RNF183

Summary

RNF183 (ring finger protein 183, HGNC:28721) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 9q32, encoding E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF183 (Q96D59). Acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase catalyzing the covalent attachment of ubiquitin moieties onto substrate proteins.

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity. Involved in positive regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway; protein ubiquitination; and response to endoplasmic reticulum stress. Located in endoplasmic reticulum membrane.

Source: NCBI Gene 138065 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 1
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 33 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_001371237

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:28721
Approved symbol	RNF183
Name	ring finger protein 183
Location	9q32
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	MGC4734
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000165188
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	621029
Entrez	138065

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 15 — 13 protein_coding, 2 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined

ENST00000297894, ENST00000416588, ENST00000441031, ENST00000443976, ENST00000478493, ENST00000478815, ENST00000489339, ENST00000905342, ENST00000905343, ENST00000905344, ENST00000905345, ENST00000905346, ENST00000905347, ENST00000939773, ENST00000948601

RefSeq mRNA: 7 — MANE Select: NM_001371237 NM_001371234, NM_001371235, NM_001371236, NM_001371237, NM_001387568, NM_001387569, NM_145051

CCDS: CCDS43866

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000489339 — 5 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001560350	113299572	113299775
ENSE00001785320	113297093	113298221
ENSE00001794602	113303056	113303376
ENSE00001822917	113302195	113302313
ENSE00001863928	113301672	113301751

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 156 present calls, max score 98.93.

Top tissues by expression

244 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
pancreatic ductal cell	CL:0002079	98.93	gold quality
corpus epididymis	UBERON:0004359	89.27	gold quality
kidney epithelium	UBERON:0004819	87.91	gold quality
buccal mucosa cell	CL:0002336	87.77	gold quality
epithelial cell of pancreas	CL:0000083	79.43	silver quality
caput epididymis	UBERON:0004358	78.39	gold quality
nasal cavity epithelium	UBERON:0005384	77.69	silver quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	77.43	gold quality
gall bladder	UBERON:0002110	75.00	gold quality
adult mammalian kidney	UBERON:0000082	74.64	gold quality
palpebral conjunctiva	UBERON:0001812	74.18	gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	73.76	gold quality
lower esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0035834	73.29	gold quality
minor salivary gland	UBERON:0001830	72.59	gold quality
olfactory segment of nasal mucosa	UBERON:0005386	72.40	gold quality
esophagus mucosa	UBERON:0002469	72.24	gold quality
kidney	UBERON:0002113	72.05	gold quality
esophagus squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006920	71.37	gold quality
oviduct epithelium	UBERON:0004804	71.02	gold quality
left testis	UBERON:0004533	70.91	gold quality
endothelial cell	CL:0000115	70.26	silver quality
right testis	UBERON:0004534	69.85	gold quality
testis	UBERON:0000473	69.27	gold quality
endometrium	UBERON:0001295	68.94	gold quality
cortex of kidney	UBERON:0001225	68.74	gold quality
mouth mucosa	UBERON:0003729	68.44	gold quality
saliva-secreting gland	UBERON:0001044	67.15	gold quality
right uterine tube	UBERON:0001302	66.73	gold quality
bronchial epithelial cell	CL:0002328	66.57	gold quality
nasal cavity mucosa	UBERON:0001826	66.29	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 0.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	no	3.03

