and renal tubular dysgenesis.

Source: NCBI Gene 5972 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): renal tubular dysgenesis of genetic origin (Definitive, ClinGen) — +1 more curated relationship
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 243 total — 8 pathogenic, 7 likely-pathogenic
• GTEx eGene: eQTL in 13 tissues, sQTL in 0 (q < 0.05)
• Drug target: yes — 3 curated mechanism-of-action drugs; 13 molecules with ChEMBL bioactivity (top 2% of genes corpus-wide)
• Approved drugs (ChEMBL mechanism of action): 1 — Aliskiren Fumarate
• Constraint (gnomAD): pLI 0.00 (LoF-tolerant), LOEUF 1.07 (unconstrained)
• MANE Select transcript: NM_000537
• Interaction hub: 2,664 STRING partners (top 4% of genes corpus-wide)

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:9958
Approved symbol	REN
Name	renin
Location	1q32.1
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000143839
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	179820
Entrez	5972

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 5 — 5 protein_coding

MANE Select: ENST00000272190

Transcript support level (Ensembl TSL; 1 = fully mRNA-supported): TSL 1: 1, TSL 5: 1

ENST00000272190, ENST00000638118, ENST00000851325, ENST00000851326, ENST00001145211

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_000537 NM_000537

CCDS: CCDS30981

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000272190 — 10 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000962218	204161292	204161415
ENSE00000962221	204156677	204156796
ENSE00000962223	204155820	204155918
ENSE00001075100	204159399	204159595
ENSE00001075102	204160560	204160678
ENSE00001306111	204156178	204156319
ENSE00001947658	204154819	204155177
ENSE00001952423	204166196	204166337
ENSE00002388313	204162013	204162163
ENSE00002396134	204157361	204157369

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 126 present calls, max score 89.61.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 1.1025 / max 951.8915, expressed in 128 samples.

Highest expression (Bgee): decidua, adult mammalian kidney, stromal cell of endometrium, ovary, kidney.

Genetic regulation across tissues (GTEx eQTL / sQTL)

REN is an eGene in GTEx v10 — its expression is genetically regulated (eQTL) in 13 tissues and its splicing (sQTL) in 0 (q < 0.05). Strongest associations first; slope = normalized effect of the lead variant’s alternative allele.

13 significant tissue × QTL associations:

Tissue	QTL	q-value	Slope	Lead variant
Skin Sun Exposed Lower leg	eqtl	1.3e-26	+0.47	1:204171778:G:A
Ovary	eqtl	1.1e-11	+0.93	1:204198544:T:C
Skin Not Sun Exposed Suprapubic	eqtl	1.2e-08	+0.31	1:204171778:G:A
Testis	eqtl	3.5e-07	-0.25	1:204165035:T:C
Brain Cortex	eqtl	1.7e-06	+0.55	1:204171656:G:A
Brain Frontal Cortex BA9	eqtl	4.3e-05	+0.40	1:204165035:T:C
Brain Amygdala	eqtl	1.2e-03	+0.55	1:204179775:C:T
Brain Hypothalamus	eqtl	8.0e-03	+0.42	1:204172704:C:T
Brain Anterior cingulate cortex BA24	eqtl	1.3e-02	+0.37	1:204165035:T:C
Brain Caudate basal ganglia	eqtl	3.0e-02	-0.71	1:203527840:C:T
Adipose Visceral Omentum	eqtl	3.2e-02	+0.53	1:204163662:C:T
Lung	eqtl	3.6e-02	+0.40	1:204374084:A:T
Adrenal Gland	eqtl	4.6e-02	+0.76	1:204013700:G:A

FANTOM5 promoters

3 alternative TSS:

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
16874	1.0728	126
16875	0.0204	4
16876	0.0094	4

Top tissues by expression

showing 100 of 273 tissues by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
decidua	UBERON:0002450	89.61	gold quality
adult mammalian kidney	UBERON:0000082	86.89	gold quality
stromal cell of endometrium	CL:0002255	84.54	gold quality
left ovary	UBERON:0002119	78.82	gold quality
kidney	UBERON:0002113	78.48	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	76.91	silver quality
endometrium epithelium	UBERON:0004811	75.66	gold quality
right ovary	UBERON:0002118	75.09	gold quality
ovary	UBERON:0000992	71.88	gold quality
cortex of kidney	UBERON:0001225	68.50	gold quality
metanephros	UBERON:0000081	68.17	gold quality
frontal pole	UBERON:0002795	67.88	gold quality
paraflocculus	UBERON:0005351	67.79	gold quality
middle frontal gyrus	UBERON:0002702	67.44	gold quality
metanephric glomerulus	UBERON:0004736	67.00	silver quality
renal glomerulus	UBERON:0000074	66.31	silver quality
placenta	UBERON:0001987	65.87	gold quality
kidney epithelium	UBERON:0004819	65.19	silver quality
body of uterus	UBERON:0009853	63.90	gold quality
superficial temporal artery	UBERON:0001614	63.17	gold quality
metanephros cortex	UBERON:0010533	61.05	gold quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	60.05	gold quality
palpebral conjunctiva	UBERON:0001812	59.65	gold quality
mucosa of transverse colon	UBERON:0004991	59.30	gold quality
amniotic fluid	UBERON:0000173	59.18	gold quality
left uterine tube	UBERON:0001303	59.13	gold quality
mucosa of urinary bladder	UBERON:0001259	58.84	gold quality
adult organism	UBERON:0007023	58.46	silver quality
myometrium	UBERON:0001296	57.92	gold quality
female reproductive system	UBERON:0000474	56.97	gold quality
ileal mucosa	UBERON:0000331	56.45	silver quality
cerebellar vermis	UBERON:0004720	56.43	gold quality
left adrenal gland	UBERON:0001234	55.51	gold quality
left adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035825	55.21	gold quality
liver	UBERON:0002107	54.65	gold quality
adrenal cortex	UBERON:0001235	53.64	gold quality
uterus	UBERON:0000995	53.52	gold quality
adrenal gland	UBERON:0002369	53.38	gold quality
right adrenal gland	UBERON:0001233	53.29	gold quality
islet of Langerhans	UBERON:0000006	52.76	gold quality
hair follicle	UBERON:0002073	52.43	gold quality
quadriceps femoris	UBERON:0001377	52.10	gold quality
smooth muscle tissue	UBERON:0001135	51.67	gold quality
thymus	UBERON:0002370	51.65	gold quality
vastus lateralis	UBERON:0001379	51.47	gold quality
uterine cervix	UBERON:0000002	51.38	gold quality
endocervix	UBERON:0000458	51.33	gold quality
right adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035827	51.23	gold quality
urinary bladder	UBERON:0001255	51.16	gold quality
ectocervix	UBERON:0012249	50.81	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 10	UBERON:0013541	50.81	gold quality
lower esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0035834	50.47	gold quality
olfactory segment of nasal mucosa	UBERON:0005386	50.45	gold quality
colonic epithelium	UBERON:0000397	50.08	gold quality
pancreatic ductal cell	CL:0002079	50.02	silver quality
fallopian tube	UBERON:0003889	49.52	gold quality
epithelial cell of pancreas	CL:0000083	49.47	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 46	UBERON:0006483	49.30	gold quality
blood vessel layer	UBERON:0004797	49.29	gold quality
cardiac muscle of right atrium	UBERON:0003379	49.23	gold quality
cervix squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006922	49.20	gold quality
myocardium	UBERON:0002349	49.18	gold quality
oviduct epithelium	UBERON:0004804	48.95	gold quality
olfactory bulb	UBERON:0002264	48.92	gold quality
choroid plexus epithelium	UBERON:0003911	48.89	gold quality
type B pancreatic cell	CL:0000169	48.83	gold quality
adrenal tissue	UBERON:0018303	48.75	gold quality
layer of synovial tissue	UBERON:0007616	48.56	gold quality
CA1 field of hippocampus	UBERON:0003881	48.50	gold quality
left ventricle myocardium	UBERON:0006566	48.24	gold quality
orbitofrontal cortex	UBERON:0004167	48.20	gold quality
upper arm skin	UBERON:0004263	48.06	gold quality
cervix epithelium	UBERON:0004801	48.04	gold quality
cardiac atrium	UBERON:0002081	47.94	gold quality
tongue squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006919	47.92	gold quality
endometrium	UBERON:0001295	47.82	gold quality
deltoid	UBERON:0001476	47.79	gold quality
nasal cavity epithelium	UBERON:0005384	47.70	gold quality
right atrium auricular region	UBERON:0006631	47.70	gold quality
rectum	UBERON:0001052	47.37	gold quality
periodontal ligament	UBERON:0008266	47.14	gold quality
diaphragm	UBERON:0001103	47.05	gold quality
minor salivary gland	UBERON:0001830	47.04	gold quality
gluteal muscle	UBERON:0002000	47.03	gold quality
triceps brachii	UBERON:0001509	47.01	gold quality
vagina	UBERON:0000996	46.67	gold quality
nasal cavity mucosa	UBERON:0001826	46.66	gold quality
tonsil	UBERON:0002372	46.33	gold quality
mouth mucosa	UBERON:0003729	46.15	gold quality
duodenum	UBERON:0002114	46.12	gold quality
tibialis anterior	UBERON:0001385	46.00	silver quality
saliva-secreting gland	UBERON:0001044	45.93	gold quality
muscle tissue	UBERON:0002385	45.88	gold quality
vermiform appendix	UBERON:0001154	45.68	gold quality
prostate gland	UBERON:0002367	45.46	gold quality
upper lobe of left lung	UBERON:0008952	45.43	gold quality
dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve	UBERON:0002870	45.35	gold quality
caecum	UBERON:0001153	45.29	gold quality
popliteal artery	UBERON:0002250	45.26	gold quality
tibial artery	UBERON:0007610	45.21	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 5 experiment(s), a significant marker in 3.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-HCAD-24	yes	4163.51
E-GEOD-100618	yes	630.31
E-MTAB-6701	yes	40.60
E-HCAD-10	no	2.88
E-ANND-3	no	1.76

HPA expression

RNA tissue specificity: Tissue enriched

showing 60 of 120 HPA tissues / cells by nTPM:

Tissue / cell	Axis	nTPM	Protein (IHC)
Kidney	tissue	47.4	not detected
Vagina	tissue	34.7	medium
Esophagus	tissue	34.2	medium
Spinal cord	tissue	31.5
Urinary bladder	tissue	26.6	medium
Corpus callosum	tissue	17.5
Medulla oblongata	tissue	17.0
Skin 1	tissue	16.9	medium
Placenta	tissue	14.3	not detected
Midbrain	tissue	14.2
Substantia nigra	tissue	13.4
Superior colliculi	tissue	11.7
Thalamus	tissue	11.1
Pons	tissue	10.6
Tonsil	tissue	9.6	medium
Seminal vesicle	tissue	9.2	medium
Cervix	tissue	8.9	medium
Ovary	tissue	8.7	medium
Periaqueductal gray	tissue	8.7
Parathyroid gland	tissue	8.6	medium
Fallopian tube	tissue	7.9	medium
Hypothalamus	tissue	7.8
Stomach 1	tissue	7.7	medium
Thyroid gland	tissue	7.6	medium
Choroid plexus	tissue	7.5
Epididymis	tissue	7.5	medium
Smooth muscle	tissue	7.3	medium
Pancreas	tissue	7.1	medium
Lung	tissue	7.1	medium
Placenta	tissue	7.0	medium
Gallbladder	tissue	7.0	medium
Adipose tissue	tissue	6.7	not detected
Breast	tissue	6.4	medium
Pituitary gland	tissue	6.3
Endometrium 1	tissue	6.3	medium
Putamen	tissue	6.3
Choroid plexus	tissue	6.2
Ventral forebrain	tissue	6.2
Salivary gland	tissue	5.9	medium
Prostate	tissue	5.9	medium
Spleen	tissue	5.8	medium
Appendix	tissue	5.8	medium
Hippocampal formation	tissue	5.7
Lymph node	tissue	5.6	medium
Septum	tissue	5.5
Duodenum	tissue	5.4	medium
Ovary	tissue	5.3	not detected
Rectum	tissue	5.2	medium
Endometrium 1	tissue	5.1	not detected
Heart muscle	tissue	5.1	low
Colon	tissue	5.1	medium
Amygdala	tissue	5.0
Small intestine	tissue	4.9	medium
Cerebral cortex	tissue	4.7	medium
Somatosensory cortex	tissue	4.7
Cerebellum	tissue	4.5	medium
Hippocampus	tissue	4.3	medium
Retrosplenial cortex	tissue	4.3
Urinary bladder	tissue	4.2	not detected
Motor cortex	tissue	4.2

Brain sub-regions (HPA Brain Atlas): detected in 373; highest nTPM — Ventral spinal cord (31.5), Dorsal spinal cord (31.0), White matter (17.5), Blood vessel (13.1), Anterior thalamic nucleus, ventral (8.5).

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

Targeting REN by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific).

11 miRNAs:

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-4267	99.96	66.53	2368
HSA-MIR-4753-3P	99.90	71.03	3786
HSA-MIR-6722-3P	99.45	67.62	1919
HSA-MIR-6510-5P	99.14	66.59	1081
HSA-MIR-1909-3P	99.03	66.56	1662
HSA-MIR-4656	98.79	66.22	1306
HSA-MIR-423-5P	98.69	67.48	1522
HSA-MIR-3184-5P	98.56	67.13	1491
HSA-MIR-4446-3P	97.91	64.29	991
HSA-MIR-3616-3P	96.96	65.45	983
HSA-MIR-2355-3P	96.84	68.54	909

Functional genomics

gnomAD constraint: pLI 1.82e-12, LOEUF 1.07, missense Z 1.65 — population loss-of-function intolerance (pLI ≥ 0.9 = LoF-intolerant; lower LOEUF = more constrained). gnomAD

Regional missense constraint (gnomAD RMC): no regional variation along ENST00000272190 — one region, missense o/e 0.84.

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• higher relative left ventricular wall thickness was not attributable to plasma concentrations of renin, angiotensin-II, aldosterone, epinephrine and norepinephrine (PMID:11800056)
• New elements in human renin promoter involved in cell-specific expression (PMID:11903315)
• Pivotal role of the renin/prorenin receptor in angiotensin II production and cellular responses to renin (PMID:12045255)
• in contrast to results for ACE blood and bone marrow levels in leukemia patients, renin levels did not vary significantly between bone marrow and peripheral blood. (PMID:12186695)
• Review. Evidence that the cardiac renin-angiotensin system participates importantly in the development and risk of hypertensive heart disease. (PMID:12431442)
• Review. The various ways through which circulating renin may reach cardiac tissue sites, considering in particular the possibility that prorenin, the inactive precursor of renin, is involved in cardiac angiotensin generation. (PMID:12431445)
• Human renin enhancer not only comprises the 225 bp element, but also extends to the region containing the -5312 SNP. (PMID:12473863)
• Repression of renin expression by intracellular calcium may be mediated by the calcium-induced translocation of Ref-1 to the nucleus, where it binds to the renin promoter nCaRE, to repress the transcription of the renin gene. (PMID:12569263)
• renin expression observed in leukemia cells disappeared with remission induction, but did not disappear with induction of cell differentiation in vivo, indicating that renin expression is associated with a blastic phenotype rather than cell proliferation. (PMID:12613527)
• The binding “gate and handle” regions of this protein are critical for its non-proteolytic activation. (PMID:12684512)
• male mice heterozygous for the human renin gene showed moderate weight gain compared with transgenic and wild-type mice. Obese hRN8-12 mice exhibited hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperleptinemia, and hyperlipidemia (PMID:12736712)
• In normal subjects the expression of local renin and angiotensinogen mRNA was organ specific, but with increase of the expression locally, the organ-specificity became lost in cirrhotic patients. (PMID:12854169)
• a novel variable number of tandem repeat polymorphism in the renin gene was not associated with essential hypertension (PMID:12862204)
• HADHB trifunctional enzyme, human renin, and poly(C)-binding protein are novel renin mRNA-binding proteins that target a cis-element in the 3’-UTR of renin mRNA and regulate renin production (PMID:12933794)
• dual production of renin and angiotensinogen in the renal proximal tubule can result in a systemic increase in arterial pressure (PMID:15075192)
• putative cis-elements and each corresponding trans-factor in the specific expression of the human renin gene in the promoter region (PMID:15368359)
• Genetic polymorphisms of renin and kidney failure in hypertension were studied. (PMID:15662219)
• Plasma cathepsin D isoforms and their active metabolites increase after myocardial infarction and contribute to plasma renin activity. (PMID:15739123)
• human renin and human angiotensinogen have roles in development of hypertension in transgenic mice, and may predispose to spontaneous stroke (PMID:15914769)
• The missense mutation in the human renin gene was found not to be associated in patients with preeclampsia. (PMID:16036389)
• REN 10631A alleles are significantly associated with essential hypertension in the Emirati population (PMID:16138564)
• renin angiotensin-forming enzyme is expressed in podocytes (PMID:16189286)
• It appears possible that renin and ET may contribute to the pathophysiological changes associated with premature labor and preeclampsia (PMID:16375820)
• The expression of Renin gene by the use of real-time quantitative PCR (RQ-PCR) at diagnosis in acute myeloid leukemia patients (AML) and to assess its possible relevance in the prognosis and outcome of such patients. (PMID:16396763)
• These data support the concept of an intracellular form of renin in the brain, which may provoke functional changes in fluid homeostasis and BP regulation. (PMID:16446393)
• Mutation of REN leads to an autosomal recessive renal tubular dysgenesis in heterozygotes. (PMID:16790508)
• The group of hypertensive obese women showed significantly reduced plasma levels of renin and increased aldosterone/renin quotient (ARQ) compared to obese normotensive women. (PMID:16933186)
• Prorenin-induced stimulation of p38 MAPK/HSP27 pathway, resulting in alterations in actin filament dynamics, may underlie severe cardiac hypertrophy previously seen in rats with hepatic prorenin overexpression. (PMID:16940215)
• This study suggested that sequences other than the enhancer may be necessary for tissue-specific, cell-specific, and regulated expression of human RENIN. (PMID:16990260)
• Silent polymorphisms in the renin promoter and enhancer in hypertensive patients. (PMID:17158202)
• Angiotensinogen/renin transgenic rats develop hypertension. Remodeling in the heart conduction sytsem leads to ventricular tachycardia and sudden arrhythmic death. (PMID:17416596)
• the DR motif site of the renin gene functions as a negative regulatory element involved in a twofold repression of transcription; nucleic receptors bind the site and are important in renin gene expression; one of the binding proteins may be COUP-TFII. (PMID:17455195)
• Strong association of the renin TaqI polymorphism with essential hypertension in Chinese Han and Tibetan populations. (PMID:17476284)
• Ser84 of human renin contributes to the biphasic pH dependence of the renin-angiotensinogen reaction. (PMID:17485830)
• Investigation of the regulatory role of a conserved region of 800 bp in size, 14 kb upstream of the renin gene which is located upstream of a known 11 kb upstream regulatory region of the renin gene. (PMID:17660193)
• Plasma renin in the hypertensive subjects were lower in the Jordan Valley, but similar to normotensives in Irbid City. (PMID:17693975)
• Antagonists of renin in transgenic rats prevent renin-angiotensin system inhibition and prevent damage in an angiotensin ii model of hypertenion. (PMID:17703434)
• We found that PPARgamma targets a palindromic repeat with a 3-bp spacer (Pal3) in the proximal human renin promoter. Renin is the first gene described with a functional Pal3 sequence. PPARgamma agonists also stimulated renin gene expression. (PMID:17785633)
• While renin expressions increased in the local cord blood of pre-eclampsia in comparison to the normal cord blood, unpredictable decrements in the angiotensinogen and ACE expressions were observed within the same pre-eclamptic samples. (PMID:17851801)
• Chorionic enhancer is silent in vivo, at least in the transgenic mouse for human renin gene (PMID:18077515)

Cross-species orthologs

17 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	ren	ENSDARG00000041858
mus_musculus	Ren1	ENSMUSG00000070645
rattus_norvegicus	Ren	ENSRNOG00000002937
drosophila_melanogaster	Bace	FBGN0032049
drosophila_melanogaster	CG6508	FBGN0032303
drosophila_melanogaster	CG17134	FBGN0032304
drosophila_melanogaster	CG33128	FBGN0053128
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00000214
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00000218
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00012681
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00012682
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00012683
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00013973
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00017678
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00019104
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00019105
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00077655

Paralogs (9): PGC (ENSG00000096088), CTSD (ENSG00000117984), NAPSA (ENSG00000131400), BACE2 (ENSG00000182240), BACE1 (ENSG00000186318), CTSE (ENSG00000196188), PGA4 (ENSG00000229183), PGA3 (ENSG00000229859), PGA5 (ENSG00000256713)

Mouse-model phenotypes

Observed phenotypes of the mouse ortholog (MGI:97898) from MGI (Alliance of Genome Resources) — knockout/mutant phenotypes, ranked by annotation count. 62 distinct phenotype terms.

Mouse phenotype (MP)	Records
decreased systemic arterial blood pressure	5
decreased circulating renin level	5
polyuria	4
abnormal juxtaglomerular cell morphology	4
decreased urine osmolality	3
kidney atrophy	3
increased circulating creatinine level	3
abnormal macula densa morphology	3
hypertension	2
hydronephrosis	2
polydipsia	2
kidney inflammation	2
small kidney	2
renal interstitial fibrosis	2
decreased mean systemic arterial blood pressure	2
increased blood urea nitrogen level	2
decreased systemic arterial diastolic blood pressure	2
decreased systemic arterial systolic blood pressure	2
abnormal blood homeostasis	2
postnatal lethality, complete penetrance	2
granular kidney	2
decreased hematocrit	1
abnormal kidney cortex morphology	1
decreased body weight	1
abnormal locomotor behavior	1

+37 more (showing top 25).

Additional cross-species homologs

Sequence homologs in species beyond Ensembl Compara’s model organisms, by Diamond local protein alignment (% sequence identity; best hit per species). Lower-identity rows are more distant homologs. The matched accessions’ gene symbols aren’t in biobtree yet, so each row shows the UniProt accession.

