RNF25

Summary

RNF25 (ring finger protein 25, HGNC:14662) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 2q35, encoding E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF25 (Q96BH1). E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays a key role in the RNF14-RNF25 translation quality control pathway, a pathway that takes place when a ribosome has stalled during translation, and which promotes ubiquitination and degradation of translation factors on stalled ribosomes.

The protein encoded by this gene contains a RING finger motif. The mouse counterpart of this protein has been shown to interact with Rela, the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB (NFKB), and modulate NFKB-mediated transcription activity. The mouse protein also binds ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) and is a substrate for E2-dependent ubiquitination.

Source: NCBI Gene 64320 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 1
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 84 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_022453

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:14662
Approved symbol	RNF25
Name	ring finger protein 25
Location	2q35
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	AO7, FLJ13906
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000163481
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	616014
Entrez	64320

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 18 — 13 protein_coding, 4 retained_intron, 1 nonsense_mediated_decay

ENST00000295704, ENST00000423170, ENST00000463188, ENST00000473034, ENST00000474339, ENST00000497832, ENST00000864475, ENST00000864476, ENST00000864477, ENST00000864478, ENST00000864479, ENST00000917058, ENST00000917059, ENST00000917060, ENST00000917061, ENST00000917062, ENST00000944909, ENST00000944910

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_022453 NM_022453

CCDS: CCDS2420

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000295704 — 10 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001144106	218663892	218664535
ENSE00001940096	218671930	218672002
ENSE00003464419	218668239	218668341
ENSE00003545290	218668605	218668679
ENSE00003563730	218667912	218667981
ENSE00003603318	218666159	218666230
ENSE00003605555	218668079	218668146
ENSE00003661908	218665155	218665247
ENSE00003662798	218664739	218664873
ENSE00003665191	218665916	218666059

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 217 present calls, max score 91.25.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 17.1635 / max 103.4859, expressed in 1794 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (1 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
33980	17.1635	1794

Top tissues by expression

270 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
adenohypophysis	UBERON:0002196	91.25	gold quality
granulocyte	CL:0000094	89.60	gold quality
popliteal artery	UBERON:0002250	89.49	gold quality
tibial artery	UBERON:0007610	89.49	gold quality
prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0000451	89.44	gold quality
pituitary gland	UBERON:0000007	89.25	gold quality
descending thoracic aorta	UBERON:0002345	89.19	gold quality
left testis	UBERON:0004533	89.06	gold quality
right testis	UBERON:0004534	89.06	gold quality
stromal cell of endometrium	CL:0002255	89.04	gold quality
right frontal lobe	UBERON:0002810	88.95	gold quality
aorta	UBERON:0000947	88.93	gold quality
right lobe of thyroid gland	UBERON:0001119	88.79	gold quality
right coronary artery	UBERON:0001625	88.78	gold quality
cerebellar hemisphere	UBERON:0002245	88.76	gold quality
right hemisphere of cerebellum	UBERON:0014890	88.74	gold quality
esophagogastric junction muscularis propria	UBERON:0035841	88.71	gold quality
cerebellar cortex	UBERON:0002129	88.65	gold quality
mucosa of stomach	UBERON:0001199	88.62	gold quality
colonic epithelium	UBERON:0000397	88.61	gold quality
lower esophagus muscularis layer	UBERON:0035833	88.61	gold quality
lower esophagus	UBERON:0013473	88.59	gold quality
anterior cingulate cortex	UBERON:0009835	88.52	gold quality
left coronary artery	UBERON:0001626	88.48	gold quality
cingulate cortex	UBERON:0003027	88.48	gold quality
calcaneal tendon	UBERON:0003701	88.45	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 9	UBERON:0013540	88.39	gold quality
thoracic aorta	UBERON:0001515	88.35	gold quality
left uterine tube	UBERON:0001303	88.33	gold quality
body of uterus	UBERON:0009853	88.29	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	4.55

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 5)

• Functional studies of the mouse counterpart (PMID:10500182)
• RING finger protein AO7 supports NF-kappaB-mediated transcription by interacting with the transactivation domain of the p65 subunit. (PMID:12748188)
• mutations having marked effects on function only minimally affect the intermolecular interactions between the AO7 RING and UbcH5B, establishing a high degree of complexity in activation through the RING-E2 interface. (PMID:26475854)
• RNF25 plays an essential role in gefitinib resistance of Non-small cell lung cancer by mediating cross-talk between NF-kappaB and ERK pathways. (PMID:29789542)
• Oxidative Stress Promotes Liver Cancer Metastasis via RNF25-Mediated E-Cadherin Protein Degradation. (PMID:38286671)