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

35 targeting RNF183, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-3613-3P	100.00	76.36	7965
HSA-MIR-4262	100.00	73.26	3931
HSA-MIR-8485	100.00	77.57	4731
HSA-MIR-371B-5P	99.99	75.34	4759
HSA-MIR-181A-5P	99.99	72.96	2995
HSA-MIR-181B-5P	99.99	72.97	2996
HSA-MIR-181C-5P	99.99	72.95	2996
HSA-MIR-181D-5P	99.99	73.04	2997
HSA-MIR-373-5P	99.98	75.36	4753
HSA-MIR-616-5P	99.98	75.58	4775
HSA-MIR-96-5P	99.95	72.80	2140
HSA-MIR-12133	99.92	71.82	2006
HSA-MIR-497-5P	99.92	71.83	2674
HSA-MIR-1271-5P	99.91	71.99	1972
HSA-MIR-15A-5P	99.90	72.80	2787
HSA-MIR-15B-5P	99.90	72.78	2798
HSA-MIR-16-5P	99.90	72.80	2780
HSA-MIR-195-5P	99.90	72.81	2805
HSA-MIR-6838-5P	99.89	71.94	2690
HSA-MIR-424-5P	99.89	71.90	2641
HSA-MIR-182-5P	99.87	74.03	2589
HSA-MIR-4530	99.69	66.47	1509
HSA-MIR-7-5P	99.67	70.53	1809
HSA-MIR-29B-2-5P	99.67	68.98	1726
HSA-MIR-4696	99.48	67.48	1040
HSA-MIR-888-5P	99.30	70.15	1855
HSA-MIR-508-3P	98.66	69.62	887
HSA-MIR-31-5P	98.58	68.35	1239
HSA-MIR-3928-5P	98.50	67.48	980
HSA-MIR-6806-3P	98.50	67.31	980

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 9)

• RNF183, which is negatively regulated by miR-7, is a novel regulator promoting intestinal inflammation by increasing the ubiquitination and degradation of IkappaBalpha, thereby inducing NF-kappaB activation. The interaction between RNF183-mediated ubiquitination and miRNA may be an important novel epigenetic mechanism in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. (PMID:26818663)
• The RNF183-IL-8 axis is responsible for the resistance of colorectal cancer (CRC)cells to the MEK1/2 inhibitor trametinib and may serve as a candidate target for combined therapy for CRC. (PMID:28756770)
• RNF183 promotes proliferation and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells via activation of NF-kappaB-IL-8 axis (PMID:28796265)
• Sec16A also stabilized the interacting ubiquitin ligase RNF152, which localizes to the lysosome and has structural similarity with RNF183 (PMID:29300766)
• RNF183 plays an important role in executing programmed cell death upon prolonged endoplasmic reticulum stress, likely by inducing apoptosis through Bcl-xL.RNF183 ubiquitinates Bcl-xL. (PMID:29507230)
• Na, K-ATPase alpha1 and beta1 subunits are degraded in lysosomes by RNF183-mediated ubiquitination of beta1 subunit. (PMID:31732153)
• The Role of Tissue-Specific Ubiquitin Ligases, RNF183, RNF186, RNF182 and RNF152, in Disease and Biological Function. (PMID:32486221)
• Cathepsin D as a potential therapeutic target to enhance anticancer drug-induced apoptosis via RNF183-mediated destabilization of Bcl-xL in cancer cells. (PMID:35121737)
• The YTHDC1/GLUT3/RNF183 axis forms a positive feedback loop that modulates glucose metabolism and bladder cancer progression. (PMID:37258572)

Cross-species orthologs

2 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Rnf183	ENSMUSG00000063851
rattus_norvegicus	Rnf183	ENSRNOG00000064866

Paralogs (3): RNF208 (ENSG00000212864), RNF223 (ENSG00000237330), RNF225 (ENSG00000269855)

Protein

Protein identifiers

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF183 — Q96D59 (reviewed: Q96D59)

All UniProt accessions (1): Q96D59

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase catalyzing the covalent attachment of ubiquitin moieties onto substrate proteins. Triggers apoptosis in response to prolonged ER stress by mediating the polyubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of BCL2L1. May collaborate with FATE1 to restrain BIK protein levels thus regulating apoptotic signaling.

Subunit / interactions. Interacts with FATE1. Interacts with SEC16A. Interacts with BCL2L1.

Subcellular location. Endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi apparatus. cis-Golgi network membrane. Lysosome membrane.

Tissue specificity. Kidney and testis.

Post-translational modifications. Autoubiquitinated (in vitro).

