RETN

Summary

RETN (resistin, HGNC:20389) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 19p13.2, encoding Resistin (Q9HD89). Hormone that seems to suppress insulin ability to stimulate glucose uptake into adipose cells.

This gene belongs to the family defined by the mouse resistin-like genes. The characteristic feature of this family is the C-terminal stretch of 10 cys residues with identical spacing. The mouse homolog of this protein is secreted by adipocytes, and may be the hormone potentially linking obesity to type II diabetes. The encoded protein also has an antimicrobial role in skin, displaying antibacterial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene.

Source: NCBI Gene 56729 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): diabetes mellitus, noninsulin-dependent (Limited, GenCC)
• GWAS associations: 7
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 16 total
• Phenotypes (HPO): 5
• MANE Select transcript: NM_020415

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:20389
Approved symbol	RETN
Name	resistin
Location	19p13.2
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	FIZZ3, ADSF, RETN1
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000104918
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	605565
Entrez	56729

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 3 — 3 protein_coding

ENST00000221515, ENST00000381324, ENST00000629642

RefSeq mRNA: 5 — MANE Select: NM_020415 NM_001193374, NM_001385725, NM_001385726, NM_001385727, NM_020415

CCDS: CCDS12182, CCDS92503

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000221515 — 4 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000671462	7669821	7669898
ENSE00000874612	7669317	7669444
ENSE00001380949	7669049	7669121
ENSE00003846573	7670219	7670455

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 154 present calls, max score 97.04.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 4.4178 / max 2695.9752, expressed in 144 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (2 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
173589	2.5256	109
173588	1.8922	123

Top tissues by expression

280 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
bone marrow	UBERON:0002371	97.04	gold quality
bone marrow cell	CL:0002092	95.79	gold quality
monocyte	CL:0000576	95.52	gold quality
mononuclear cell	CL:0000842	94.86	gold quality
leukocyte	CL:0000738	94.12	gold quality
trabecular bone tissue	UBERON:0002483	93.69	gold quality
granulocyte	CL:0000094	90.08	gold quality
right lung	UBERON:0002167	85.48	gold quality
upper lobe of left lung	UBERON:0008952	84.95	gold quality
blood	UBERON:0000178	84.72	gold quality
spleen	UBERON:0002106	83.91	gold quality
upper lobe of lung	UBERON:0008948	83.32	gold quality
lung	UBERON:0002048	74.08	gold quality
endothelial cell	CL:0000115	68.86	gold quality
amniotic fluid	UBERON:0000173	68.74	silver quality
tendon of biceps brachii	UBERON:0008188	68.47	gold quality
mucosa of stomach	UBERON:0001199	66.57	gold quality
triceps brachii	UBERON:0001509	65.76	gold quality
vermiform appendix	UBERON:0001154	65.49	gold quality
gluteal muscle	UBERON:0002000	65.06	gold quality
caecum	UBERON:0001153	64.29	gold quality
left coronary artery	UBERON:0001626	62.17	gold quality
lower lobe of lung	UBERON:0008949	62.07	silver quality
oocyte	CL:0000023	61.84	gold quality
subcutaneous adipose tissue	UBERON:0002190	61.75	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue of rectus abdominis	UBERON:0004511	61.73	gold quality
left uterine tube	UBERON:0001303	61.63	gold quality
coronary artery	UBERON:0001621	61.47	gold quality
omental fat pad	UBERON:0010414	60.86	gold quality
peritoneum	UBERON:0002358	60.84	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 11 experiment(s), a significant marker in 11.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-CURD-112	yes	6786.40
E-MTAB-7407	yes	5690.69
E-MTAB-10042	yes	2808.39
E-GEOD-149689	yes	2574.00
E-HCAD-10	yes	2546.07
E-MTAB-9801	yes	1368.00
E-HCAD-15	yes	1099.56
E-ANND-5	yes	752.02
E-CURD-122	yes	19.11
E-MTAB-9067	yes	19.06
E-ANND-3	yes	15.44

