RNF186

Summary

RNF186 (ring finger protein 186, HGNC:25978) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 1p36.13, encoding E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF186 (Q9NXI6). E3 ubiquitin protein ligase that is part of an apoptotic signaling pathway activated by endoplasmic reticulum stress.

Enables ubiquitin protein ligase activity and ubiquitin protein ligase binding activity. Involved in several processes, including intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress; proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process; and protein ubiquitination. Acts upstream of with a positive effect on regulation of autophagosome assembly. Located in endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Is active in endoplasmic reticulum.

Source: NCBI Gene 54546 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 9
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 55 total — 1 likely-pathogenic
• MANE Select transcript: NM_019062

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:25978
Approved symbol	RNF186
Name	ring finger protein 186
Location	1p36.13
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	FLJ20225
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000178828
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	617163
Entrez	54546

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 1 — 1 protein_coding

ENST00000375121

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_019062 NM_019062

CCDS: CCDS199

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000375121 — 1 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001465820	19814029	19815283

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth broad, 76 present calls, max score 96.87.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 0.4944 / max 156.5897, expressed in 30 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (5 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
10695	0.2335	22
10691	0.0987	17
10694	0.0765	15
10692	0.0540	11
10693	0.0317	12

Top tissues by expression

269 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
jejunal mucosa	UBERON:0000399	96.87	gold quality
duodenum	UBERON:0002114	95.50	gold quality
corpus epididymis	UBERON:0004359	92.47	gold quality
nephron tubule	UBERON:0001231	91.19	gold quality
body of pancreas	UBERON:0001150	90.69	gold quality
mucosa of transverse colon	UBERON:0004991	88.47	gold quality
kidney epithelium	UBERON:0004819	86.99	gold quality
colonic mucosa	UBERON:0000317	85.82	gold quality
renal glomerulus	UBERON:0000074	85.45	gold quality
metanephric glomerulus	UBERON:0004736	85.31	gold quality
mucosa of sigmoid colon	UBERON:0004993	84.67	gold quality
pancreatic ductal cell	CL:0002079	84.40	silver quality
adult mammalian kidney	UBERON:0000082	84.16	gold quality
rectum	UBERON:0001052	83.55	gold quality
pancreas	UBERON:0001264	80.06	gold quality
kidney	UBERON:0002113	78.53	gold quality
cortex of kidney	UBERON:0001225	78.08	gold quality
transverse colon	UBERON:0001157	75.84	gold quality
jejunum	UBERON:0002115	75.22	gold quality
ileal mucosa	UBERON:0000331	73.98	gold quality
vermiform appendix	UBERON:0001154	73.67	gold quality
caecum	UBERON:0001153	71.95	gold quality
metanephros	UBERON:0000081	71.27	gold quality
small intestine	UBERON:0002108	70.21	gold quality
oocyte	CL:0000023	69.43	gold quality
caput epididymis	UBERON:0004358	68.58	gold quality
small intestine Peyer’s patch	UBERON:0003454	67.29	gold quality
intestine	UBERON:0000160	65.98	gold quality
secondary oocyte	CL:0000655	65.67	gold quality
large intestine	UBERON:0000059	64.68	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 2.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-GEOD-125970	yes	15.67
E-ANND-3	yes	11.19

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

27 targeting RNF186, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-548AW	99.99	72.57	3559
HSA-MIR-4482-3P	99.98	72.50	3147
HSA-MIR-145-5P	99.92	71.13	1836
HSA-MIR-5195-3P	99.92	70.92	1877
HSA-MIR-1297	99.91	73.41	3162
HSA-MIR-26A-5P	99.78	73.52	2303
HSA-MIR-26B-5P	99.78	73.51	2305
HSA-MIR-6505-5P	99.73	69.25	1595
HSA-MIR-26A-1-3P	99.64	66.81	788
HSA-MIR-26A-2-3P	99.64	66.82	786
HSA-MIR-4328	99.57	71.06	4094
HSA-MIR-5697	99.39	67.74	1249
HSA-MIR-6853-3P	99.36	70.79	1558
HSA-MIR-3168	99.08	67.75	1384
HSA-MIR-6814-5P	99.03	66.68	1273
HSA-MIR-10A-5P	98.89	69.85	712
HSA-MIR-10B-5P	98.89	69.86	711
HSA-MIR-6829-5P	98.86	65.12	1480
HSA-MIR-4289	98.26	66.90	810
HSA-MIR-4436B-3P	98.25	65.26	1494
HSA-MIR-6735-5P	98.24	65.36	1488
HSA-MIR-7843-5P	98.12	65.26	1421
HSA-MIR-4632-5P	97.82	65.38	1470
HSA-MIR-6879-5P	97.77	65.52	1521
HSA-MIR-4642	97.52	67.60	916
HSA-MIR-214-5P	97.34	66.50	617
HSA-MIR-1266-3P	96.23	66.36	778