Induction. Up-regulated by ER stress in an ERN1-dependent manner.

Pathway. Protein modification; protein ubiquitination.

RefSeq proteins (7): NP_001358163, NP_001358164, NP_001358165, NP_001358166, NP_001374497, NP_001374498, NP_659488 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001841	Znf_RING	Domain
IPR013083	Znf_RING/FYVE/PHD	Homologous_superfamily
IPR017907	Znf_RING_CS	Conserved_site
IPR051435	RING_finger_E3_ubiq-ligases	Family

UniProt features (14 total): mutagenesis site 7, topological domain 2, sequence variant 2, chain 1, transmembrane region 1, zinc finger region 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q96D59-F1	67.53	0.07

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Mutagenesis-validated functional residues (7):

Position	Phenotype
28	loss of autoubiquitination but no effect on ubiquitination of bcl2l1; when associated with r-101 and r-105.
59	abolishes autoubiquitination; when associated with a-13.
101	loss of autoubiquitination but no effect on ubiquitination of bcl2l1; when associated with r-28 and r-105.
105	loss of autoubiquitination but no effect on ubiquitination of bcl2l1; when associated with r-28 and r-101.
13	abolishes autoubiquitination; when associated with a-59.
13	loss of autoubiquitination and reduced ubiquitination of bcl2l1; when associated with s-16.
16	loss of autoubiquitination and reduced ubiquitination of bcl2l1; when associated with s-13.

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 69 (showing top): GOCC_VACUOLAR_MEMBRANE, GOBP_RESPONSE_TO_ENDOPLASMIC_RETICULUM_STRESS, MONNIER_POSTRADIATION_TUMOR_ESCAPE_UP, GOBP_APOPTOTIC_SIGNALING_PATHWAY, KOYAMA_SEMA3B_TARGETS_UP, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_ENDOPLASMIC_RETICULUM_STRESS_INDUCED_INTRINSIC_APOPTOTIC_SIGNALING_PATHWAY, GOBP_PROTEIN_AUTOUBIQUITINATION, HNF4_DR1_Q3, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_RESPONSE_TO_STRESS, GOBP_POST_TRANSLATIONAL_PROTEIN_MODIFICATION, GOBP_PROTEIN_POLYUBIQUITINATION, GOBP_INTRINSIC_APOPTOTIC_SIGNALING_PATHWAY, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_INTRACELLULAR_SIGNAL_TRANSDUCTION, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_CELLULAR_RESPONSE_TO_STRESS, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_INTRINSIC_APOPTOTIC_SIGNALING_PATHWAY

GO Biological Process (6): protein polyubiquitination (GO:0000209), apoptotic process (GO:0006915), protein ubiquitination (GO:0016567), response to endoplasmic reticulum stress (GO:0034976), protein autoubiquitination (GO:0051865), positive regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway (GO:1902237)

GO Molecular Function (5): zinc ion binding (GO:0008270), ubiquitin protein ligase activity (GO:0061630), protein binding (GO:0005515), transferase activity (GO:0016740), metal ion binding (GO:0046872)

GO Cellular Component (7): lysosomal membrane (GO:0005765), endoplasmic reticulum (GO:0005783), endoplasmic reticulum membrane (GO:0005789), cis-Golgi network membrane (GO:0033106), lysosome (GO:0005764), Golgi apparatus (GO:0005794), membrane (GO:0016020)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
protein ubiquitination	2
cytoplasm	2
endomembrane system	2
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	2
programmed cell death	1
apoptotic signaling pathway	1
execution phase of apoptosis	1
protein modification by small protein conjugation	1
cellular response to stress	1
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress	1
regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	1
positive regulation of response to endoplasmic reticulum stress	1
positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	1
transition metal ion binding	1
ubiquitin-protein transferase activity	1
ubiquitin-like protein ligase activity	1
binding	1
catalytic activity	1
cation binding	1
lysosome	1
lytic vacuole membrane	1
organelle membrane	1
nuclear outer membrane-endoplasmic reticulum membrane network	1
endoplasmic reticulum subcompartment	1
cis-Golgi network	1
bounding membrane of organelle	1
lytic vacuole	1
cellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