Organism	UniProt	Identity	Method
Plasmodium falciparum HB3	P39898	100.0%	Diamond
Pan troglodytes	P60016	100.0%	Diamond
Plasmodium falciparum 3D7	Q7KQM4	100.0%	Diamond
Macaca fascicularis	Q6DLS0	99.8%	Diamond
Macaca mulatta	Q6DLW5	99.8%	Diamond
Oryctolagus cuniculus	P27821	99.5%	Diamond
Macaca fuscata fuscata	P03954	99.0%	Diamond
Trichophyton benhamiae CBS 112371	D4B385	98.3%	Diamond
Trichophyton verrucosum HKI 0517	D4DEN7	98.3%	Diamond
Cynara cardunculus	P85138	97.0%	Diamond
Echis ocellatus	Q18DC8	95.2%	Diamond
Bos taurus	P00794	94.5%	Diamond
Ovis aries	P18276	94.5%	Diamond
Callithrix jacchus	Q9TSZ1	94.1%	Diamond
Xenopus laevis	Q805F2	94.0%	Diamond
Sus scrofa	P00795	89.8%	Diamond
Canis lupus familiaris	Q4LAL9	89.8%	Diamond
Rhinolophus ferrumequinum	Q9GMY3	89.7%	Diamond
Microsporum canis CBS 113480	C5FS55	89.5%	Diamond
Suncus murinus	P81498	89.5%	Diamond
Sorex unguiculatus	Q9GMY4	89.5%	Diamond
Hordeum vulgare	P42210	85.5%	Diamond
Oryza sativa Japonica Group	Q42456	85.5%	Diamond
Camelus dromedarius	Q9GK11	84.0%	Diamond
Cavia porcellus	P25796	83.8%	Diamond
Arabidopsis thaliana	O65390	80.5%	Diamond
Chionodraco hamatus	O93428	80.0%	Diamond
Clupea harengus	Q9DEX3	80.0%	Diamond
Thunnus orientalis	P20140	77.4%	Diamond
Monodelphis domestica	Q689Z7	76.2%	Diamond
Cucurbita pepo	O04057	75.5%	Diamond
Aquarana catesbeiana	Q800A0	72.2%	Diamond
Aspergillus fumigatus Af293	O42630	71.8%	Diamond
Gallus gallus	Q05744	71.6%	Diamond
Neurospora crassa OR74A	Q01294	69.5%	Diamond
Equus caballus	Q28389	68.3%	Diamond
Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C	P07267	66.8%	Diamond
Candida albicans	P10977	66.8%	Diamond

Genomic neighbors (locus context)

Genes flanking this one on the chromosome (NCBI/Entrez gene neighborhood). Positional context only — some neighbors share regulatory elements (bidirectional promoters, antisense/overlapping transcripts), but chromosomal adjacency is not itself a functional relationship (see Interactions for that).

Symbol	Type	Entrez
LINC00628	ncRNA	127841
GOLT1A	protein-coding	127845
PLEKHA6	protein-coding	22874
KISS1	protein-coding	3814
LINC00303	ncRNA	284573
ETNK2	protein-coding	55224
SOX13	protein-coding	9580
ERLNC1	ncRNA	101929441

Protein

Protein identifiers

Renin — P00797 (reviewed: P00797)

Alternative names: Angiotensinogenase

All UniProt accessions (2): A0A1B0GUZ2, P00797

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Renin is a highly specific endopeptidase, whose only known function is to generate angiotensin I from angiotensinogen in the plasma, initiating a cascade of reactions that produce an elevation of blood pressure and increased sodium retention by the kidney.

Subunit / interactions. Interacts with ATP6AP2.

Subcellular location. Secreted. Membrane.

Disease relevance. Renal tubular dysgenesis (RTD) [MIM:267430] Autosomal recessive severe disorder of renal tubular development characterized by persistent fetal anuria and perinatal death, probably due to pulmonary hypoplasia from early-onset oligohydramnios (the Potter phenotype). The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry. Tubulointerstitial kidney disease, autosomal dominant 4 (ADTKD4) [MIM:613092] A form of autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease, a genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by slowly progressive loss of kidney function, bland urinary sediment, hyperuricemia, absent or mildly increased albuminuria, lack of severe hypertension during the early stages, and normal or small kidneys on ultrasound. Renal histology shows variable abnormalities including interstitial fibrosis with tubular atrophy, microcystic dilatation of the tubules, thickening of tubular basement membranes, medullary cysts, and secondary glomerulosclerotic or glomerulocystic changes with abnormal glomerular tufting. There is significant variability, as well as incomplete penetrance. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Activity regulation. Interaction with ATP6AP2 results in a 5-fold increased efficiency in angiotensinogen processing.

Similarity. Belongs to the peptidase A1 family.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
P00797-1	1	yes
P00797-2	2

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_000528* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001461	Aspartic_peptidase_A1	Family
IPR001969	Aspartic_peptidase_AS	Active_site
IPR012848	Aspartic_peptidase_N	Domain
IPR021109	Peptidase_aspartic_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR033121	PEPTIDASE_A1	Domain
IPR034135	Renin-like_dom	Domain

Pfam: PF00026, PF07966

Enzyme classification (BRENDA)

• EC 3.4.23.15 — renin (BRENDA: 14 organisms, 40 substrates, 381 inhibitors, 19 Km, 8 kcat entries)

Substrate kinetics (BRENDA)

7 substrates with measured Km, best-characterized 7. Km ranges are aggregated across organisms/conditions.

Substrate	Km (mM)	Measurements
ANGIOTENSINOGEN	0.0003–0.0035	8
4-(4-DIMETHYLAMINOPHENYLAZO)BENZOIC ACID-IHPFHLV	0.0036	1
ACETYL-ASP-ARG-VAL-TYR-ILE-HIS-PRO-PHE-HIS-LEU-L	0.12	1
ARG-GLU(5-[(2-AMINOETHYL)AMINO]-NAPHTHALENE-1-SU	0.0064	1
ARG-GLU(EDANS)-ILE-HIS-PRO-PHE-HIS-LEU-VAL-ILE-H	0.0194	1
RECOMBINANT OVINE ANGIOTENSINOGEN FROM CHO CELLS	0.0001	1
RECOMBINANT OVINE ANGIOTENSINOGEN FROM ESCHERICH	0.0001	1

UniProt features (74 total): strand 29, helix 18, sequence variant 6, turn 5, sequence conflict 4, disulfide bond 3, active site 2, glycosylation site 2, signal peptide 1, propeptide 1, splice variant 1, chain 1, domain 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

showing 30 of 91 structures by resolution:

PDB	Title	Method	Resolution (Å)
3K1W	New Classes of Potent and Bioavailable Human Renin Inhibitors	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.5
1HRN	HIGH RESOLUTION CRYSTAL STRUCTURES OF RECOMBINANT HUMAN RENIN IN COMPLEX WITH …	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.8
2G24	Ketopiperazine-Based Renin Inhibitors: Optimization of the ““C”” Ring	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.9
2IKO	Crystal Structure of Human Renin Complexed with Inhibitor	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.9
3G72	Design and Preparation of Potent, Non-Peptidic, Bioavailable Renin Inhibitors	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.9
3KM4	Optimization of Orally Bioavailable Alkyl Amine Renin Inhibitors	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.9
3G6Z	Design and Preparation of Potent, Non-Peptidic, Bioavailable Renin Inhibitors	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2
3G70	Design and Preparation of Potent, Non-Peptidic, Bioavailable Renin Inhibitors	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2
3GW5	Crystal structure of human renin complexed with a novel inhibitor	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2
3OWN	Potent macrocyclic renin inhibitors	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2
4Q1N	Structure-based design of 4-hydroxy-3,5-substituted piperidines as direct renin inhibitors	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.09
2G26	Ketopiperazine-Based Renin Inhibitors: Optimization of the ““C”” Ring	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.1
3SFC	Structure-Based Optimization of Potent 4- and 6-Azaindole-3-Carboxamides as Renin …	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.1
4S1G	Renin in complex with …	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.1
5KOT	Discovery of TAK-272: A Novel, Potent and Orally Active Renin In-hibitor	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.1
5SXN	Structure-based design of a new series of N-piperidin-3-ylpyrimidine-5-carboxamides as …	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.1
7XGO	Human renin in complex with compound2	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.1
3Q5H	Clinically Useful Alkyl Amine Renin Inhibitors	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.16
3OAD	Design and optimization of new piperidines as renin inhibitors	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.17
3Q4B	Clinically Useful Alkyl Amine Renin Inhibitors	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.19
2BKS	crystal structure of Renin-PF00074777 complex	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.2
2FS4	Ketopiperazine-Based Renin Inhibitors: Optimization of the C ring	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.2
2G21	Ketopiperazine-Based Renin Inhibitors: Optimization of the ““C”” Ring	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.2
2V0Z	Crystal Structure of Renin with Inhibitor 10 (Aliskiren)	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.2
3D91	Human renin in complex with remikiren	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.2
5TMG	Optimization of 3,5-Disubstitued Piperidine: Discovery of Non-Peptide mimetics as an …	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.2
2IL2	Crystal Structure of Human Renin Complexed with Inhibitor	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.24
5SY2	Structure-based design of a new series of N-piperidin-3-ylpyrimidine-5-carboxamides as …	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.25
2BKT	crystal structure of renin-pf00257567 complex	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.3
2I4Q	Human renin/PF02342674 complex	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.3

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P00797-F1	85.36	0.65

Human Protein Atlas

Protein class: Enzymes, ENZYME proteins, Hydrolases, Peptidases, Aspartic-type peptidases, Predicted secreted proteins, Predicted intracellular proteins, Candidate cardiovascular disease genes, Disease related genes, FDA approved drug targets, Small molecule drugs, Human disease related genes, Congenital malformations, Congenital malformations of the urinary system

Protein evidence: Evidence at protein level

Antibody reliability (HPA): IH approved

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Catalytic / active sites (2)

Position	Role
104
292

Disulfide bonds (3)

Type	Positions
Disulfide bond	325–362, 117–124, 283–287

Glycosylation sites (2)

Type	Positions
N-linked (glcnac…) asparagine	71, 141

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

1 curated (TAS) of 3; 0 disease pathways. Curated-first; evidence = TAS (manually curated) vs IEA (electronic inference).