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 10)

• Single-nucleotide polymorphism in RNF186 gene is associated with ulcerative colitis. (PMID:23511034)
• BNip1 functions as a downstream modulator of RNF186 to direct endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated apoptotic signaling. (PMID:23896122)
• Our results confirmed significant association to rare non-synonymous coding variants in both IL23R and CARD9, previously identified from sequencing of CD loci, as well as identified a novel association in RNF186 (PMID:24068945)
• a predicted protein-truncating variant (rs36095412, p.R179X, genotyped in 11,148 ulcerative colitis patients and 295,446 controls, MAF=up to 0.78%) in RNF186, a single-exon ring finger E3 ligase with strong colonic expression, protects against ulcerative colitis. (PMID:27503255)
• RNF186 and Sestrin-2 bind each other through distinct C-terminal motifs and that Lys-13 in Sestrin-2 is a putative ubiquitin acceptor site. RNF186 knockdown increased Sestrin-2 protein levels and decreased mTORC1 activation. (PMID:31586034)
• The Role of Tissue-Specific Ubiquitin Ligases, RNF183, RNF186, RNF182 and RNF152, in Disease and Biological Function. (PMID:32486221)
• The role and mechanism of action of RNF186 in colorectal cancer through negative regulation of NF-kappaB. (PMID:32882406)
• The E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF186 and RNF186 risk variants regulate innate receptor-induced outcomes. (PMID:34353900)
• Ubiquitination of ATF6 by disease-associated RNF186 promotes the innate receptor-induced unfolded protein response. (PMID:34623328)
• Systematic pan-cancer analysis of RNF186 with potential implications in progression and prognosis in human cancer. (PMID:38160786)

Cross-species orthologs

2 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Rnf186	ENSMUSG00000070661
rattus_norvegicus	Rnf186	ENSRNOG00000017244

Protein

Protein identifiers

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF186 — Q9NXI6 (reviewed: Q9NXI6)

Alternative names: RING finger protein 186

All UniProt accessions (1): Q9NXI6

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. E3 ubiquitin protein ligase that is part of an apoptotic signaling pathway activated by endoplasmic reticulum stress. Stimulates the expression of proteins specific of the unfolded protein response (UPR), ubiquitinates BNIP1 and regulates its localization to the mitochondrion and induces calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum that ultimately leads to cell apoptosis. Plays a role in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis and clearance of enteric pathogens. Upon NOD2 stimulation, ubiquitinates the ER stress sensor activating transcription factor 6/ATF6 and promotes the unfolded protein response UPR. Participates in basal level of autophagy maintenance by regulating the ubiquitination of EPHB2 and EPHB3. Upon stimulation by ligand EFNB1, ubiquitinates EPHB2 and further recruits MAP1LC3B for autophagy induction. Controls nutrient sensing by ubiquitinating Sestrin-2/SESN2, which is an intracellular sensor of cytosolic leucine and inhibitor of mTORC1 activity.

Subunit / interactions. Interacts with BNIP1.

Subcellular location. Endoplasmic reticulum membrane.

Post-translational modifications. Polyubiquitinated. ‘Lys-29’-linked autoubiquitination leads to proteasomal degradation.

Domain organisation. The RING-type domain is required for ubiquitination.