Cross-species orthologs

5 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	rnf25	ENSDARG00000027182
mus_musculus	Rnf25	ENSMUSG00000026171
rattus_norvegicus	Rnf25	ENSRNOG00000016886
drosophila_melanogaster	CG13344	FBGN0033884
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00021812

Protein

Protein identifiers

E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF25 — Q96BH1 (reviewed: Q96BH1)

Alternative names: RING finger protein 25, RING finger protein AO7

All UniProt accessions (2): Q96BH1, H7C219

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that plays a key role in the RNF14-RNF25 translation quality control pathway, a pathway that takes place when a ribosome has stalled during translation, and which promotes ubiquitination and degradation of translation factors on stalled ribosomes. Catalyzes ubiquitination of RPS27A in response to ribosome collisions, promoting activation of RNF14. RNF25 catalyzes ubiquitination of other ribosomal proteins on stalled ribosomes, such as RPL0, RPL1, RPL12, RPS13 and RPS17. Also involved in ubiquitination and degradation of stalled ETF1/eRF1. Independently of its function in the response to stalled ribosomes, mediates ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of NKD2. May also stimulate transcription mediated by NF-kappa-B via its interaction with RELA/p65.

Subunit / interactions. Interacts with UBE2D2, and may also interact with UBE2E1 and UBE2E3. Interacts with RELA/p65.

Subcellular location. Cytoplasm.

Post-translational modifications. Ubiquitinated; autoubiquitinated.

Pathway. Protein modification; protein ubiquitination.

Similarity. Belongs to the RNF25 family.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_071898* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001841	Znf_RING	Domain
IPR006575	RWD_dom	Domain
IPR013083	Znf_RING/FYVE/PHD	Homologous_superfamily
IPR016135	UBQ-conjugating_enzyme/RWD	Homologous_superfamily
IPR039133	RNF25	Family

Pfam: PF05773, PF13639

Enzyme classification (BRENDA):

• EC 2.3.2.27 — RING-type E3 ubiquitin transferase (BRENDA: 28 organisms, 138 substrates, 10 inhibitors, 1 Km, 1 kcat entries)

Substrate kinetics (BRENDA)

1 substrates with measured Km, best-characterized 1. Km ranges are aggregated across organisms/conditions.

Substrate	Km (mM)	Measurements
[UBE2W]-S-UBIQUITINYL-L-CYSTEINE	0.3014	1

UniProt features (48 total): binding site 8, mutagenesis site 8, strand 8, helix 6, turn 5, compositionally biased region 5, sequence conflict 2, region of interest 2, chain 1, domain 1, modified residue 1, zinc finger region 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

5 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
5D1M	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.58
5D1L	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.62
5D1K	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.78
2DAY	SOLUTION NMR
2DMF	SOLUTION NMR

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q96BH1-F1	68.52	0.40

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (8): 135; 138; 153; 155; 158; 161; 198; 201

Post-translational modifications (1): 450

Mutagenesis-validated functional residues (8):

Position	Phenotype
135–138	abolished e3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity.
137	strongly reduced e3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity, slightly reduced binding to ube2d2.
159	reduced activation of nf-kappa-b.
161	strongly reduced activation of nf-kappa-b.
165	decreased e3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity, increased binding to ube2d2.
199	decreased e3 ubiquitin-protein ligase activity without affecting binding to ube2d2.
242	decreased binding to ube2d2.
245	decreased binding to ube2d2.

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

4 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-983168	Antigen processing: Ubiquitination & Proteasome degradation
R-HSA-1280218	Adaptive Immune System
R-HSA-168256	Immune System
R-HSA-983169	Class I MHC mediated antigen processing & presentation

MSigDB gene sets: 96 (showing top): REACTOME_ADAPTIVE_IMMUNE_SYSTEM, REACTOME_CLASS_I_MHC_MEDIATED_ANTIGEN_PROCESSING_PRESENTATION, REACTOME_ANTIGEN_PROCESSING_UBIQUITINATION_PROTEASOME_DEGRADATION, GOBP_MACROMOLECULE_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, EFC_Q6, GOBP_TRANSLATION, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_MOLECULAR_FUNCTION, GGAANCGGAANY_UNKNOWN, NF1_Q6_01, GOBP_POST_TRANSLATIONAL_PROTEIN_MODIFICATION, GOBP_PROTEIN_POLYUBIQUITINATION, GOBP_TRANSLATIONAL_ELONGATION, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_DNA_BINDING_TRANSCRIPTION_FACTOR_ACTIVITY, HAND1E47_01, SAGIV_CD24_TARGETS_DN

GO Biological Process (8): ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process (GO:0006511), protein ubiquitination (GO:0016567), obsolete positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity (GO:0051092), rescue of stalled cytosolic ribosome (GO:0072344), protein K6-linked ubiquitination (GO:0085020), protein-RNA covalent cross-linking repair (GO:0160127), translational elongation (GO:0006414), translational termination (GO:0006415)