3 pathways:

ID	Pathway	Evidence
R-HSA-2022377	Metabolism of Angiotensinogen to Angiotensins	curated
R-HSA-392499	Metabolism of proteins	—
R-HSA-2980736	Peptide hormone metabolism	—

MSigDB gene sets: 0 (showing top):

GO Biological Process (15): kidney development (GO:0001822), mesonephros development (GO:0001823), angiotensin maturation (GO:0002003), proteolysis (GO:0006508), regulation of blood pressure (GO:0008217), male gonad development (GO:0008584), response to lipopolysaccharide (GO:0032496), response to immobilization stress (GO:0035902), regulation of MAPK cascade (GO:0043408), response to cAMP (GO:0051591), response to cGMP (GO:0070305), cellular response to xenobiotic stimulus (GO:0071466), juxtaglomerular apparatus development (GO:0072051), response to xenobiotic stimulus (GO:0009410), gene expression (GO:0010467)

GO Molecular Function (7): aspartic-type endopeptidase activity (GO:0004190), signaling receptor binding (GO:0005102), insulin-like growth factor receptor binding (GO:0005159), peptidase activity (GO:0008233), endopeptidase activity (GO:0004175), protein binding (GO:0005515), hydrolase activity (GO:0016787)

GO Cellular Component (4): extracellular region (GO:0005576), plasma membrane (GO:0005886), apical part of cell (GO:0045177), membrane (GO:0016020)

Reactome top-level categories

2 top-level categories:

Category	Pathways
Peptide hormone metabolism	1
Metabolism of proteins	1

GO top-level categories

35 GO namespaces:

Category	Terms
response to oxygen-containing compound	3
cellular anatomical structure	3
kidney development	2
response to purine-containing compound	2
response to organophosphorus	2
animal organ development	1
renal system development	1
regulation of angiotensin levels in blood	1
peptide hormone processing	1
protein metabolic process	1
blood circulation	1
regulation of biological quality	1
gonad development	1
development of primary male sexual characteristics	1
response to molecule of bacterial origin	1
response to lipid	1
response to stress	1
MAPK cascade	1
regulation of intracellular signal transduction	1
response to xenobiotic stimulus	1
cellular response to chemical stimulus	1
animal gross anatomical part developmental process	1
response to chemical	1
macromolecule biosynthetic process	1
endopeptidase activity	1
aspartic-type peptidase activity	1
protein binding	1
signaling receptor binding	1
hydrolase activity	1
catalytic activity, acting on a protein	1
peptidase activity	1
binding	1
catalytic activity	1
membrane	1
cell periphery	1

Experimentally-supported GO annotations

GO terms backed by direct experimental evidence (ECO experimental codes) — 8 of 27 annotations. The rest are phylogenetic / computational / electronic (IEA).

8 experimentally-supported GO terms:

GO term	NS	Evidence
angiotensin maturation	BP	direct assay
kidney development	BP	mutant phenotype
proteolysis	BP	direct assay
regulation of MAPK cascade	BP	direct assay
apical part of cell	CC	direct assay
aspartic-type endopeptidase activity	MF	direct assay
peptidase activity	MF	direct assay
signaling receptor binding	MF	physical interaction

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

showing 15 of 2,664 interactions by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
REN	AGT	P01019	983
REN	ACE	P12821	979
REN	AGTR1	P30556	969
REN	ACE2	Q9BYF1	958
REN	NR3C2	P08235	945
REN	NPPA	P01160	938
REN	ATP6AP2	O75787	921
REN	AGTR2	P50052	916
REN	KNG1	P01042	914
REN	POMC	P01189	906
REN	CYP11B2	P19099	903
REN	EDN1	P05305	858
REN	SCNN1G	P51170	836
REN	SLC12A3	P55017	830
REN	SCNN1B	P51168	814

IntAct

Human interaction partners of REN in IntAct, one row per partner (best MIscore; records = supporting IntAct interaction records).

5 partners by confidence:

Partner	Interaction type	MIscore	Records
AGT	protein cleavage	0.560	2
CCDC24	physical association	0.490	2
HSP90AB4P	physical association	0.400	1
FAT1	association	0.350	1
KCTD15	physical association	0.000	1

BioGRID (18 interactions; top human partners by supporting records): ATP6AP2 (Reconstituted Complex; 4 records), AGT (Biochemical Activity; 3 records), C7orf60 (Affinity Capture-MS; 2 records), TMEM184B (Affinity Capture-MS; 2 records), CCDC24 (Two-hybrid), FAT1 (Affinity Capture-MS), HSP90AB4P (Affinity Capture-MS), KCTD15 (Two-hybrid), PHF23 (Affinity Capture-MS), TRMT44 (Affinity Capture-MS), ZNF286A (Affinity Capture-MS)

SIGNOR signaling

7 signaling interactions:

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
“aliskiren fumarate”	down-regulates	REN	“chemical inhibition”
WT1	“down-regulates quantity by repression”	REN	“transcriptional regulation”
REN	“up-regulates activity”	AGT	cleavage
aliskiren	“down-regulates activity”	REN	“chemical inhibition”
AGT	“up-regulates activity”	REN	binding
REN	“up-regulates quantity”	Angiotensin-1	cleavage
REN	up-regulates	ATP6AP2	binding

Protein complexes (CORUM) (2)

Experimentally-characterized complexes this protein is a subunit of (★ = the complex contains a known drug target).

2 complexes by size:

Complex	Subunits	Members
★ AGT-REN complex	2	AGT, REN
★ ATP6AP2-REN complex	2	REN, ATP6AP2

Disease & clinical

Genetic variants

Variant evidence for REN: 243 ClinVar records (15 pathogenic / likely pathogenic). Per-variant detail is on Sugi Variant.

ClinVar

243 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	8
Likely pathogenic	7
Uncertain significance	128
Likely benign	51
Benign	22

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (15)

Showing all 15 pathogenic / likely-pathogenic ClinVar records, ranked by ClinVar review status (expert panel → multiple submitters → single submitter), then by number of submitting labs.

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification	Review	Submitters
3696631	NM_000537.4(REN):c.415A>T (p.Lys139Ter)	Pathogenic	criteria provided, multiple submitters, no conflicts	2
50210	NM_000537.4(REN):c.127C>T (p.Arg43Ter)	Pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter	2
3653918	NM_000537.4(REN):c.951dup (p.Leu318fs)	Pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter	1
2131200	NM_000537.4(REN):c.249+1G>T	Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter	1
3577981	NM_000537.4(REN):c.1172_1173del (p.Thr391fs)	Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter	1
3578102	NM_000537.4(REN):c.250-1del	Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter	1
4929564	NM_000537.4(REN):c.708_784dup (p.Ile262fs)	Likely pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter	1
2423261	NC_000001.10:g.(?204130400)(204135421_?)del	Pathogenic	criteria provided, single submitter	1
13122	NM_000537.4(REN):c.1159C>T (p.Arg387Ter)	Pathogenic	no assertion criteria provided	1
13124	NM_000537.4(REN):c.689G>A (p.Arg230Lys)	Pathogenic	no assertion criteria provided	1
50211	NM_000537.4(REN):c.404C>A (p.Ser135Tyr)	Pathogenic	no assertion criteria provided	1
1252080	NM_000537.4(REN):c.299_300del (p.Lys100fs)	Pathogenic	no assertion criteria provided	1
562339	NM_000537.4(REN):c.116T>A (p.Met39Lys)	Likely pathogenic	no assertion criteria provided	1
3384161	NM_000537.4(REN):c.1079dup (p.Leu361fs)	Likely pathogenic	no assertion criteria provided	1
3899970	NM_000537.4(REN):c.799del (p.Trp267fs)	Likely pathogenic	no assertion criteria provided	1

Per-variant reference — Sugi Variant

Explore REN’s pathogenic and likely-pathogenic variants individually — each with its ClinVar classification and conditions, applied ACMG criteria (ClinGen expert panel, where curated), the calibrated in-silico predictors (AlphaMissense, REVEL, SaProt, conservation), gnomAD frequency, and the predictor-disagreement QC signal — on Sugi Variant.

AlphaMissense

724 missense substitutions predicted likely pathogenic (of 2,655 scored), across 194 residues. Top 20 hotspot residues, ranked by the number of likely-pathogenic substitutions (of those reachable by a single-nucleotide change), then by mean score:

Residue	Likely-pathogenic substitutions	Mean am_pathogenicity	Max am_pathogenicity
D191	8	0.948	0.989
D104	8	0.938	0.967
F103	8	0.930	0.982
D161	8	0.928	0.994
F385	8	0.927	0.988
F185	8	0.923	0.986
F99	8	0.922	0.987
F224	8	0.897	0.984
F174	8	0.892	0.986
D292	8	0.882	0.924
D394	8	0.874	0.924
F402	8	0.874	0.993
C117	7	0.976	0.993
C124	7	0.968	0.985
F393	7	0.966	0.992
F130	7	0.962	0.981
W111	7	0.961	0.993
F190	7	0.959	0.995
C362	7	0.958	0.985
W267	7	0.945	0.988

HPA cancer prognostics

RNA cancer specificity: Cancer enriched (Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma)

Human Protein Atlas survival analysis — favorable = higher expression predicts better survival.

4 prognostic cancer types:

Cancer	Prognostic	p-value
Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma (TCGA)	favorable	8.68e-06
Kidney Renal Papillary Cell Carcinoma (TCGA)	unfavorable	3.47e-05
Glioblastoma Multiforme (validation)	unfavorable	0.000531
Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma (TCGA)	favorable	0.000763

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:179820 | disease phenotypes: MIM:267430, MIM:613092

GenCC curated gene-disease

2 curated gene-disease records:

Disease	Classification	Inheritance	Records
familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy type 2	Definitive	Autosomal dominant	4
renal tubular dysgenesis of genetic origin	Strong	Autosomal recessive	4

ClinGen Gene-Disease Validity

Expert-panel classifications — Definitive > Strong > Moderate > Limited > Disputed > Refuted.

2 validity classifications:

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
renal tubular dysgenesis of genetic origin	Definitive	AR
familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy type 2	Definitive	AD

Genomics England panels (PanelApp)

Clinical diagnostic gene panels including this gene (8 panels, 8 green/diagnostic-grade). Confidence: green = diagnostic, amber = moderate.

8 panels:

Panel	Rating
CAKUT	green
Fetal anomalies	green
Paediatric disorders	green
Paediatric disorders - additional genes	green
Renal tubulopathies	green
Tubulointerstitial kidney disease	green
Unexplained kidney failure in young people	green
Unexplained young onset end-stage renal disease	green

Mondo (3): renal tubular dysgenesis of genetic origin (MONDO:0009970), familial juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy type 2 (MONDO:0013128), renal tubular dysgenesis (MONDO:0017609)

Orphanet (3): REN-related autosomal dominant tubulointerstitial kidney disease (Orphanet:217330), Renal tubular dysgenesis of genetic origin (Orphanet:97369), Renal tubular dysgenesis (Orphanet:3033)

MeSH disease descriptors

1 disease descriptors:

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
C567760	Hyperuricemic Nephropathy, Familial Juvenile 2 *(supp.)*

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (1): CHEMBL286 (SINGLE PROTEIN)

Drugs by curated mechanism of action (ChEMBL)

Drugs whose curated ChEMBL mechanism of action targets the REN protein itself — single-protein targets only (drugs acting on a protein family or complex that merely includes it are excluded). Includes antibodies and oligonucleotides that bioactivity screening does not capture.

3 curated-mechanism drugs:

Drug	Modality	Max phase
ALISKIREN FUMARATE	Small molecule	4
SITOKIREN	Small molecule	3
IMARIKIREN	Small molecule	2

Molecules with ChEMBL bioactivity

Phase ≥1, by development phase (incl. off-target/promiscuous compounds). Patent mentions across the top 20 by phase: 102,603 (via chembl_molecule»patent_compound — counts attach to the compound, not the gene–compound relationship, so off-target/promiscuous molecules can dominate).