Pathway. Protein modification; protein ubiquitination.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_061935* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001841	Znf_RING	Domain
IPR013083	Znf_RING/FYVE/PHD	Homologous_superfamily
IPR017907	Znf_RING_CS	Conserved_site
IPR051435	RING_finger_E3_ubiq-ligases	Family

Enzyme classification (BRENDA):

• EC 2.3.2.27 — RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase (BRENDA: 28 organisms, 138 substrates, 10 inhibitors, 1 Km, 1 kcat entries)

Substrate kinetics (BRENDA)

1 substrates with measured Km, best-characterized 1. Km ranges are aggregated across organisms/conditions.

Substrate	Km (mM)	Measurements
[UBE2W]-S-UBIQUITINYL-L-CYSTEINE	0.3014	1

UniProt features (10 total): mutagenesis site 3, transmembrane region 2, sequence variant 2, chain 1, zinc finger region 1, sequence conflict 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q9NXI6-F1	68.89	0.22

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Mutagenesis-validated functional residues (3):

Position	Phenotype
58–66	loss of autoubiquitination; loss of bnip1 polyubiquitination; no effect on interaction with bnip1; decreased effect on c
60	loss of ability to decrease sesn2 protein.
64	exhibits a reduced ability to ubiquitinate ephb2 but retained ability to ubiquitinate ephb3.

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 79 (showing top): GOBP_RESPONSE_TO_ENDOPLASMIC_RETICULUM_STRESS, GOBP_MACROMOLECULE_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, HNF1_Q6, GOBP_APOPTOTIC_SIGNALING_PATHWAY, RGTTAMWNATT_HNF1_01, GATA6_01, GOBP_PROTEIN_AUTOUBIQUITINATION, TGANTCA_AP1_C, GOBP_POST_TRANSLATIONAL_PROTEIN_MODIFICATION, GOBP_PROTEIN_POLYUBIQUITINATION, GOBP_INTRINSIC_APOPTOTIC_SIGNALING_PATHWAY, HNF1_C, TGGNNNNNNKCCAR_UNKNOWN, GOBP_PROTEIN_LOCALIZATION_TO_ORGANELLE, GOBP_PROTEIN_K63_LINKED_UBIQUITINATION

GO Biological Process (9): protein K29-linked ubiquitination (GO:0035519), proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process (GO:0043161), protein autoubiquitination (GO:0051865), intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress (GO:0070059), protein K63-linked ubiquitination (GO:0070534), protein localization to mitochondrion (GO:0070585), protein ubiquitination (GO:0016567), apoptotic process in response to mitochondrial fragmentation (GO:0140208), regulation of autophagosome assembly (GO:2000785)

GO Molecular Function (7): ubiquitin-protein transferase activity (GO:0004842), zinc ion binding (GO:0008270), ubiquitin protein ligase binding (GO:0031625), ubiquitin protein ligase activity (GO:0061630), protein binding (GO:0005515), transferase activity (GO:0016740), metal ion binding (GO:0046872)

GO Cellular Component (3): endoplasmic reticulum (GO:0005783), endoplasmic reticulum membrane (GO:0005789), membrane (GO:0016020)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
protein polyubiquitination	2
ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process	1
proteasomal protein catabolic process	1
protein ubiquitination	1
response to endoplasmic reticulum stress	1
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	1
protein localization to organelle	1
protein modification by small protein conjugation	1
apoptotic process	1
autophagosome assembly	1
regulation of vacuole organization	1
regulation of organelle assembly	1
ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity	1
transition metal ion binding	1
ubiquitin-like protein ligase binding	1
ubiquitin-protein transferase activity	1
ubiquitin-like protein ligase activity	1
binding	1
catalytic activity	1
cation binding	1
cytoplasm	1
endomembrane system	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1
organelle membrane	1
nuclear outer membrane-endoplasmic reticulum membrane network	1
endoplasmic reticulum subcompartment	1
cellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

420 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
RNF186	OTUD3	Q5T2D3	620
RNF186	RNF183	Q96D59	620
RNF186	PLA2G2E	Q9NZK7	609
RNF186	RNF182	Q8N6D2	576
RNF186	CARD9	Q9H257	524
RNF186	RNF175	Q8N4F7	504
RNF186	BNIP1	Q12981	469
RNF186	RNF150	Q9ULK6	454
RNF186	SVOPL	Q8N434	449
RNF186	ZNRF4	Q8WWF5	447
RNF186	IL23R	Q5VWK5	432
RNF186	KBTBD3	Q8NAB2	429
RNF186	SLC25A45	Q8N413	414
RNF186	BTNL2	Q9UIR0	410
RNF186	INAVA	Q3KP66	403

