SDHAF1

Summary

SDHAF1 (succinate dehydrogenase complex assembly factor 1, HGNC:33867) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 19q13.12, encoding Succinate dehydrogenase assembly factor 1, mitochondrial (A6NFY7). Plays an essential role in the assembly of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), an enzyme complex (also referred to as respiratory complex II) that is a component of both the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and which couples the oxidation…. It is a selective cancer dependency (DepMap: 14.2% of cell lines).

The succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex (or complex II) of the mitochondrial respiratory chain is composed of 4 individual subunits. The protein encoded by this gene resides in the mitochondria, and is essential for SDH assembly, but does not physically associate with the complex in vivo. Mutations in this gene are associated with SDH-defective infantile leukoencephalopathy (mitochondrial complex II deficiency).

Source: NCBI Gene 644096 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): mitochondrial disease (Definitive, ClinGen) — +4 more curated relationships
• GWAS associations: 1
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 39 total
• Phenotypes (HPO): 56
• Cancer dependency (DepMap): dependent in 14.2% of screened cell lines
• Dosage sensitivity (ClinGen): haploinsufficiency autosomal recessive, triplosensitivity no evidence
• MANE Select transcript: NM_001042631

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:33867
Approved symbol	SDHAF1
Name	succinate dehydrogenase complex assembly factor 1
Location	19q13.12
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	LYRM8
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000205138
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	612848
Entrez	644096

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 1 — 1 protein_coding

ENST00000378887

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_001042631 NM_001042631

CCDS: CCDS32999

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000378887 — 1 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001479154	35995188	35996312

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 277 present calls, max score 94.53.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 13.0912 / max 94.9461, expressed in 1790 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (1 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
175450	13.0912	1790

Top tissues by expression

285 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
type B pancreatic cell	CL:0000169	94.53	silver quality
olfactory bulb	UBERON:0002264	90.95	silver quality
parotid gland	UBERON:0001831	89.93	gold quality
mucosa of transverse colon	UBERON:0004991	89.31	gold quality
lateral nuclear group of thalamus	UBERON:0002736	89.25	gold quality
pancreatic ductal cell	CL:0002079	89.18	silver quality
vena cava	UBERON:0004087	88.86	silver quality
substantia nigra pars reticulata	UBERON:0001966	88.14	gold quality
middle temporal gyrus	UBERON:0002771	88.13	gold quality
lateral globus pallidus	UBERON:0002476	87.91	gold quality
substantia nigra pars compacta	UBERON:0001965	87.86	gold quality
prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0000451	87.69	gold quality
body of tongue	UBERON:0011876	87.55	gold quality
diaphragm	UBERON:0001103	87.54	silver quality
pons	UBERON:0000988	87.53	gold quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	87.38	gold quality
cerebellar vermis	UBERON:0004720	87.37	gold quality
right hemisphere of cerebellum	UBERON:0014890	87.19	gold quality
cerebellar cortex	UBERON:0002129	87.17	gold quality
cerebellar hemisphere	UBERON:0002245	87.16	gold quality
granulocyte	CL:0000094	87.07	gold quality
cerebellum	UBERON:0002037	87.01	gold quality
inferior vagus X ganglion	UBERON:0005363	86.83	gold quality
dorsal plus ventral thalamus	UBERON:0001897	86.82	gold quality
cardia of stomach	UBERON:0001162	86.34	gold quality
gingival epithelium	UBERON:0001949	86.30	gold quality
lower esophagus muscularis layer	UBERON:0035833	86.18	gold quality
apex of heart	UBERON:0002098	86.14	gold quality
lower esophagus	UBERON:0013473	86.14	gold quality
muscle layer of sigmoid colon	UBERON:0035805	86.06	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	4.48

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

19 targeting SDHAF1, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-6870-5P	99.99	68.55	2115
HSA-MIR-1229-3P	99.97	66.49	906
HSA-MIR-4723-5P	99.97	68.70	2034
HSA-MIR-5698	99.97	68.49	2029
HSA-MIR-7111-5P	99.97	68.48	2062
HSA-MIR-3180-5P	99.82	69.12	2422
HSA-MIR-204-5P	99.79	71.62	2439
HSA-MIR-211-5P	99.79	71.65	2440
HSA-MIR-4688	99.48	64.68	828
HSA-MIR-6743-5P	99.48	63.60	721
HSA-MIR-1275	99.47	67.90	2749
HSA-MIR-625-5P	99.02	68.64	2031
HSA-MIR-4424	98.91	70.33	1145
HSA-MIR-3938	98.72	66.07	834
HSA-MIR-3179	98.22	65.90	1445
HSA-MIR-4665-5P	97.91	67.69	1536
HSA-MIR-937-5P	97.43	68.39	667
HSA-MIR-4749-3P	96.40	66.24	798
HSA-MIR-4793-3P	94.87	65.85	896

Functional genomics

ClinGen dosage: haploinsufficiency 30 (autosomal recessive), triplosensitivity 0 (no evidence). ClinGen Gene Dosage Map DepMap (CRISPR cell-line fitness): dependent in 14.2% of screened cell lines.