13 molecules by phase:

Molecule	Name	Phase	Patents
CHEMBL1639	ALISKIREN	4	1,038
CHEMBL3545059	ALISKIREN FUMARATE	4	154
CHEMBL1560	CAPTOPRIL	4	66,788
CHEMBL4110551	SITOKIREN	3	12
CHEMBL3990145	IMARIKIREN	2	26
CHEMBL3969876	IMARIKIREN HYDROCHLORIDE	2	68
CHEMBL1790497	DITEKIREN	2	1,514
CHEMBL300337	ENALKIREN	2	2,668
CHEMBL296588	PEPSTATIN	2	26,189
CHEMBL31601	REMIKIREN	2	1,254
CHEMBL60550	TERLAKIREN	2	1,599
CHEMBL113841	ZANKIREN	2	1,253
CHEMBL1276678	VTP-27999	1	40

PharmGKB: 1 entry (CPIC guideline: no)

GtoPdb / IUPHAR curated pharmacology

(IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology — expert-curated)

Target class: enzyme — A1: Pepsin

Most potent curated ligand interactions (2 total), top 2:

Ligand	Action	Affinity	Parameter
sitokiren	Inhibition	9.4	pIC50
aliskiren	Inhibition	9.2	pIC50

Binding affinities (BindingDB)

2769 measured of 2967 human assays (3221 total across all organisms); most potent 50 below. Values come from heterogeneous assays and are not directly comparable.

Ligand	Measure	Value
2-Benzyl-N-[1-(1-cyclohexylmethyl-3-cyclopropyl-2,3-dihydroxy-propylcarbamoyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-ethyl]-3-(2-methyl-propane-2-sulfonyl)-propionamide(remikiren)	IC50	0.025 nM
{1-[1-(1-{2-[1-(Benzylamino-methyl)-3-methyl-butylcarbamoyl]-1-hydroxy-ethyl}-3-methyl-butylcarbamoyl)-2-phenyl-ethylcarbamoyl]-2-phenyl-ethyl}-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester	KI	0.026 nM
CP-71362	IC50	0.03 nM
CHEMBL3907708	IC50	0.039 nM
N-(2-(7-(((3R,4R)-4-(4-(3-(2-methoxybenzyloxy)propoxy)phenyl)piperidin-3-yloxy)methyl)-3,4-dihydroquinolin-1(2H)-yl)ethyl)acetamide	IC50	0.039 nM
Boc-Phe-His-Sta-Leu-4-amido-1-benzylpiperidine	KI	0.04 nM
N-(2-(4’-(1-amino-3-(4-(2-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)ethoxy)phenyl)propan-2-yl)-3’-methylbiphenyl-2-yl)ethyl)acetamide	IC50	0.04 nM
rac-5-chloro-4-((N-cyclopropyl-4-(4-(2-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)ethoxy)phenyl)piperidine-3-carboxamido)methyl)-2-(3-methoxypropyl)pyridine 1-oxide	IC50	0.04 nM
(3R,4S)-N-(2-chloro-5-(2-(2,2-difluoroethylamino)ethyl)benzyl)-N-cyclopropyl-4-(4-(2-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)ethoxy)phenyl)piperidine-3-carboxamide	IC50	0.05 nM
methyl 4-chloro-3-(((3R,4S)-N-cyclopropyl-4-(6-(2-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)ethoxy)pyridin-3-yl)piperidine-3-carboxamido)methyl)benzylcarbamate	IC50	0.05 nM
(3R,4S)-4-(6-((3-(2-chloro-3,6-difluorophenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)methoxy)pyridin-3-yl)-N-(2-chloro-5-(2-methoxyethyl)benzyl)-N-cyclopropylpiperidine-3-carboxamide	IC50	0.05 nM
(3R,4R)-3-(1,4-Dimethoxy-naphthalen-2-ylmethoxy)-4-{4-[3-(2-methoxy-benzyloxy)-propoxy]-phenyl}-piperidine	IC50	0.06 nM
(R)-3-((3S,4R,5R)-4-(4-(3-(2-methoxybenzyloxy)propoxy)phenyl)-5-((4-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)methoxy)piperidin-3-yloxy)propane-1,2-diol	IC50	0.06 nM
{1-[1-(1-{2-[1-(1-Benzyl-piperidin-4-ylcarbamoyl)-3-methyl-butylcarbamoyl]-1-hydroxy-ethyl}-3-methyl-butylcarbamoyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-ethylcarbamoyl]-2-phenyl-ethyl}-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester	KI	0.064 nM
trans,trans-4-arylpiperidine-based compound, 1	IC50	0.067 nM
(3R,4S)-N-(2-chloro-5-(2-methoxyethyl)benzyl)-N-cyclopropyl-4-(6-(2-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)ethoxy)pyridin-3-yl)piperidine-3-carboxamide	IC50	0.07 nM
(3R,4S)-N-(5-(2-acetamidoethyl)-2-chlorobenzyl)-N-cyclopropyl-4-(6-(2-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)ethoxy)pyridin-3-yl)piperidine-3-carboxamide	IC50	0.08 nM
5-chloro-4-(((3R,4S)-N-cyclopropyl-4-(6-(2-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)ethoxy)pyridin-3-yl)piperidine-3-carboxamido)methyl)-2-(3-methoxypropyl)pyridine 1-oxide	IC50	0.08 nM
3-amino-N-(2-chloro-5-(3-hydroxypropyl)benzyl)-N-cyclopropyl-2-(4-(3-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)propyl)benzyl)propanamide	IC50	0.09 nM
methyl 3-(4’-(1-amino-3-(4-(2-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)ethoxy)phenyl)propan-2-yl)-3’-methylbiphenyl-2-yl)propanoate	IC50	0.09 nM
(3R,4S)-N-(5-(2-acetamidoethyl)-2-chlorobenzyl)-4-(4-((3-(2-chloro-3,6-difluorophenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)methoxy)phenyl)-N-cyclopropylpiperidine-3-carboxamide	IC50	0.09 nM
piperidine-1-carboxamide, 21t	IC50	0.1 nM
Ac-Ftr-Pro-Phe-His-Sta-Ile-NH2	IC50	0.1 nM
2-[2-(Morpholine-4-sulfonylamino)-3-phenyl-propionylamino]-pent-4-enoic acid (1-cyclohexylmethyl-2,4-dihydroxy-5-methyl-hexyl)-amide	KI	0.1 nM
5-chloro-4-(((3R,4S)-N-cyclopropyl-4-(6-((R)-3-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)pyrrolidin-1-yl)pyridin-3-yl)piperidine-3-carboxamido)methyl)-2-(3-methoxypropyl)pyridine 1-oxide	IC50	0.1 nM
5-chloro-4-(((3R,4S)-N-cyclopropyl-4-(6-((S)-3-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)pyrrolidin-1-yl)pyridin-3-yl)piperidine-3-carboxamido)methyl)-2-(3-methoxypropyl)pyridine 1-oxide	IC50	0.1 nM
(S)-3-amino-N-(2-chloro-5-(3-cyanopropyl)benzyl)-N-cyclopropyl-2-(4-(3-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)propyl)benzyl)propanamide	IC50	0.11 nM
CHEMBL1790497	IC50	0.11 nM
Boc-Phe-His-Sta-Leu-erythro-1,2-diphenyl-2-hydroxy-ethylamide	KI	0.12 nM
5-chloro-4-(((3R,4S)-4-(4-((3-(2-chloro-3,6-difluorophenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)methoxy)phenyl)-N-cyclopropylpiperidine-3-carboxamido)methyl)-2-(3-methoxypropyl)pyridine 1-oxide	IC50	0.12 nM
(3R,4S)-N-(2-chloro-5-(2-methoxyethyl)benzyl)-N-cyclopropyl-4-(6-((R)-3-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)pyrrolidin-1-yl)pyridin-3-yl)piperidine-3-carboxamide	IC50	0.12 nM
(3S,4R)-N-(2-chloro-5-(2-methoxyethyl)benzyl)-N-cyclopropyl-4-(6-(2-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)ethoxy)pyridin-3-yl)-4-hydroxypiperidine-3-carboxamide	IC50	0.12 nM
piperidine-1-carboxamide, 21m	IC50	0.13 nM
4-(4-Amino-piperidin-1-yl)-N-[1-(1-cyclohexylmethyl-2,3-dihydroxy-5-pyridin-2-yl-pentylcarbamoyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-ethyl]-2-naphthalen-1-ylmethyl-4-oxo-butyramide	IC50	0.13 nM
(3R,4S)-N-((5-chloro-2-(3-methoxypropyl)pyridin-4-yl)methyl)-4-(6-((3-(2-chloro-3,6-difluorophenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)methoxy)pyridin-3-yl)-N-cyclopropylpiperidine-3-carboxamide	IC50	0.13 nM
piperidine-1-carboxamide, 21s	IC50	0.14 nM
(3R,4S)-N-((5-chloro-2-(3-methoxypropyl)pyridin-4-yl)methyl)-N-cyclopropyl-4-(6-(2-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)ethoxy)pyridin-3-yl)piperidine-3-carboxamide	IC50	0.14 nM
methyl 4-chloro-3-(((3R,4S)-4-(4-((3-(2-chloro-3,6-difluorophenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)methoxy)phenyl)-N-cyclopropylpiperidine-3-carboxamido)methyl)benzylcarbamate	IC50	0.15 nM
(3S,4R)-N-(2-chloro-5-(2-methoxyethyl)benzyl)-N-cyclopropyl-4-(6-((R)-3-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)pyrrolidin-1-yl)pyridin-3-yl)-4-hydroxypiperidine-3-carboxamide	IC50	0.15 nM
Methyl-{2-[methyl-(morpholine-4-carbonyl)-amino]-ethyl}-carbamic acid 1-[1-(1-cyclohexylmethyl-2,3-dihydroxy-5-pyridin-2-yl-pentylcarbamoyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-ethylcarbamoyl]-2-phenyl-ethyl ester	IC50	0.16 nM
(1R,5S)-3-Acetyl-7-{4-[2-(2,6-dichloro-4-methyl-phenoxy)-ethoxy]-phenyl}-3,9-diaza-bicyclo-[3.3.1]non-6-ene-6-carboxylic acid cyclopropyl-(2,3-dichloro-benzyl)-amide	IC50	0.16 nM
CHEMBL4128929	IC50	0.16 nM
(3R,4S)-N-(2-chloro-5-(3-methoxypropyl)benzyl)-N-cyclopropyl-4-(6-(2-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)ethoxy)pyridin-3-yl)piperidine-3-carboxamide	IC50	0.16 nM
(1R,5S)-N-cyclopropyl-7-(4-(2-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)ethoxy)phenyl)-N-(2,3-dimethylbenzyl)-3,9-diazabicyclo[3.3.1]non-6-ene-6-carboxamide	IC50	0.16 nM
2-Benzyl-N-[1-(1-cyclohexylmethyl-2,3-dihydroxy-5-pyridin-2-yl-pentylcarbamoyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-4-yl)-ethyl]-3-(2-methyl-propane-2-sulfonyl)-propionamide	IC50	0.17 nM
(3R,4S)-N-(2-chloro-5-((3,3,3-trifluoropropanamido)methyl)benzyl)-N-cyclopropyl-4-(6-(2-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)ethoxy)pyridin-3-yl)piperidine-3-carboxamide	IC50	0.17 nM
(3R,4S)-4-(4-((3-(2-chloro-3,6-difluorophenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)methoxy)phenyl)-N-(2-chloro-5-(3-methoxypropyl)benzyl)-N-cyclopropylpiperidine-3-carboxamide	IC50	0.17 nM
(3R,4S)-N-((5-chloro-2-(3-methoxypropyl)pyridin-4-yl)methyl)-4-(4-((3-(2-chloro-3,6-difluorophenyl)isoxazol-5-yl)methoxy)phenyl)-N-cyclopropylpiperidine-3-carboxamide	IC50	0.17 nM
Ketopiperazine-based inhibitor, 13	IC50	0.18 nM
methyl (S)-4-(3-chlorophenyl)-4-((R)-1-((S)-1-cyclohexyl-3-(methylamino)propan-2-ylcarbamoyl)piperidin-3-yl)-4-hydroxybutylcarbamate	IC50	0.18 nM