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): AP1, ATF2, CEBPA, CEBPB, CEBPE, CTBP1, CTBP2, DDIT3, DNMT1, ESR1, FOXO1, HAND2, IRF6, NFKB, PAX3, POU2F2, PPARA, PPARG, SP1, SP3, SREBF1, STAT6

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• Mechanisms regulating adipocyte expression of resistin (PMID:11901161)
• data suggest that subjects carrying allele 3 of the resistin gene are characterized by relatively high insulin sensitivity (PMID:12213907)
• data suggest a synergistic effect of sequence differences at the resistin locus and obesity on risk of type 2 diabetes (PMID:12213908)
• Variation in resistin gene promoter not associated with polycystic ovary syndrome. Chromosome 19p13.3. (PMID:12502516)
• Resistin is expressed in human macrophages and directly regulated by PPAR gamma activators. (PMID:12504108)
• results suggest that cholesterol regulates resistin expression in human white adipose tissue (PMID:12647275)
• Resistin can be detected in human plasma, and plasma resistin levels are not different in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. (PMID:12660880)
• resistin is a novel secreted factor first identified as a TZD-suppressible gene (PMID:12700889)
• SREBP1c and C/EBP alpha may play discrete roles in the regulation of the resistin gene expression (PMID:12730330)
• data implicate resistin in the pathophysiology of the human insulin resistance syndrome, an effect mediated by the -180C>G promoter SNP and potentially cellular oxidative stress (PMID:12829623)
• Resistin exerts direct effects to promote endothelial cell activation by promoting ET-1 release, in part by inducing ET-1 promoter activity via the AP-1 site and upregulates adhesion molecules and chemokines and downregulates TRAF-3 (PMID:12874180)
• the frequent SNP +299G>A in the resistin gene is unlikely to have major effects on susceptibility to insulin resistance syndrome associated with type 2 diabetes in Japanese subjects. (PMID:12965109)
• insulin resistance correlated most strongly with plasma leptin levels and a significant correlation with resistin levels (PMID:14514348)
• Resistin is expressed in pancreatic islets. (PMID:14521959)
• circulating resistin is unlikely to play a major role in insulin resistance or energy homeostasis in humans. (PMID:14557464)
• there is significantly more resistin in the serum of obese subjects (PMID:14602788)
• Modest effect of resistin in reducing glucose uptake. Suppression of resistin expression may contribute to insulin-sensitizing and glucose-lowering actions of thiazolidinediones. (PMID:14671216)
• The mean concentration of resistin in sera from type 2 diabetic patients was significantly higher than that in normal subjects (mean +/- S.E.: 20.8 +/- 0.7 vs. 14.9 +/- 0.5 ng/ml, p < 0.001). (PMID:14687894)
• Overexpression of the resistin gene in adipocytes may be a local determinant factor in the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome. (PMID:14688155)
• the first cysteine (Cyst22) of human resistin may be involved in stabilizing the dimers through covalent interaction (PMID:14697240)
• plasma resistin concentrations are elevated in patients with type 2 diabetes, but are not associated with insulin resistance or obesity (PMID:14715842)