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 4)

• Leukoencephalopathy with accumulated succinate is a key symptom of defective complex II assembly due to SDHAF1 mutations (PMID:22995659)
• Studies indicate that an array of tumor syndromes caused by complex II-associated mutations in genes SDHA, SDHB, SDHC, SDHD, SDHAF1 and SDHAF2 have been identified over a decade. (PMID:23174333)
• that SDHAF1 contributes to iron-sulfur (Fe-S) cluster incorporation into the Fe-S subunit of CII, SDHB. (PMID:26749241)
• Parallel functional assessment of m(6)A sites in human endodermal differentiation with base editor screens. (PMID:35078991)

Cross-species orthologs

2 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Sdhaf1	ENSMUSG00000074211
rattus_norvegicus	Sdhaf1	ENSRNOG00000047045

Paralogs (1): LYRM4 (ENSG00000214113)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Succinate dehydrogenase assembly factor 1, mitochondrial — A6NFY7 (reviewed: A6NFY7)

Alternative names: LYR motif-containing protein 8

All UniProt accessions (1): A6NFY7

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Plays an essential role in the assembly of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), an enzyme complex (also referred to as respiratory complex II) that is a component of both the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and which couples the oxidation of succinate to fumarate with the reduction of ubiquinone (coenzyme Q) to ubiquinol. Promotes maturation of the iron-sulfur protein subunit SDHB of the SDH catalytic dimer, protecting it from the deleterious effects of oxidants. May act together with SDHAF3. Contributes to iron-sulfur cluster incorporation into SDHB by binding to SDHB and recruiting the iron-sulfur transfer complex formed by HSC20, HSPA9 and ISCU through direct binding to HSC20.

Subunit / interactions. Interacts with SDHB within an SDHA-SDHB subcomplex. Also interacts with the iron-sulfur transfer complex formed by HSC20, HSPA9 and ISCU through direct binding to HSC20. Binding of SDHAF1 to SDHB precedes and is necessary for recruitment of the iron-sulfur transfer complex by SDHAF1.

Subcellular location. Mitochondrion matrix.

Tissue specificity. Ubiquitously expressed.

Disease relevance. Mitochondrial complex II deficiency, nuclear type 2 (MC2DN2) [MIM:619166] A form of mitochondrial complex II deficiency, a disorder with heterogeneous clinical manifestations. Some patients have multisystem involvement of the brain, heart, muscle, liver, and kidneys resulting in death in infancy, whereas others have only isolated cardiac or muscle involvement with onset in adulthood and normal cognition. Clinical features include psychomotor regression in infants, poor growth with lack of speech development, severe spastic quadriplegia, dystonia, progressive leukoencephalopathy, muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, cardiomyopathy. Some patients manifest Leigh syndrome or Kearns-Sayre syndrome. MC2DN2 inheritance is autosomal recessive. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Miscellaneous. Riboflavin supplementation, which is used as a treatment in SDHAF1-deficient patients, enhances SDHA flavinylation and activity and reduces levels of HIF1A, HIF2A and succinate.

Similarity. Belongs to the complex I LYR family. SDHAF1 subfamily.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_001036096* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR008011	Complex1_LYR_dom	Domain
IPR045295	Complex1_LYR_SDHAF1_LYRM8	Domain
IPR052687	SDHAF1	Family

Pfam: PF05347

UniProt features (14 total): sequence variant 6, region of interest 2, mutagenesis site 2, short sequence motif 2, chain 1, sequence conflict 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-A6NFY7-F1	77.46	0.46

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Mutagenesis-validated functional residues (2):

Position	Phenotype
14–16	abolishes interaction with the iron-sulfur transfer complex composed of hsc20, hspa9 and iscu and reduces binding to sdh
53–55	retains reduced ability to interact with hsc20 and sdhb.