416 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
RNF183	FATE1	Q969F0	747
RNF183	RNF186	Q9NXI6	620
RNF183	RNF150	Q9ULK6	566
RNF183	TRIM31	Q9BZY9	507
RNF183	RNF175	Q8N4F7	490
RNF183	RNFT1	Q5M7Z0	478
RNF183	RNFT2	Q96EX2	467
RNF183	ZNRF4	Q8WWF5	464
RNF183	RNF130	Q86XS8	431
RNF183	RNF144B	Q7Z419	427
RNF183	RNF152	Q8N8N0	425
RNF183	RMND5B	Q96G75	406
RNF183	RNF13	O43567	403
RNF183	RNF144A	P50876	402
RNF183	TMEM129	A0AVI4	394

IntAct

139 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
FATE1	RNF183	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.670
RNF183	TAX1BP3	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
GOPC	RNF183	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
TAX1BP3	RNF183	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
RNF183	GOPC	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
UBE2K	RNF183	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
RNF183	UBE2W	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
RNF183	A2M	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
RNF183	APBB2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
RNF183	ERCC8	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
RNF183	TPP1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
RNF183	DBH	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
RNF183	DCTN1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
RNF183	DNM2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
DR1	RNF183	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
RNF183		psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
FXN	RNF183	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
RNF183	GLE1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
GTF2B	RNF183	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
HEXB	RNF183	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
HOXD10	RNF183	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
RNF183	HSPB1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
RNF183	MECP2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
RNF183	NDUFV2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
NF2	RNF183	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560

BioGRID (60): RNF183 (Two-hybrid), RNF183 (Two-hybrid), RNF183 (Two-hybrid), RNF183 (Two-hybrid), RNF183 (Two-hybrid), RNF183 (Two-hybrid), RNF183 (Two-hybrid), NFKBIA (Affinity Capture-Western), RNF183 (Biochemical Activity), BCL2L1 (Affinity Capture-Western), RNF183 (Affinity Capture-Western), BCL2L1 (Reconstituted Complex), BCL2 (Reconstituted Complex), RNF183 (Biochemical Activity), SEC16A (Affinity Capture-Western)

ESM2 similar proteins: A6NCL7, A6NCQ9, A6QP29, A6QQV9, B1AVH7, B5DFA1, D2H0G5, D2H6Z0, D2H788, D3ZBM4, D4A723, E1C2W7, O95153, Q0QWG9, Q3SWY0, Q3T0Y9, Q3U0L2, Q3UV31, Q3V3A7, Q5RF77, Q60943, Q6INB3, Q6PGG2, Q7TNF8, Q7Z465, Q80TI1, Q810L3, Q8BG47, Q8BRJ3, Q8BXP5, Q8C0R7, Q8C432, Q8CEF8, Q8HYZ0, Q8N0U2, Q8N6D2, Q8N8N0, Q8NC24, Q8QZS5, Q8TED9

Diamond homologs: A0A7I2V3R4, D2H788, D3ZBM4, O70277, O75382, P0DH78, Q3SWY0, Q3UIW8, Q58EC8, Q68EV7, Q6INB3, Q8C432, Q8N6D2, Q8QZS5, Q96D59, Q9BRZ2, Q9R1R2, D2H6Z0, D4A723, E1C2W7, Q03601, Q13049, Q6GND7, Q6NRD3, Q8BG47, Q8CH72, Q8N8N0, Q9D241, E1BD59, E7ERA6, M0QZC1, Q3UV31, Q5ZMD4, Q6IMG5, Q6VVB1, Q8BR37, Q8IWR1, Q9D7D1, A6NCQ9, Q8CEF8