• the balance in concentrations of resistin and adiponectin determines the inflammation status of vasculature and the progress of atherosclerosis (PMID:14733921)
• Polymorphisms in the promoter of resistin gene are major determinants of plasma resistin concentrations in humans. (PMID:14740159)
• Resistin is not a major determining factor of PCOS-associated insulin resistance and is not actively involved in the pathogenesis of the syndrome. (PMID:14967374)
• Scarce production in adipose tissue indicates it does not directly transmit signal of obesity to other tissues. Resistin does not link obesity to insulin resistance. Review. (PMID:15055467)
• Strong correlation between serum resistin and resistin mRNA from abdominal sc adipose tissue in obesity. Weak relationship between resistin and insulin sensitivity in nonobese subjects. Unlikely major link between obesity and insulin resistance. (PMID:15070954)
• In Pima Indians circulating resistin levels are proportional to degree of adiposity, but not degree of insulin resistance. High serum resistin predicts increases in percent body fat. Resistin promotes obesity but not obesity-associated insulin resistance. (PMID:15111497)
• Data suggest that dehydroepiandrosterone may regulate resistin transcription through a mechanism involving peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha. (PMID:15130511)
• deleted transcript of resistin was characterized by an in-frame deletion of 78 bp, corresponding to the complete loss of exon 2 (resistin delta2 ASV). (PMID:15248836)
• Ten non-coding single nucleotide polymorphisms were found. Polymorphisms in the promoter region showed marked linkage disequilibrium with each other, and were associated with serum resistin level. (PMID:15326567)
• Resistin gene is associated with variation in weight, fat distribution and insulin resistance. (PMID:15517149)
• summary of the biology and physiology of resistin [review] (PMID:15526156)
• Resistin does not appear to be a major gene predisposing to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). However, an association of a resistin variant with body mass index was found in women with PCOS, suggesting that resistin may be related to adiposity in PCOS. (PMID:15533384)
• Resistin induces HASMC proliferation through both ERK 1/2 and Akt signaling pathways. (PMID:15545519)
• circulating resistin levels do not appear to be closely related to the nutritional status in anorexia nervosa (PMID:15598689)
• data suggest that recombinant human FIZZ3(resistin) can influence adipose metabolism by regulating preadipocyte cell number, adipocyte lipid content, and energy expenditure (PMID:15705777)
• Among HIV-infected subjects with insulin resistance and lipoatrophy, resistin levels decreased significantly after rosiglitazone. (PMID:15741250)
• In women with polycystic ovary syndrome adiponectin was lower and resistin was higher while leptin was similar to matched controls. (PMID:15757855)
• resistin correlates negatively with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level for both sexes (PMID:15798953)
• Resistin displays potent proinflammatory properties by strongly up-regulating IL-6 and TNF-alpha, responding to TNF-alpha challenge, enhancing its own activity by a positive feedback, and inducing arthritis when injected into healthy mouse joints. (PMID:15843582)