GO Molecular Function (7): ubiquitin-protein transferase activity (GO:0004842), zinc ion binding (GO:0008270), NF-kappaB binding (GO:0051059), ubiquitin protein ligase activity (GO:0061630), protein binding (GO:0005515), transferase activity (GO:0016740), metal ion binding (GO:0046872)

GO Cellular Component (4): nucleus (GO:0005634), cytosol (GO:0005829), cytosolic ribosome (GO:0022626), cytoplasm (GO:0005737)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-3 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Class I MHC mediated antigen processing & presentation	1
Immune System	1
Adaptive Immune System	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
translation	2
cellular anatomical structure	2
protein ubiquitination	1
modification-dependent protein catabolic process	1
protein modification by small protein conjugation	1
cytoplasmic translational elongation	1
ribosome disassembly	1
protein polyubiquitination	1
rescue of stalled cytosolic ribosome	1
macromolecule biosynthetic process	1
protein-containing complex disassembly	1
ubiquitin-like protein transferase activity	1
transition metal ion binding	1
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding	1
ubiquitin-protein transferase activity	1
ubiquitin-like protein ligase activity	1
binding	1
catalytic activity	1
cation binding	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1
cytoplasm	1
cytosol	1
ribosome	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1072 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
RNF25	UBE2D2	P51669	541
RNF25	FBXO42	Q6P3S6	512
RNF25	UBE2D1	P51668	501
RNF25	NKD2	Q969F2	464
RNF25	HSD17B10	Q99714	459
RNF25	ADGRG7	Q96K78	442
RNF25	LCN2	P30150	432
RNF25	LSM7	Q9UK45	423
RNF25	ZNF319	Q9P2F9	417
RNF25	GIT1	Q9Y2X7	410
RNF25	RNF11	Q9Y3C5	405
RNF25	PSMA6	P34062	403
RNF25	GIT2	Q14161	401
RNF25	RNF20	Q5VTR2	401
RNF25	TMBIM1	Q969X1	399

IntAct

64 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
RNF25	UBE2D3	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.850
UBE2D3	RNF25	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.850
STX18	NBAS	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.810
UBE2D1	RNF25	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.800
RNF25	UBE2D2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.800
RNF25	UBE2E3	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.800
RNF25	UBE2D1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.800
UBE2D2	RNF25	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.800
UBE2E3	RNF25	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.800
HSPA8	GAK	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.760
RNF25	UBE2D4	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.750
RNF25	UBE2E1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.750
UBE2D4	RNF25	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.750
RNF25	UBE2E1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.750
UBE2E2	RNF25	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.740
UBE2E2	RNF25	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.740
STX5	GOSR2	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.670
KCTD21	RNF25	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
MEOX2	RNF25	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
PRKN	RNF25	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
UBE2D2	UBB	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
MINDY3	UBB	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
RNF25	IVL	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530

BioGRID (147): RNF25 (Two-hybrid), RNF25 (Affinity Capture-MS), RNF25 (Affinity Capture-MS), RNF25 (Co-crystal Structure), UBE2D2 (Reconstituted Complex), RNF25 (Biochemical Activity), UBE2E3 (Reconstituted Complex), RNF25 (Affinity Capture-MS), RNF25 (Affinity Capture-MS), RNF25 (Affinity Capture-MS), UBE2D4 (Affinity Capture-MS), UBE2E1 (Affinity Capture-MS), RNF25 (Affinity Capture-MS), RNF25 (Affinity Capture-MS), UBE2D3 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A0G2JXN2, A2RRU4, A4D2P6, A6QM06, D3YYI7, E1BBQ2, E9PGG2, F1LQY6, O19131, P19438, P29590, P50555, P52734, P55199, P97260, P98174, Q0VCT3, Q12770, Q3TAA7, Q3ZCA1, Q496Y0, Q4R4I0, Q5E9N3, Q5MNU5, Q5R5T1, Q60953, Q66T02, Q69Z89, Q6GQT6, Q70EL4, Q7TNM2, Q7Z4K8, Q7Z6J9, Q8BUM9, Q8C190, Q8CE64, Q8HXH0, Q8N1F8, Q8N554, Q8TC41

Diamond homologs: D4A7V9, Q5E9N3, Q7SXJ6, Q96BH1, Q9QZ05, Q9QZR0, Q9P2K8

SIGNOR signaling

2 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
Ub:E2	“up-regulates activity”	RNF25	ubiquitination
RNF25	“down-regulates quantity by destabilization”	NKD2	polyubiquitination

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 42 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
Synthesis of active ubiquitin: roles of E1 and E2 enzymes	5	55.8×	4e-06
Negative regulators of DDX58/IFIH1 signaling	5	49.4×	5e-06
E3 ubiquitin ligases ubiquitinate target proteins	5	29.3×	4e-05
Antigen processing: Ubiquitination & Proteasome degradation	11	12.4×	2e-07