SIGNOR signaling

4 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
Ub:E2	“up-regulates activity”	RNF183	ubiquitination
RNF183	“down-regulates quantity by destabilization”	TNFRSF10B	polyubiquitination
RNF183	“down-regulates quantity by destabilization”	ATP1B1	polyubiquitination
RNF183	“down-regulates quantity by destabilization”	BCL2L1	ubiquitination

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 45 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

GO biological processes:

GO term	Partners	Fold	FDR
adult locomotory behavior	6	40.1×	5e-06
negative regulation of neuron apoptotic process	5	12.3×	8e-03
positive regulation of apoptotic process	6	7.6×	1e-02

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

33 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	30
Likely benign	2
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

254 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
9:113298218:CGTC:C	acceptor_gain	0.9900
9:113298226:C:CT	acceptor_gain	0.9900
9:113298227:A:T	acceptor_gain	0.9900
9:113298218:CGTCC:C	acceptor_loss	0.9800
9:113298219:GTCC:G	acceptor_loss	0.9800
9:113298222:CTG:C	acceptor_loss	0.9800
9:113298223:T:A	acceptor_loss	0.9800
9:113298958:ACC:A	donor_loss	0.9700
9:113298222:C:CC	acceptor_gain	0.9600
9:113298220:TC:T	acceptor_gain	0.9300
9:113298221:CC:C	acceptor_gain	0.9300
9:113298219:GTC:G	acceptor_gain	0.9200
9:113298218:C:CT	acceptor_gain	0.8900
9:113298217:ACGTC:A	acceptor_gain	0.8800
9:113298296:C:CC	acceptor_gain	0.8400
9:113298958:A:AC	donor_gain	0.8300
9:113298959:C:CC	donor_gain	0.8300
9:113298219:GTCCT:G	acceptor_gain	0.7900
9:113298291:GTGTT:G	acceptor_gain	0.7900
9:113298222:C:T	acceptor_gain	0.7600
9:113298220:TCCTG:T	acceptor_gain	0.7500
9:113298995:C:CT	donor_gain	0.7500
9:113298996:T:TT	donor_gain	0.7500
9:113299078:AGGGG:A	donor_gain	0.7500
9:113298219:G:T	acceptor_gain	0.7400
9:113298292:TGTT:T	acceptor_gain	0.7400
9:113298222:CT:C	acceptor_gain	0.7200
9:113298927:C:CA	donor_gain	0.7000
9:113299031:C:A	donor_gain	0.7000
9:113298224:G:C	acceptor_loss	0.6900

AlphaMissense

0 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000225968 (9:113304003 C>T), RS1000528155 (9:113304899 T>A,G), RS1000564960 (9:113302527 A>T), RS1000778934 (9:113302190 C>T), RS1001305469 (9:113299625 T>C), RS1001349772 (9:113303532 A>G), RS1001478872 (9:113297229 T>G), RS1001570612 (9:113297474 C>T), RS1001799174 (9:113303151 G>A), RS1003574038 (9:113300596 G>A,T), RS1003850023 (9:113299295 A>C), RS1003873825 (9:113301680 G>A,C,T), RS1004575593 (9:113297138 C>G), RS1004650776 (9:113297434 CGTTTTTTT>C), RS1004758272 (9:113304437 G>A)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:621029 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

1 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST90000025_419	Appendicular lean mass	2.000000e-15

EFO canonical traits (1, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0004980	appendicular lean mass

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

17 total (human), top 17 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Resveratrol	decreases expression, affects cotreatment	2
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation, increases expression	2
propionaldehyde	increases expression	1
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
Acetaminophen	decreases expression	1
Cadmium	decreases expression	1
Copper	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Diethylhexyl Phthalate	decreases expression	1
Estradiol	increases expression	1
Malathion	increases expression	1
Plant Extracts	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Testosterone	decreases expression	1
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	increases expression	1
Triclosan	increases expression	1
Cyclosporine	decreases methylation	1
Cadmium Chloride	decreases expression	1
Copper Sulfate	increases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.