Cross-species orthologs

2 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Retn	ENSMUSG00000012705
rattus_norvegicus	Retn	ENSRNOG00000001001

Paralogs (1): RETNLB (ENSG00000163515)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Resistin — Q9HD89 (reviewed: Q9HD89)

Alternative names: Adipose tissue-specific secretory factor, C/EBP-epsilon-regulated myeloid-specific secreted cysteine-rich protein, Cysteine-rich secreted protein A12-alpha-like 2, Cysteine-rich secreted protein FIZZ3

All UniProt accessions (1): Q9HD89

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Hormone that seems to suppress insulin ability to stimulate glucose uptake into adipose cells. Potentially links obesity to diabetes. Promotes chemotaxis in myeloid cells.

Subunit / interactions. Homodimer; disulfide-linked. Interacts with DEFA1.

Subcellular location. Secreted.

Tissue specificity. Expressed in white adipose tissue (at protein level). Widely expressed, with particularly strong expression in lung, bone marrow, breast and peripheral blood. Expressed strongly in bone marrow and at lower levels in lung, but not detected in other tissues. Isoform 2 is detected in adipose tissue, bone marrow, brain, lung, peripheral blood, placenta and thymus.

Similarity. Belongs to the resistin/FIZZ family.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q9HD89-1	1	yes
Q9HD89-2	2, delta2ASV

RefSeq proteins (5): NP_001180303, NP_001372654, NP_001372655, NP_001372656, NP_065148* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR009714	RELM	Family
IPR036262	Resistin-like_sf	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF06954

UniProt features (9 total): disulfide bond 6, signal peptide 1, chain 1, splice variant 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q9HD89-F1	89.44	0.72

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Disulfide bonds (6): 22, 51–104, 63–103, 72–89, 74–91, 78–93

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

2 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-6798695	Neutrophil degranulation
R-HSA-9615017	FOXO-mediated transcription of oxidative stress, metabolic and neuronal genes

MSigDB gene sets: 172 (showing top): VERHAAK_AML_WITH_NPM1_MUTATED_DN, GOBP_RESPONSE_TO_NITROGEN_COMPOUND, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_REPRODUCTIVE_PROCESS, REACTOME_INNATE_IMMUNE_SYSTEM, GOBP_BEHAVIOR, GOCC_SECRETORY_GRANULE, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_HORMONE_LEVELS, GOBP_HORMONE_TRANSPORT, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_LIPID_TRANSPORT, GOBP_CELL_CELL_SIGNALING, MARTINEZ_RB1_TARGETS_UP, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_BEHAVIOR, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_FEEDING_BEHAVIOR, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_MULTICELLULAR_ORGANISMAL_PROCESS, GOBP_RESPONSE_TO_INSULIN

GO Biological Process (7): response to mechanical stimulus (GO:0009612), response to insulin (GO:0032868), fat cell differentiation (GO:0045444), positive regulation of synaptic transmission (GO:0050806), negative regulation of feeding behavior (GO:2000252), positive regulation of progesterone secretion (GO:2000872), signal transduction (GO:0007165)

GO Molecular Function (2): hormone activity (GO:0005179), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (5): extracellular region (GO:0005576), obsolete extracellular space (GO:0005615), azurophil granule lumen (GO:0035578), specific granule lumen (GO:0035580), extracellular exosome (GO:0070062)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-2 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Innate Immune System	1
FOXO-mediated transcription	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
secretory granule lumen	2
response to external stimulus	1
response to abiotic stimulus	1
response to peptide hormone	1
cell differentiation	1
chemical synaptic transmission	1
positive regulation of cell communication	1
positive regulation of signaling	1
modulation of chemical synaptic transmission	1
feeding behavior	1
negative regulation of behavior	1
regulation of feeding behavior	1
progesterone secretion	1
positive regulation of female gonad development	1
positive regulation of steroid hormone secretion	1
regulation of progesterone secretion	1
cell communication	1
cellular process	1
signaling	1
regulation of cellular process	1
cellular response to stimulus	1
receptor ligand activity	1
binding	1
cellular anatomical structure	1
vacuolar lumen	1
azurophil granule	1
specific granule	1
extracellular vesicle	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1964 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
RETN	TLR4	O00206	993
RETN	CAP1	Q01518	963
RETN	ADIPOQ	Q15848	949
RETN	LEP	P41159	925
RETN	NAMPT	P43490	915
RETN	DCN	P07585	887
RETN	INS	P01308	879
RETN	ADIPOR2	Q86V24	869
RETN	PPARG	P37231	858
RETN	CFD	P00746	851
RETN	TNF	P01375	835
RETN	GHRL	Q9UBU3	824
RETN	IL6	P05231	809
RETN	ADIPOR1	Q96A54	794
RETN	SERPINE1	P05121	774

IntAct

8 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
GPR25	RETN	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
RETN	GLI4	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
GPR25	RETN	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000