ChEMBL bioactivities

4403 potent at pChembl≥5 of 4522 total, top 50 by pChembl (potency: 10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM).

pChembl	Type	Value	Unit	Molecule
11.00	IC50	0.01	nM	CHEMBL1761533
11.00	IC50	0.01	nM	CHEMBL1761535
11.00	IC50	0.01	nM	CHEMBL1761673
10.70	IC50	0.02	nM	CHEMBL1761532
10.70	IC50	0.02	nM	CHEMBL1761534
10.70	IC50	0.02	nM	CHEMBL1761519
10.70	IC50	0.02	nM	CHEMBL1796073
10.68	IC50	0.021	nM	CHEMBL1761519
10.66	IC50	0.022	nM	CHEMBL1761522
10.60	IC50	0.025	nM	REMIKIREN
10.59	Ki	0.026	nM	CHEMBL3144404
10.57	IC50	0.027	nM	CHEMBL1761525
10.55	IC50	0.028	nM	CHEMBL1761518
10.55	IC50	0.028	nM	CHEMBL1761521
10.52	IC50	0.03	nM	CHEMBL2052021
10.52	IC50	0.03	nM	CHEMBL1761674
10.52	IC50	0.03	nM	CHEMBL1910311
10.41	IC50	0.039	nM	CHEMBL3907708
10.41	IC50	0.039	nM	CHEMBL1276275
10.40	Ki	0.04	nM	DITEKIREN
10.40	IC50	0.04	nM	CHEMBL1256492
10.40	IC50	0.04	nM	CHEMBL1269698
10.40	IC50	0.04	nM	CHEMBL1761530
10.40	IC50	0.04	nM	CHEMBL1910302
10.40	IC50	0.04	nM	CHEMBL1910319
10.40	IC50	0.04	nM	CHEMBL1910546
10.40	Ki	0.04	nM	CHEMBL54411
10.37	Ki	0.043	nM	CHEMBL1790492
10.34	IC50	0.046	nM	CHEMBL1761520
10.30	IC50	0.05	nM	CHEMBL1269678
10.30	IC50	0.05	nM	CHEMBL1269746
10.30	IC50	0.05	nM	CHEMBL1269754
10.30	IC50	0.05	nM	CHEMBL1796075
10.30	IC50	0.05	nM	CHEMBL1910315
10.30	IC50	0.05	nM	CHEMBL1923131
10.30	IC50	0.05	nM	CHEMBL1957797
10.29	Ki	0.051	nM	CHEMBL264524
10.22	IC50	0.06	nM	CHEMBL2017100
10.22	IC50	0.06	nM	CHEMBL430539
10.22	IC50	0.06	nM	CHEMBL1276276
10.22	IC50	0.06	nM	CHEMBL1761531
10.22	IC50	0.06	nM	CHEMBL1761536
10.22	IC50	0.06	nM	CHEMBL1796074
10.22	IC50	0.06	nM	CHEMBL1910308
10.19	Ki	0.064	nM	CHEMBL3144405
10.19	IC50	0.064	nM	CHEMBL1761524
10.19	Ki	0.064	nM	CHEMBL54411
10.17	IC50	0.067	nM	CHEMBL390196
10.15	IC50	0.07	nM	CHEMBL1269743
10.15	IC50	0.07	nM	CHEMBL1796071

PubChem BioAssay actives

4186 with measured affinity, of 5130 total; 50 most potent distinct compounds. Largely complementary to BindingDB; screening values are coarse (µM, 4 dp), so sub-nM hits tie at the floor.