IntAct

13 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
	RNF186	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
PBX3	RNF186	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
SCAND1	RNF186	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
UBE2D2	RNF186	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
RNF186	UBE2H	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
RNF186	TFRC	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
RNF186		psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
PBX3	RNF186	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
SCAND1	RNF186	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000

BioGRID (22): RNF186 (PCA), RNF186 (Two-hybrid), RNF186 (Two-hybrid), RNF186 (Two-hybrid), SESN2 (Reconstituted Complex), RNF186 (Reconstituted Complex), EPHB2 (Affinity Capture-MS), EPHB3 (Affinity Capture-MS), TOLLIP (Affinity Capture-MS), TFRC (Affinity Capture-MS), TRIM21 (Affinity Capture-MS), EPHB2 (Affinity Capture-Western), EPHB3 (Affinity Capture-Western), RNF186 (Affinity Capture-Western), RNF186 (Affinity Capture-Western)

ESM2 similar proteins: A6NCL7, A6NCQ9, A6QP29, A6QQV9, B1AVH7, B5DFA1, D2H0G5, D2H6Z0, D2H788, D3ZBM4, D4A723, E1C2W7, O95153, Q0QWG9, Q3SWY0, Q3T0Y9, Q3U0L2, Q3UV31, Q3V3A7, Q5RF77, Q60943, Q6INB3, Q6PGG2, Q7TNF8, Q7Z465, Q80TI1, Q810L3, Q8BG47, Q8BRJ3, Q8BXP5, Q8C0R7, Q8C432, Q8CEF8, Q8HYZ0, Q8N0U2, Q8N6D2, Q8N8N0, Q8NC24, Q8QZS5, Q8TED9

Diamond homologs: A0A7I2V3R4, A6NIN4, D2H788, D3ZBM4, O70277, O75382, Q13049, Q3T0Y9, Q6IMG5, Q6INB3, Q8C432, Q8CH72, Q8K0W3, Q8N6D2, Q9DCB3, Q9FY48, Q9H0X6, Q9NXI6, Q9R1R2, Q58EC8, Q9D241, Q9VE61, D2H6Z0, D4A723, E1C2W7, P36406, P36407, Q3SWY0, Q68EV7, Q6GND7, Q6NRD3, Q8BG47, Q8BGX0, Q8N8N0, Q8QZS5, E7ERA6, P33288, Q3UV31, Q96D59

SIGNOR signaling

1 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
Ub:E2	“up-regulates activity”	RNF186	ubiquitination

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

55 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	1
Uncertain significance	50
Likely benign	4
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (1)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
3767281	NC_000001.11:g.19676448_19875998del	Likely pathogenic

SpliceAI

141 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
1:19814668:A:AC	donor_gain	0.8600
1:19814669:C:CC	donor_gain	0.8600
1:19814838:G:T	donor_gain	0.8500
1:19814834:CGG:C	donor_gain	0.7600
1:19814669:CTT:C	donor_gain	0.7300
1:19814837:TG:T	donor_gain	0.7000
1:19814836:G:GC	donor_gain	0.6500
1:19814497:GTGCT:G	acceptor_loss	0.6300
1:19814499:GCTGG:G	acceptor_loss	0.6300
1:19814566:C:CT	acceptor_gain	0.6300
1:19814500:C:CC	acceptor_gain	0.6100
1:19814662:GCACT:G	donor_loss	0.6100
1:19814663:CACT:C	donor_loss	0.6100
1:19814664:ACTTA:A	donor_loss	0.6100
1:19814665:CT:C	donor_loss	0.6100
1:19814666:T:TC	donor_loss	0.6100
1:19814667:TAC:T	donor_loss	0.6100
1:19814668:ACTTC:A	donor_loss	0.6100
1:19814669:C:CA	donor_loss	0.6100
1:19814661:TGCAC:T	donor_loss	0.6000
1:19814786:C:CT	donor_gain	0.5900
1:19814498:TG:T	acceptor_gain	0.5700
1:19814878:T:TA	donor_gain	0.5700
1:19814493:CCGGG:C	acceptor_gain	0.5500
1:19814577:C:T	acceptor_gain	0.5500
1:19814787:C:CT	donor_gain	0.5500
1:19814512:C:CT	acceptor_gain	0.5400
1:19814578:G:T	acceptor_gain	0.5400
1:19814669:CT:C	donor_gain	0.5300
1:19814576:CCGGG:C	acceptor_gain	0.5200