BioGRID (15): GLI4 (Affinity Capture-MS), SQSTM1 (Affinity Capture-MS), APEX2 (Affinity Capture-MS), ZNF664 (Affinity Capture-MS), HSPA5 (Affinity Capture-MS), GPR25 (Two-hybrid), RETN (Reconstituted Complex), RETN (Affinity Capture-Western), RETN (Affinity Capture-RNA), HSPA5 (Affinity Capture-MS), APEX2 (Affinity Capture-MS), SQSTM1 (Affinity Capture-MS), GLI4 (Affinity Capture-MS), RETN (Negative Genetic), RETN (Two-hybrid)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A291NVT7, A0A4Y5X186, A0A4Y5X1A7, A0A7S8RFI7, A0S864, A7X3V0, B2ZG38, B3EWX6, C0HLS6, C0HLS9, C0HLT1, C0HLT2, C0HM40, C5H8E7, C9E1S2, D3GGZ8, O12961, P01060, P01066, P05486, P0C6A4, P0DN42, P0DN43, P0DQE9, P0DTJ2, P0DTJ3, P0DUA3, P10776, P19860, P22737, P36985, P58990, P81743, Q00945, Q10037, Q2XXR7, Q2XXR8, Q3BK15, Q4R128, Q56R11

Diamond homologs: G3V686, Q762I5, Q8K426, Q99P85, Q99P86, Q99P87, Q9BQ08, Q9EP95, Q9HD89

SIGNOR signaling

1 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
STAT6	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	RETN	“transcriptional regulation”

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

16 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	11
Likely benign	3
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

309 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
19:7669118:GAGG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
19:7669120:GG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
19:7669120:GGGTA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
19:7669121:GG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
19:7669121:GGT:G	donor_loss	1.0000
19:7669122:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
19:7669123:T:A	donor_loss	1.0000
19:7669426:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
19:7669441:C:CG	donor_gain	1.0000
19:7669445:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
19:7669819:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
19:7669820:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
19:7669117:AGAGG:A	donor_gain	0.9900
19:7669118:GAGGG:G	donor_gain	0.9900
19:7669119:AGG:A	donor_gain	0.9900
19:7669120:GGG:G	donor_gain	0.9900
19:7669361:T:TA	acceptor_gain	0.9900
19:7669441:C:G	donor_gain	0.9900
19:7669465:C:T	donor_gain	0.9900
19:7669315:A:AG	acceptor_gain	0.9800
19:7669316:G:GA	acceptor_gain	0.9800
19:7669316:G:GT	acceptor_loss	0.9800
19:7669316:GC:G	acceptor_gain	0.9800
19:7669316:GCGC:G	acceptor_gain	0.9800
19:7669362:G:A	acceptor_gain	0.9800
19:7669430:T:TA	donor_gain	0.9800
19:7669820:GT:G	acceptor_gain	0.9800
19:7669820:GTA:G	acceptor_gain	0.9800
19:7670209:C:CA	acceptor_gain	0.9800
19:7670210:G:A	acceptor_gain	0.9800

AlphaMissense

694 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
19:7670316:G:C	W98C	0.997
19:7670316:G:T	W98C	0.997
19:7670265:G:C	W81C	0.996
19:7670265:G:T	W81C	0.996
19:7670245:G:T	G75C	0.991
19:7670263:T:A	W81R	0.984
19:7670263:T:C	W81R	0.984
19:7670236:T:A	C72S	0.982
19:7670237:G:C	C72S	0.982
19:7670295:C:G	C91W	0.982
19:7670294:G:A	C91Y	0.980
19:7670243:G:A	C74Y	0.979
19:7670288:G:A	C89Y	0.979
19:7670246:G:A	G75D	0.977
19:7670293:T:A	C91S	0.976
19:7670294:G:C	C91S	0.976
19:7670255:G:A	C78Y	0.975
19:7670228:T:A	V69D	0.974
19:7670237:G:A	C72Y	0.974
19:7670287:T:A	C89S	0.974
19:7670288:G:C	C89S	0.974
19:7670289:T:G	C89W	0.974
19:7670236:T:C	C72R	0.973
19:7670246:G:T	G75V	0.973
19:7670238:C:G	C72W	0.971
19:7670311:G:C	D97H	0.971
19:7670287:T:C	C89R	0.970
19:7669853:T:A	C51S	0.969
19:7669854:G:C	C51S	0.969
19:7670243:G:T	C74F	0.969