GO biological processes:

GO term	Partners	Fold	FDR
protein K11-linked ubiquitination	5	51.6×	4e-06
protein monoubiquitination	5	45.2×	6e-06
protein K48-linked ubiquitination	8	35.5×	2e-08
protein K63-linked ubiquitination	5	35.2×	2e-05
protein polyubiquitination	7	21.3×	4e-06
ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process	8	15.6×	4e-06
protein ubiquitination	7	7.6×	1e-03

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

84 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	64
Likely benign	2
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

1405 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
2:218664536:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:218664733:CCTCA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
2:218664734:CTCA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
2:218664735:TCA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
2:218664736:CA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
2:218664737:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
2:218664738:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
2:218664738:CCTG:C	donor_gain	1.0000
2:218664772:AG:A	donor_gain	1.0000
2:218664869:AGCTC:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:218664871:CTC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:218664872:TC:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:218664873:CC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:218664874:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:218664874:C:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:218664875:T:G	acceptor_loss	1.0000
2:218664886:A:AC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:218664886:A:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:218665243:GCCTT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:218665244:CCTTC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:218665245:CTT:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:218665246:TT:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:218665247:TC:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
2:218665248:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
2:218665248:CT:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
2:218665249:T:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
2:218665911:TCTA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
2:218665912:CTACC:C	donor_loss	1.0000
2:218665913:TACCT:T	donor_loss	1.0000
2:218665914:A:T	donor_loss	1.0000

AlphaMissense

2941 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
2:218665229:A:G	C198R	0.999
2:218666176:A:G	C138R	0.999
2:218666185:A:G	C135R	0.999
2:218665220:A:G	C201R	0.998
2:218666008:A:G	C161R	0.998
2:218666026:G:C	H155D	0.998
2:218666214:A:G	L125P	0.998
2:218666214:A:T	L125H	0.998
2:218666227:C:G	G121R	0.998
2:218666227:C:T	G121R	0.998
2:218667919:A:G	L117P	0.998
2:218668100:A:G	L89P	0.998
2:218668306:G:T	P51H	0.998
2:218668648:A:G	S25P	0.998
2:218665215:T:A	R202S	0.997
2:218665215:T:G	R202S	0.997
2:218665216:C:A	R202I	0.997
2:218665216:C:G	R202T	0.997
2:218665219:C:G	C201S	0.997
2:218665220:A:T	C201S	0.997
2:218666006:G:C	C161W	0.997
2:218666015:G:C	H158Q	0.997
2:218666015:G:T	H158Q	0.997
2:218666017:G:C	H158D	0.997
2:218666024:G:C	H155Q	0.997
2:218666024:G:T	H155Q	0.997
2:218666163:A:G	F142S	0.997
2:218666174:G:C	C138W	0.997
2:218666183:A:C	C135W	0.997
2:218666184:C:G	C135S	0.997

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000024451 (2:218665470 G>A,C), RS1000055970 (2:218669337 T>C), RS1000621972 (2:218667262 TTC>T), RS1000909845 (2:218666822 T>C,G), RS1001694844 (2:218670966 G>T), RS1002075817 (2:218672267 T>A), RS1002260138 (2:218665437 G>A,C), RS1002291461 (2:218665041 C>A,T), RS1002625019 (2:218666741 T>A), RS1004086499 (2:218673660 C>G,T), RS1004288255 (2:218668936 G>A), RS1004409318 (2:218670490 T>TA), RS1004641770 (2:218670200 T>TTAA), RS1004650828 (2:218670116 G>A), RS1005432265 (2:218664261 TCC>T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:616014 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

1 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST006661_114	Male-pattern baldness	2.000000e-16

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

21 total (human), top 21 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
aristolochic acid I	increases expression	1
3-((6-(2-methoxyphenyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)phenyl)methane sulfonamide	decreases expression	1
FR900359	decreases phosphorylation	1
pirinixic acid	decreases expression, increases activity, affects binding	1
sodium arsenite	increases expression	1
di-n-butylphosphoric acid	affects expression	1
cylindrospermopsin	increases expression	1
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
abrine	increases expression	1
Caffeine	increases phosphorylation	1
Cisplatin	increases expression	1
Diethylstilbestrol	increases expression	1
Doxorubicin	decreases expression	1
Enzyme Inhibitors	decreases activity, increases O-linked glycosylation	1
Methyl Methanesulfonate	increases expression	1
Rotenone	decreases expression	1
Smoke	decreases expression	1
Dronabinol	decreases expression	1
Thiram	decreases expression	1
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	increases expression	1
Lactic Acid	decreases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.