Compound	Assay	Type	Value	Unit
(3R,4S)-N-[[3-[[1-(cyanomethyl)cyclopropyl]methoxy]-5-(3-methoxypropyl)phenyl]methyl]-N-cyclopropyl-4-[4-[2-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)ethoxy]phenyl]piperidine-3-carboxamide	590895: Inhibition of human recombinant renin in PBS buffer using tetradecapeptide at pH 7.4	ic50	<0.0001	uM
(3R,4S)-N-cyclopropyl-4-[4-[2-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)ethoxy]phenyl]-N-[[3-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]-5-(3-methoxypropyl)phenyl]methyl]piperidine-3-carboxamide	590895: Inhibition of human recombinant renin in PBS buffer using tetradecapeptide at pH 7.4	ic50	<0.0001	uM
4-[3-[[cyclopropyl-[(3R,4S)-4-[4-[2-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)ethoxy]phenyl]piperidine-3-carbonyl]amino]methyl]-5-(3-methoxypropyl)phenoxy]-2,2-dimethylbutanoic acid	590895: Inhibition of human recombinant renin in PBS buffer using tetradecapeptide at pH 7.4	ic50	<0.0001	uM
4-[3-[[cyclopropyl-[(3R,4S)-4-[4-[2-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)ethoxy]phenyl]piperidine-3-carbonyl]amino]methyl]-5-(3-methoxypropyl)phenoxy]-2,2-diethylbutanoic acid	590895: Inhibition of human recombinant renin in PBS buffer using tetradecapeptide at pH 7.4	ic50	<0.0001	uM
1-[2-[3-[[cyclopropyl-[(3R,4S)-4-[4-[2-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)ethoxy]phenyl]piperidine-3-carbonyl]amino]methyl]-5-(3-methoxypropyl)phenoxy]ethyl]cyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid	590895: Inhibition of human recombinant renin in PBS buffer using tetradecapeptide at pH 7.4	ic50	<0.0001	uM
(3R,4S)-N-cyclopropyl-4-[4-[2-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)ethoxy]phenyl]-N-[[3-(3-methoxypropyl)-5-[[1-(2H-tetrazol-5-ylmethyl)cyclopropyl]methoxy]phenyl]methyl]piperidine-3-carboxamide	590895: Inhibition of human recombinant renin in PBS buffer using tetradecapeptide at pH 7.4	ic50	<0.0001	uM
2-[1-[[3-[[cyclopropyl-[(3R,4S)-4-[4-[2-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)ethoxy]phenyl]piperidine-3-carbonyl]amino]methyl]-5-(3-methoxypropyl)phenoxy]methyl]cyclopropyl]acetic acid	590895: Inhibition of human recombinant renin in PBS buffer using tetradecapeptide at pH 7.4	ic50	<0.0001	uM
5-[3-[[cyclopropyl-[(3R,4S)-4-[4-[2-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)ethoxy]phenyl]piperidine-3-carbonyl]amino]methyl]-5-(3-methoxypropyl)phenoxy]-2,2-dimethylpentanoic acid	590895: Inhibition of human recombinant renin in PBS buffer using tetradecapeptide at pH 7.4	ic50	<0.0001	uM
cis-(1S,2S)-2-[[3-[[cyclopropyl-[(3R,4S)-4-[4-[2-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)ethoxy]phenyl]piperidine-3-carbonyl]amino]methyl]-5-(3-methoxypropyl)phenoxy]methyl]cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid	590895: Inhibition of human recombinant renin in PBS buffer using tetradecapeptide at pH 7.4	ic50	<0.0001	uM
tert-butyl N-[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[1-[[(2S)-1-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-6-methyl-1-oxoheptan-4-yl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]carbamate	198991: Inhibition of purified human kidney renin, radioimmunoassay using a synthetic tetradecapeptide renin substrate at 10e-9 M concentration	ki	<0.0001	uM
(3R,4S)-N-[(1-benzyl-4-fluoroindol-3-yl)methyl]-N-cyclopropyl-4-(1-methyl-2-oxo-4-pyridinyl)piperidine-3-carboxamide	603392: Inhibition of human recombinant renin using Q-FRET substrate after 3 hrs by fluorescence assay	ic50	<0.0001	uM
N-[2-[2-[4-[1-amino-3-[4-[2-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)ethoxy]phenyl]propan-2-yl]-3-methylphenyl]phenyl]ethyl]acetamide	516476: Inhibition of human recombinant renin in phosphate buffer	ic50	<0.0001	uM
N-[[5-chloro-2-(3-methoxypropyl)-1-oxidopyridin-1-ium-4-yl]methyl]-N-cyclopropyl-4-[4-[2-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)ethoxy]phenyl]piperidine-3-carboxamide	526063: Inhibition of renin in buffer	ic50	<0.0001	uM
(3S,4R)-N-cyclopropyl-4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-4-(2,3-dihydroxypropoxy)-N-[[4-fluoro-1-[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]indol-3-yl]methyl]piperidine-3-carboxamide	627051: Inhibition of human recombinant renin using DNP-Lys-His-Pro-Phe-His-Leu-Val-Ile-His-D,L-Amp as Q-FRET substrate after 3 hrs by fluorescence assay	ic50	<0.0001	uM
(3S,4R)-N-cyclopropyl-4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-N-[[4-fluoro-1-[(3-fluorophenyl)methyl]indol-3-yl]methyl]-4-hydroxypiperidine-3-carboxamide	627051: Inhibition of human recombinant renin using DNP-Lys-His-Pro-Phe-His-Leu-Val-Ile-His-D,L-Amp as Q-FRET substrate after 3 hrs by fluorescence assay	ic50	<0.0001	uM
(3S,4R)-N-cyclopropyl-4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-N-[[4-fluoro-1-[(3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)methyl]indol-3-yl]methyl]-4-hydroxypiperidine-3-carboxamide	627051: Inhibition of human recombinant renin using DNP-Lys-His-Pro-Phe-His-Leu-Val-Ile-His-D,L-Amp as Q-FRET substrate after 3 hrs by fluorescence assay	ic50	<0.0001	uM
(3S,4R)-N-cyclopropyl-4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-N-[[4-fluoro-1-[(2-methyl-4-pyridinyl)methyl]indol-3-yl]methyl]-4-hydroxypiperidine-3-carboxamide	627051: Inhibition of human recombinant renin using DNP-Lys-His-Pro-Phe-His-Leu-Val-Ile-His-D,L-Amp as Q-FRET substrate after 3 hrs by fluorescence assay	ic50	<0.0001	uM
(3R,4S)-N-cyclopropyl-4-[4-[2-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)ethoxy]phenyl]-N-[[3-(2-methoxyethoxy)-5-(3-methoxypropyl)phenyl]methyl]piperidine-3-carboxamide	590895: Inhibition of human recombinant renin in PBS buffer using tetradecapeptide at pH 7.4	ic50	<0.0001	uM
(3R,4S)-N-cyclopropyl-4-[4-[2-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)ethoxy]phenyl]-N-[[3-[3-(methanesulfonamido)propoxy]-5-(3-methoxypropyl)phenyl]methyl]piperidine-3-carboxamide	590895: Inhibition of human recombinant renin in PBS buffer using tetradecapeptide at pH 7.4	ic50	<0.0001	uM
(3R,4S)-N-cyclopropyl-4-[4-[2-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)ethoxy]phenyl]-N-[[3-(3-methoxypropyl)-5-[[(1S,2S)-2-(methylsulfonylcarbamoyl)cyclopropyl]methoxy]phenyl]methyl]piperidine-3-carboxamide	590895: Inhibition of human recombinant renin in PBS buffer using tetradecapeptide at pH 7.4	ic50	<0.0001	uM
(3R,4S)-N-cyclopropyl-4-[4-[2-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)ethoxy]phenyl]-N-[[3-[3-(ethylcarbamoylamino)propoxy]-5-(3-methoxypropyl)phenyl]methyl]piperidine-3-carboxamide	590895: Inhibition of human recombinant renin in PBS buffer using tetradecapeptide at pH 7.4	ic50	<0.0001	uM
tert-butyl (2S)-2-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(4S,5S,7S)-5-hydroxy-2,8-dimethyl-7-[[(2S,3S)-3-methyl-1-oxo-1-(pyridin-2-ylmethylamino)pentan-2-yl]carbamoyl]nonan-4-yl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]-methylamino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]carbamoyl]pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate	198986: In vitro inhibition constants using recombinant human renin assay	ki	<0.0001	uM
(2S,4S,5S)-5-[[(2S)-2-[[(2R)-2-[[5-(dimethylamino)naphthalen-1-yl]sulfonylamino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propanoyl]amino]-4-hydroxy-7-methyl-N-[(2S,3S)-3-methyl-1-oxo-1-(pyridin-2-ylmethylamino)pentan-2-yl]-2-propan-2-yloctanamide	198986: In vitro inhibition constants using recombinant human renin assay	ki	<0.0001	uM
(3S,4R)-N-cyclopropyl-4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-N-[[4-fluoro-1,7-bis(3-methoxypropyl)indol-3-yl]methyl]-4-hydroxypiperidine-3-carboxamide	627051: Inhibition of human recombinant renin using DNP-Lys-His-Pro-Phe-His-Leu-Val-Ile-His-D,L-Amp as Q-FRET substrate after 3 hrs by fluorescence assay	ic50	<0.0001	uM
(3R,3’S)-N-cyclopropyl-5,6-difluoro-N-[[8-(3-methoxypropyl)naphthalen-1-yl]methyl]spiro[1H-2-benzofuran-3,4’-piperidine]-3’-carboxamide	632373: Inhibition of recombinant human renin using 9 DNP-Lys-His-Pro-Phe-His-Leu-Val-Ile-His-D,L-Amp as substrate after 3 hrs by Q-FRET assay in presence of buffer at pH 7.4	ic50	<0.0001	uM
methyl (3R,5S)-5-[[2-tert-butyl-4-(furan-2-ylmethylamino)pyrimidine-5-carbonyl]-(2-methylpropyl)amino]piperidine-3-carboxylate	1320813: Inhibition of recombinant human preprorenin expressed in human 293F cells using angiotensinogen as substrate preincubated for 10 mins followed by substrate addition measured after 30 mins by ELISA	ic50	<0.0001	uM
(2S)-2-benzyl-3-tert-butylsulfonyl-N-[(2S)-1-[[(2S,3R,4S)-1-cyclohexyl-4-cyclopropyl-3,4-dihydroxybutan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]propanamide	198513: In vitro inhibitory activity against purified recombinant human renin	ic50	<0.0001	uM
tert-butyl N-[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(3S,4S)-1-[[(2S)-1-(benzylamino)-4-methylpentan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-6-methyl-1-oxoheptan-4-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]carbamate	198987: Compound was tested for inhibition of human kidney renin	ki	<0.0001	uM
N-[2-[7-[[(3R,4R)-4-[4-[3-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methoxy]propoxy]phenyl]piperidin-3-yl]oxymethyl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-quinolin-1-yl]ethyl]acetamide	353146: Inhibition of human recombinant rennin in buffer assessed as accumulation of angiotensin 1 using human tetradecapeptide by immunoassay	ic50	<0.0001	uM
(3R,4R)-3-[(1,4-dimethoxynaphthalen-2-yl)methoxy]-4-[4-[3-[(2-methoxyphenyl)methoxy]propoxy]phenyl]piperidine	198483: Inhibitory activity against purified recombinant human renin	ic50	0.0001	uM
(3R,4S)-N-[[2-chloro-5-(2-methoxyethyl)phenyl]methyl]-N-cyclopropyl-4-[6-[2-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)ethoxy]-3-pyridinyl]piperidine-3-carboxamide	526107: Inhibition of renin in buffer	ic50	0.0001	uM
(3R,4S)-N-[[2-chloro-5-[(2-fluoroethylamino)methyl]phenyl]methyl]-N-cyclopropyl-4-[4-[2-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)ethoxy]phenyl]piperidine-3-carboxamide	526063: Inhibition of renin in buffer	ic50	0.0001	uM
tert-butyl N-[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(3S,4S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-3-hydroxy-6-methyl-1-oxoheptan-4-yl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]carbamate	198987: Compound was tested for inhibition of human kidney renin	ki	0.0001	uM
N-[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-cyclohexyl-4,4-difluoro-5-(2-morpholin-4-ylethylamino)-3,5-dioxopentan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxopent-4-en-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]morpholine-4-carboxamide	195457: The concentration producing 50% inhibition of renin activity in monkey plasma was determined by radioimmunoassay.	ic50	0.0001	uM
(2S)-N-[2-[[(2S,3R,4S)-1-cyclohexyl-3,4-dihydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl]amino]-1-ethylsulfanyl-2-oxoethyl]-2-(morpholin-4-ylsulfonylamino)-3-phenylpropanamide	199006: Inhibitory activity against monkey renin in vitro.	ic50	0.0001	uM
(2R)-4-(4-aminopiperidin-1-yl)-N-[(2S)-1-[[(2S,3R,4S)-1-cyclohexyl-3,4-dihydroxy-6-pyridin-2-ylhexan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]-2-(naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-4-oxobutanamide	198701: In vitro inhibition of purified human kidney renin	ic50	0.0001	uM
(3R,4S)-N-[[2-chloro-5-(2-methoxyethyl)phenyl]methyl]-N-cyclopropyl-4-[6-[(3R)-3-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)pyrrolidin-1-yl]-3-pyridinyl]piperidine-3-carboxamide	526107: Inhibition of renin in buffer	ic50	0.0001	uM
(3R,4S)-N-[[5-(2-acetamidoethyl)-2-chlorophenyl]methyl]-4-[4-[[3-(2-chloro-3,6-difluorophenyl)-1,2-oxazol-5-yl]methoxy]phenyl]-N-cyclopropylpiperidine-3-carboxamide	526107: Inhibition of renin in buffer	ic50	0.0001	uM
(3S,4R)-N-[[2-chloro-5-(2-methoxyethyl)phenyl]methyl]-N-cyclopropyl-4-[6-[(3R)-3-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)pyrrolidin-1-yl]-3-pyridinyl]-4-hydroxypiperidine-3-carboxamide	526107: Inhibition of renin in buffer	ic50	0.0001	uM
(3R,4S)-N-cyclopropyl-4-[4-[2-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)ethoxy]phenyl]-N-[[3-(2-hydroxy-2-methylpropoxy)-5-(3-methoxypropyl)phenyl]methyl]piperidine-3-carboxamide	590895: Inhibition of human recombinant renin in PBS buffer using tetradecapeptide at pH 7.4	ic50	0.0001	uM
3-[3-[[cyclopropyl-[(3R,4S)-4-[4-[2-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)ethoxy]phenyl]piperidine-3-carbonyl]amino]methyl]-5-(3-methoxypropyl)phenoxy]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid	590895: Inhibition of human recombinant renin in PBS buffer using tetradecapeptide at pH 7.4	ic50	0.0001	uM
cis-ethyl (1S,2S)-2-[[3-[[cyclopropyl-[(3R,4S)-4-[4-[2-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)ethoxy]phenyl]piperidine-3-carbonyl]amino]methyl]-5-(3-methoxypropyl)phenoxy]methyl]cyclopropane-1-carboxylate	590895: Inhibition of human recombinant renin in PBS buffer using tetradecapeptide at pH 7.4	ic50	0.0001	uM
methyl 3-[2-[4-[1-amino-3-[4-[2-(2,6-dichloro-4-methylphenoxy)ethoxy]phenyl]propan-2-yl]-3-methylphenyl]phenyl]propanoate	516476: Inhibition of human recombinant renin in phosphate buffer	ic50	0.0001	uM
(3R)-3-[(1S)-1-(3-bromophenyl)-1-hydroxy-5-methoxypentyl]-N-[(2S)-1-cyclohexyl-3-(methylamino)propan-2-yl]piperidine-1-carboxamide	1799047: Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) Assay from Article 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.04.140: “Design and optimization of renin inhibitors: Orally bioavailable alkyl amines.”	ic50	0.0001	uM
(3R)-N-[(2S)-1-cyclohexyl-3-(methylamino)propan-2-yl]-3-[(1S)-1-(2,3-difluorophenyl)-1-hydroxy-5-methoxypentyl]piperidine-1-carboxamide	1799047: Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) Assay from Article 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.04.140: “Design and optimization of renin inhibitors: Orally bioavailable alkyl amines.”	ic50	0.0001	uM
(3R)-3-[(1S)-1-(3-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-1-hydroxy-5-methoxypentyl]-N-[(2S)-1-cyclohexyl-3-(methylamino)propan-2-yl]piperidine-1-carboxamide	1799047: Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) Assay from Article 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.04.140: “Design and optimization of renin inhibitors: Orally bioavailable alkyl amines.”	ic50	0.0001	uM
tert-butyl N-[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[3-hydroxy-1-[[(2S)-1-[(2-hydroxy-1,2-diphenylethyl)amino]-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]amino]-6-methyl-1-oxoheptan-4-yl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]carbamate	198990: Inhibition of purified human kidney renin, fluorometric assay using a synthetic tetradecapeptide renin substrate at 10e-9 M concentration	ki	0.0001	uM
methyl 3-[[(2S,3R,4R)-1-cyclohexyl-3,4-dihydroxy-6-methylheptan-2-yl]amino]-2-[[(2S)-2-(morpholin-4-ylsulfonylamino)-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-3-oxopropanoate	195613: Inhibition of monkey plasma renin	ic50	0.0001	uM
(2S)-1-N-[1,3-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propan-2-yl]-2-N-[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(4S,5S,7S)-5-hydroxy-2,8-dimethyl-7-[[(2S)-3-methyl-1-[(1-oxidopyridin-1-ium-2-yl)methylamino]-1-oxopentan-2-yl]carbamoyl]nonan-4-yl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]-methylamino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl]pyrrolidine-1,2-dicarboxamide	198986: In vitro inhibition constants using recombinant human renin assay	ki	0.0001	uM
[(2S)-1-[[(2S)-1-[[(2S,3R,4S)-1-cyclohexyl-3,4-dihydroxy-6-pyridin-2-ylhexan-2-yl]amino]-3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]amino]-1-oxo-3-phenylpropan-2-yl] N-methyl-N-[2-[methyl(morpholine-4-carbonyl)amino]ethyl]carbamate	198702: In vitro inhibition of renin in human plasma	ic50	0.0001	uM