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000255803 (19:7669729 A>T), RS1000609582 (19:7667282 C>T), RS1001611666 (19:7668139 G>A), RS1001642765 (19:7667960 G>A), RS1003252498 (19:7668547 T>A), RS1003614845 (19:7670518 G>A), RS1003647508 (19:7670280 G>C), RS1004516328 (19:7669688 G>A), RS1005601010 (19:7667514 C>T), RS1006996215 (19:7667969 C>T), RS1007617145 (19:7670118 A>C,T), RS1009826438 (19:7667467 G>A,T), RS1010723604 (19:7670050 G>A,T), RS1011809934 (19:7669605 A>G), RS1012355653 (19:7670824 G>A)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:605565 | disease phenotypes: MIM:209850

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
diabetes mellitus, noninsulin-dependent	Limited	Autosomal dominant

Mondo (2): autism (MONDO:0005260), (MONDO:0007455)

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

5 total (6 of 5 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0000006	Autosomal dominant inheritance
HP:0000855	Insulin resistance
HP:0003584	Late onset
HP:0005978	Type II diabetes mellitus
HP:0031819	Increased waist to hip ratio
HP:0000717	Autism

GWAS associations

7 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST001620_4	Resistin levels	3.000000e-06
GCST002381_1	Resistin levels	1.000000e-07
GCST002541_116	Menarche (age at onset)	1.000000e-08
GCST003759_1	Resistin levels	0.000000e+00
GCST003759_2	Resistin levels	2.000000e-209
GCST006585_2460	Blood protein levels	1.000000e-08
GCST011497_1	Resistin levels	1.000000e-188

EFO canonical traits (2, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0004819	resistin measurement
EFO:0004703	age at menarche

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D001321	Autistic Disorder	F03.625.164.113.500

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

PharmGKB variants

1 variants.

Variant	Genes	Level	Score	#Clin annots	Drugs
rs1862513	RETN		0.00	0

CTD chemical–gene interactions

27 total (human), top 27 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Tretinoin	affects cotreatment, increases expression, increases secretion, increases reaction	3
Rosiglitazone	decreases reaction, increases secretion, decreases expression	2
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation, decreases methylation, increases methylation	2
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate	decreases reaction, increases expression, increases secretion	1
triphenyl phosphate	affects expression	1
bisphenol A	increases expression	1
hesperetin	decreases expression	1
sulforaphane	increases expression	1
perfluorooctanoic acid	decreases expression	1
perfluorodecanoic acid	decreases expression	1
perfluoro-n-nonanoic acid	decreases expression	1
aloe emodin	decreases reaction, increases expression	1
perfluoroundecanoic acid	decreases expression	1
Arsenic Trioxide	decreases reaction, affects cotreatment, increases expression, increases secretion	1
Glucose	decreases uptake	1
Iron	increases expression	1
Lipopolysaccharides	increases expression	1
Mevalonic Acid	increases expression, increases secretion, decreases reaction	1
Niacin	decreases expression	1
Fenofibrate	increases expression, increases secretion, decreases reaction	1
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine	increases expression, decreases reaction	1
Eicosapentaenoic Acid	decreases expression	1
Aflatoxin B1	decreases methylation	1
Arachidonic Acid	decreases expression	1
Amlodipine	decreases expression	1
Simvastatin	increases expression, increases secretion, decreases reaction	1
Protein Kinase Inhibitors	decreases reaction, increases expression	1

Cellosaurus cell lines

2 cell lines: 2 cancer cell line

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

Cellosaurus	Name	Category	Sex
CVCL_D1YR	Abcam A-549 RETN KO	Cancer cell line	Male
CVCL_D2P1	Abcam THP-1 RETN KO	Cancer cell line	Male