AlphaMissense

1443 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
1:19814916:G:C	F62L	0.993
1:19814916:G:T	F62L	0.993
1:19814918:A:G	F62L	0.993
1:19814940:C:A	K54N	0.989
1:19814940:C:G	K54N	0.989
1:19814904:G:C	C66W	0.984
1:19814858:A:G	C82R	0.983
1:19814984:A:G	C40R	0.981
1:19814906:A:G	C66R	0.980
1:19814913:G:C	C63W	0.979
1:19814914:C:T	C63Y	0.978
1:19814856:G:C	C82W	0.975
1:19814905:C:T	C66Y	0.974
1:19814915:A:G	C63R	0.974
1:19814917:A:G	F62S	0.974
1:19814975:A:G	C43R	0.973
1:19814974:C:G	C43S	0.972
1:19814975:A:T	C43S	0.972
1:19814917:A:C	F62C	0.969
1:19814846:G:T	R86S	0.968
1:19814930:A:G	C58R	0.968
1:19814830:A:T	V91D	0.967
1:19814849:A:G	C85R	0.967
1:19814922:A:C	H60Q	0.966
1:19814922:A:T	H60Q	0.966
1:19814983:C:G	C40S	0.966
1:19814984:A:T	C40S	0.966
1:19814848:C:G	C85S	0.965
1:19814849:A:T	C85S	0.965
1:19814847:G:C	C85W	0.963

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1002502163 (1:19813623 A>C), RS1003768412 (1:19814664 A>C), RS1003816950 (1:19816070 G>A), RS1003982515 (1:19816371 G>T), RS1004311936 (1:19816657 C>T), RS1004417911 (1:19816166 C>T), RS1005826765 (1:19813982 C>T), RS1006288097 (1:19816093 G>A), RS1006322648 (1:19815493 A>C), RS1007717131 (1:19816706 T>C), RS1008250187 (1:19814114 C>A,T), RS1008602260 (1:19814335 C>G,T), RS1009763148 (1:19815846 A>C), RS1010249420 (1:19815572 G>A,C), RS1011180434 (1:19817096 C>G,T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:617163 | disease phenotypes: MIM:300310

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (1): immunodeficiency 61 (MONDO:0010296)

Orphanet (3): Non-syndromic agammaglobulinemia (Orphanet:229717), X-linked agammaglobulinemia (Orphanet:47), X-linked common variable immunodeficiency phenotype due to SH3KBP1 deficiency (Orphanet:696945)

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

9 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST000311_7	Ulcerative colitis	7.000000e-09
GCST000624_1	Ulcerative colitis	3.000000e-08
GCST000624_11	Ulcerative colitis	2.000000e-10
GCST000624_21	Ulcerative colitis	2.000000e-21
GCST001938_4	Ulcerative colitis	7.000000e-09
GCST004131_40	Inflammatory bowel disease	1.000000e-19
GCST004133_1	Ulcerative colitis	3.000000e-42
GCST005537_152	Chronic inflammatory diseases (ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn’s disease, psoriasis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, ulcerative colitis) (pleiotropy)	1.000000e-24
GCST005537_153	Chronic inflammatory diseases (ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn’s disease, psoriasis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, ulcerative colitis) (pleiotropy)	8.000000e-20

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
C538057	Agammaglobulinemia, X-linked, type 2 (supp.)

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

14 total (human), top 14 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation, decreases expression	2
pirinixic acid	affects binding, decreases expression, increases activity	1
terbufos	increases methylation	1
2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline	decreases expression	1
2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine	decreases expression	1
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
Arsenic	affects methylation	1
Fonofos	increases methylation	1
Parathion	increases methylation	1
Rotenone	decreases expression	1
Valproic Acid	increases methylation	1
Aflatoxin B1	increases expression	1
Okadaic Acid	increases expression	1
Copper Sulfate	decreases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.