CTD chemical–gene interactions

123 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors	increases activity, increases reaction, affects activity, increases expression	12
Propranolol	decreases reaction, increases expression, increases cleavage, decreases activity, decreases expression (+3 more)	11
Indomethacin	decreases reaction, increases activity, increases expression, decreases activity, affects cotreatment (+1 more)	10
Nitroprusside	decreases reaction, increases activity, affects cotreatment, increases reaction, affects reaction	10
Clonidine	increases activity, affects cotreatment, decreases expression, decreases activity	8
Furosemide	decreases reaction, increases expression, increases activity	6
Nifedipine	increases activity, increases reaction, affects cotreatment, increases secretion, increases expression	5
Losartan	decreases reaction, increases expression, increases reaction, decreases activity, increases activity	5
Atenolol	affects cotreatment, decreases activity, decreases expression, increases secretion	4
Labetalol	affects cotreatment, increases expression, decreases activity	4
Oxprenolol	affects cotreatment, decreases activity	4
Spironolactone	decreases response to substance, increases expression, affects cotreatment, decreases expression	4
Bumetanide	affects cotreatment, increases expression, increases secretion, decreases reaction, increases activity	3
Chlorthalidone	increases activity, increases expression	3
Enalapril	increases expression, decreases expression, affects cotreatment, decreases reaction, increases abundance (+1 more)	3
Hydralazine	decreases reaction, increases expression, increases activity	3
Hydrochlorothiazide	increases activity, increases expression, increases reaction, affects reaction	3
Isoflurane	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, affects activity, increases expression	3
Pindolol	increases cleavage, decreases activity, decreases expression, decreases reaction	3
Prazosin	increases activity, decreases activity	3
Sulindac	decreases reaction, increases expression, decreases activity	3
benazepril	increases activity, increases expression, affects cotreatment	2
soyasaponin I	decreases activity	2
Acetaminophen	increases activity, increases expression, decreases reaction	2
Aspirin	decreases activity	2
Contraceptives, Oral	increases activity	2
Dexamethasone	increases secretion, increases activity, affects cotreatment	2
Dobutamine	decreases reaction, increases secretion, increases activity, increases expression	2
Epinephrine	decreases reaction, increases activity	2
Fenoterol	increases activity, increases expression	2

ChEMBL screening assays

541 unique, capped per target: 472 binding, 68 functional, 1 admet

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL1032301	Binding	Inhibition of renin	Discovery and X-ray crystallographic analysis of a spiropiperidine iminohydantoin inhibitor of beta-secretase. — *J Med Chem*
CHEMBL4343420	ADMET	Inhibition of renin (unknown origin)	Discovery of AM-6494: A Potent and Orally Efficacious β-Site Amyloid Precursor Protein Cleaving Enzyme 1 (BACE1) Inhibitor with in Vivo Selectivity over BACE2. — *J Med Chem*
CHEMBL701248	Functional	Inhibitory activity against purified human renal renin at pH 6.5	Water-soluble renin inhibitors: design of a subnanomolar inhibitor with a prolonged duration of action. — *J Med Chem*

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

Via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

showing 60 of 300 trials:

NCT	Phase	Status	Title
NCT02933333	Phase 4	UNKNOWN	G-CSF Alone or Combination With GM-CSF on Prevention and Treatment of Infection in Children With Malignant Tumor
NCT00067990	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Angiotensin II Blockade for Chronic Allograft Nephropathy
NCT00117078	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Aranesp® Monthly Preference Study - 2
NCT00117130	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Study to Evaluate Effectiveness of Aranesp®
NCT00132431	Phase 4	COMPLETED	START: Sensipar Treatment Algorithm to Reach K/DOQI Targets in Chronic Kidney Disease Subjects With Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
NCT00140985	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Antiproteinuric Efficacy of Losartan Potassium in Patients With Non-Diabetic Proteinuric Renal Diseases (0954-213)
NCT00246129	Phase 4	COMPLETED	CamTac Trial:Campath-Tacrolimus vs IL2R MoAb/Tacrolimus/MMF in Renal Transplantation
NCT00275535	Phase 4	COMPLETED	The Comparison of Tacrolimus and Sirolimus Immunosuppression Based Drug Regimens in Kidney Transplant Recipients
NCT00282217	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Study Evaluating Sirolimus in the Treatment of Kidney Transplant
NCT00289614	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Patients With Renal Impairment and Diabetes Undergoing Computed Tomography (CT)
NCT00290069	Phase 4	UNKNOWN	Renal Function Optimization With Mycophenolate Mofetil (MMF) Immunosuppressor Regimes (ALHAMBRA)
NCT00338468	Phase 4	TERMINATED	A Study to Assess Disability in Anemic Elderly Patients With Kidney Disease Receiving PROCRIT (Epoetin Alfa)
NCT00368901	Phase 4	COMPLETED	STAAR-2 Clinical Study
NCT00369733	Phase 4	COMPLETED	STAAR-3 Clinical Study
NCT00369772	Phase 4	COMPLETED	STAAR-1 Clinical Study
NCT00379899	Phase 4	COMPLETED	ADVANCE: Study to Evaluate Cinacalcet Plus Low Dose Vitamin D on Vascular Calcification in Subjects With Chronic Kidney Disease Receiving Hemodialysis
NCT00443508	Phase 4	UNKNOWN	Reduction or Discontinuation of CNI’s With Conversion to Everolimus-Based Immunosuppresion
NCT00452478	Phase 4	TERMINATED	Conversion From Standard Phosphate Binder Therapy to Fosrenol® (Lanthanum Carbonate) in Chronic Kidney Disease Stage 5
NCT00492518	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Acetylcysteine, Theophylline, and a Combination of Both in the Prophylaxis of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy
NCT00505102	Phase 4	UNKNOWN	Safe Renal Function In Long Term Heart Transplanted Patients
NCT00526331	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Evaluation of Arterial Pressure Based Cardiac Output for Goal-Directed Perioperative Therapy
NCT00688480	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Do Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitors Reduce Both Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Endothelial Dysfunction in Cardiovascular Patients With Renal Dysfunction?
NCT00863707	Phase 4	COMPLETED	A Study of the Safety and Tolerance of Regadenoson in Subjects With Renal Impairment
NCT01101698	Phase 4	UNKNOWN	Vitamin K2 and Vessel Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
NCT01150201	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Aliskiren Combined With Losartan in Proteinuric, Non-diabetic Chronic Kidney Disease
NCT01155141	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Idiopathic Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) and Treatment With ACTH
NCT01228279	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Sympathetic Activity in Patients With End-stage Renal Disease on Peritoneal Dialysis
NCT01334333	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Comparison of Medication Adherence Between Once and Twice Daily Tacrolimus in Stable Renal Transplant Recipients
NCT01437943	Phase 4	TERMINATED	Effect of Short Term Aliskiren Treatment in Kidney Transplant Patients
NCT01545479	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Increased Renal Oxygenation and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition
NCT01614431	Phase 4	COMPLETED	N Acetyl Cysteine for Cystinosis Patients
NCT01631149	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Effect of Deep BLock on Intraoperative Surgical Conditions
NCT01722513	Phase 4	UNKNOWN	Efficacy and Safety of Alprostadil Prevent Contrast Induced Nephropathy
NCT01985360	Phase 4	COMPLETED	ISCHEMIA-Chronic Kidney Disease Trial
NCT02311010	Phase 4	UNKNOWN	Practical Use of Advagraf de Novo After Kidney Transplantation According to Recipient Genetic Polymorphism
NCT02413073	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Whole Body Vibration in Kidney Disease
NCT02444013	Phase 4	UNKNOWN	Folic Acid for Prevention of Contrast Induced Nephropathy
NCT02663713	Phase 4	COMPLETED	A Randomized, Pharmacodynamic Comparison of Low Dose Ticagrelor to Clopidogrel in Patients With Prior Myocardial Infarction
NCT02707809	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Effects of Dexmedetomidine on Microcirculation of Kidney Transplant Recipient
NCT02761577	Phase 4	COMPLETED	A Prospective Study on Incidence and Prevention of Contrast-induced Nephropathy in Croatia
NCT03029351	Phase 4	TERMINATED	GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Therapy and Albuminuria in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
NCT03160729	Phase 4	TERMINATED	High vs Low Dose Dexamethasone on Complications in the Immediate Postoperative Phase After Nephrectomy
NCT03387826	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Low Dose Ticagrelor Versus Low Dose Prasugrel in Patients With Prior Myocardial Infarction
NCT03623568	Phase 4	WITHDRAWN	Direct Acting Antiviral Therapy in Donor HCV-positive to Recipient HCV-negative Kidney Transplant
NCT04080076	Phase 4	WITHDRAWN	Comparative and Efficacy Study of ACTHar Gel Alone or in Combination With Tacrolimus in Fibrillary Glomerulopathy
NCT04539418	Phase 4	COMPLETED	Vitamin K2 Supplementation and Vascular Calcification
NCT04653779	Phase 4	UNKNOWN	A Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Preference Regarding Convenience of Medication and Efficacy/Safety of SUGAMET®XR Tablet 5/1000mg
NCT04839536	Phase 4	UNKNOWN	Comparing Sevoflurane With Propofol Sedation in ESRF Patients
NCT05030974	Phase 4	COMPLETED	RECOVAC Repeated Vaccination Study
NCT05096195	Phase 4	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	PRevEnting FracturEs in REnal Disease - 1
NCT05700903	Phase 4	TERMINATED	Contributions to Hypertension With Androgen Deprivation Therapy
NCT06291077	Phase 4	RECRUITING	Comparison of the Effects of Belatacept and Anticalcineurins on Endothelial Function in Renal Transplant Patients -
NCT06625073	Phase 4	RECRUITING	Randomized Trial of SGLT2i in Heart Transplant Recipients
NCT06642623	Phase 4	RECRUITING	A Prospective Trial of Enavogliflozin to Evaluate Cardio-renal Outcome in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
NCT07138521	Phase 4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Optimizing Linezolid Dosing in Patients With Advanced Renal Impairment: a Therapeutic Drug Monitoring-based Evaluation
NCT07182422	Phase 4	RECRUITING	AST-120 (Kremezin®) for the Renal Protection and Attenuation of Decline in Acute Kidney Disease
NCT07685886	Phase 4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	MIRACLE-T2D Montelukast Intervention for Renal, Cardiovascular and Eye Health in Type 2 Diabetes
NCT07746219	Phase 4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	The Clinical Research of Traditional Chinese Medicine Formula
NCT03017326	Phase 3	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Paediatric Hepatic International Tumour Trial
NCT03533582	Phase 3	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Cisplatin and Combination Chemotherapy in Treating Children and Young Adults With Hepatoblastoma or Liver Cancer After Surgery

Predicted chemistry — Sugi Predict

The predicted patent-compound landscape for REN across ~30M SureChEMBL compounds — explore on Sugi Predict.