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

300 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00211796	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Divalproex Sodium ER in Adult Autism
NCT00391261	PHASE4	COMPLETED	An Open-label Trial of Metformin for Weight Control of Pediatric Patients on Antipsychotic Medications.
NCT00409747	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Minocycline to Treat Childhood Regressive Autism
NCT00576732	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Study of the Effectiveness and Safety of Two Doses of Risperidone in the Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Autistic Disorder
NCT00844753	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Atomoxetine, Placebo and Parent Management Training in Autism
NCT01028820	PHASE4	COMPLETED	FMRI Brain Activation of Aripiprazole Treatment in Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT01098383	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Treatment With Acetyl-Choline Esterase Inhibitors in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT01333865	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Study of Memantine Hydrochloride (Namenda®) for Cognitive and Behavioral Impairment in Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT01337700	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Milnacipran in Autism and the Functional Locus Coeruleus and Noradrenergic Model of Autism
NCT01695200	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT02069977	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Aripiprazole
NCT02096952	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Methylphenidate ER Liquid Formulation in Adults With ASD and ADHD
NCT02199925	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	An Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of High-Dose Gammaplex in Children on the Autism Spectrum
NCT02235467	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Multisite Study: Parental Training Using Video Modelling to Develop Social Skills in Children With Autism
NCT02255565	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Dose Response Effects of Quillivant XR in Children With ADHD and Autism: A Pilot Study
NCT02940574	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Neural and Behavioral Effects of Oxytocin in Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT03333629	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Promoting Positive Outcomes for Individuals With ASD: Linking Early Detection, Treatment, and Long-term Outcomes
NCT03337646	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Evaluation of the Effect and Safety of Lisdexamfetamine in Children Aged 6-12 With ADHD and Autism
NCT03538431	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Improving Driving in Young People With Autism Spectrum Disorders
NCT03757585	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Natural Treatments for the Management of Emotional Dysregulation in Youth With Non-verbal Learning Disability (NVLD) and/or Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)
NCT04903353	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Pragmatic Trial Comparing Weight Gain in Children With Autism Taking Risperidone Versus Aripiprazole
NCT05063656	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Biomarker-Driven Pharmacological Treatment of Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder With Gabapentin
NCT05146245	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Antipsychotics in Children 2: Studying TDM in an RCT
NCT05916339	PHASE4	RECRUITING	AWARE: Management of ADHD in Autism Spectrum Disorder
NCT05954052	PHASE4	TERMINATED	A Study of Glutathione in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
NCT06853665	PHASE4	RECRUITING	The TEAM Study - Treatment Efficacy for Autism/Attention Using Mixed Amphetamine
NCT07054697	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Pilot-RCT With Individualized Homeopathic Treatment in the Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder
NCT07161804	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Pilot RCT Using Homeopathic Medicines in ASD
NCT07439042	PHASE4	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Buspirone for Anxiety in Autistic Youth
NCT00036231	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Synthetic Human Secretin in Children With Autism and Gastrointestinal Dysfunction
NCT00036244	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Synthetic Human Secretin in Children With Autism
NCT00065884	PHASE3	UNKNOWN	Valproate Response in Aggressive Autistic Adolescents
NCT00065962	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Secretin for the Treatment of Autism
NCT00252603	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Galantamine Versus Placebo in Childhood Autism
NCT00346736	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Use of Acupuncture In Children With Autistic Spectrum Disorder
NCT00352248	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Randomized Controlled Trial of Acupuncture Versus Sham Acupuncture in Autistic Spectrum Disorder
NCT00352352	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Use of Acupuncture In Children With Autistic Spectrum Disorder
NCT00355329	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Randomized Control Trial of Using Tongue Acupuncture in Autistic Spectrum Disorder Using PET Scan for Clinical Correlation
NCT00498173	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Effectiveness of Atomoxetine in Treating ADHD Symptoms in Children and Adolescents With Autism
NCT00541346	PHASE3	COMPLETED	A Pilot Study of Daytrana TM in Children With Autism Co-Morbid for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Symptoms