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

4 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-9854311	Maturation of TCA enzymes and regulation of TCA cycle
R-HSA-1428517	Aerobic respiration and respiratory electron transport
R-HSA-1430728	Metabolism
R-HSA-71403	Citric acid cycle (TCA cycle)

MSigDB gene sets: 223 (showing top): GRAESSMANN_APOPTOSIS_BY_DOXORUBICIN_UP, GRAESSMANN_RESPONSE_TO_MC_AND_DOXORUBICIN_UP, GOBP_MITOCHONDRIAL_RESPIRATORY_CHAIN_COMPLEX_ASSEMBLY, HU_GENOTOXIN_ACTION_DIRECT_VS_INDIRECT_4HR, HAN_SATB1_TARGETS_DN, GOCC_MITOCHONDRIAL_MATRIX, GAZDA_DIAMOND_BLACKFAN_ANEMIA_ERYTHROID_DN, BYSTRYKH_HEMATOPOIESIS_STEM_CELL_QTL_TRANS, FOSTER_KDM1A_TARGETS_DN, GSE13522_CTRL_VS_T_CRUZI_Y_STRAIN_INF_SKIN_IFNAR_KO_DN, ARNT2_TARGET_GENES, CEBPZ_TARGET_GENES, CREB3L4_TARGET_GENES, HOXC6_TARGET_GENES, ZNF30_TARGET_GENES

GO Biological Process (1): mitochondrial respiratory chain complex II assembly (GO:0034553)

GO Molecular Function (1): protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (3): nucleoplasm (GO:0005654), mitochondrion (GO:0005739), mitochondrial matrix (GO:0005759)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-3 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Citric acid cycle (TCA cycle)	1
Metabolism	1
Aerobic respiration and respiratory electron transport	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
mitochondrion	2
mitochondrial respiratory chain complex assembly	1
respiratory chain complex II assembly	1
binding	1
nuclear lumen	1
cellular anatomical structure	1
cytoplasm	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1
intracellular organelle lumen	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

848 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
SDHAF1	SDHA	P31040	996
SDHAF1	SDHB	P21912	959
SDHAF1	F5H5T6	F5H5T6	941
SDHAF1	SDHD	O14521	940
SDHAF1	SDHAF2	Q9NX18	927
SDHAF1	SDHC	Q99643	922
SDHAF1	SDHAF3	Q9NRP4	899
SDHAF1	SDHAF4	Q5VUM1	835
SDHAF1	HSCB	Q8IWL3	755
SDHAF1	LYRM7	Q5U5X0	728
SDHAF1	LYRM4	Q9HD34	717
SDHAF1	HSPA9	P30036	700
SDHAF1	ISCU	Q9H1K1	693
SDHAF1	LYRM9	A8MSI8	594
SDHAF1	NFU1	Q9UMS0	574

IntAct

26 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
SDHAF1	SDHB	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.790
SDHAF1	SDHB	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.790
SDHAF1	SDHB	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.790
SDHB	SDHAF1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.790
SDHB	SDHAF1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.790
SDHAF1	HSCB	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.750
HSCB	SDHAF1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.750
	SDHAF1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
SDHAF1	KRT27	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
SDHAF1	CIDEB	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
HSCB	RBP5	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
SDHAF1	NDUFAB1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
SDHAF1		psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
SDHAF1	KRT27	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
SDHAF1	CIDEB	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000

BioGRID (10): SDHAF1 (Two-hybrid), SDHAF1 (Two-hybrid), SDHAF1 (Two-hybrid), SDHAF1 (Affinity Capture-MS), SDHAF1 (Affinity Capture-MS), SDHAF1 (Affinity Capture-MS), SDHAF1 (Positive Genetic), NDUFAB1 (Affinity Capture-MS), SDHA (Affinity Capture-MS), SDHB (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A1A4I4, A2SXS5, A5PJV8, A6NFY7, A6QPI4, A8PU71, B0K036, O00192, O00255, O02718, O43189, O60232, O75208, O88559, P12755, P83369, Q0P5I0, Q16512, Q2KJ58, Q2NL34, Q32Q90, Q3MII6, Q3U276, Q504T8, Q5C9Z4, Q5QQ50, Q5RB75, Q5T6X4, Q68EN5, Q6DVA0, Q6WVG3, Q7T076, Q7Z6J2, Q86UD0, Q86UK7, Q8CEG5, Q8IVD9, Q8N6N2, Q8NC56, Q8QZV0

Diamond homologs: A6NFY7, A8PU71, B0K036, Q3U276, A6ZYX9, Q3E785, Q54HG5, Q55BM0, Q9US02

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

39 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	26
Likely benign	5
Benign	3

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

164 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
19:35995990:T:TA	acceptor_gain	0.7500
19:35995990:TG:T	acceptor_gain	0.7100
19:35995991:G:GC	acceptor_gain	0.7100
19:35995959:G:GT	donor_gain	0.6400
19:35995665:G:GT	donor_gain	0.5900
19:35996019:G:GT	donor_gain	0.5300
19:35995923:A:C	acceptor_gain	0.5200
19:35995989:CTG:C	acceptor_gain	0.5200
19:35996048:G:GC	acceptor_gain	0.5200
19:35995831:GGAGA:G	acceptor_gain	0.5000
19:35995961:A:T	donor_gain	0.4900
19:35995960:G:T	donor_gain	0.4800
19:35996049:AGAAG:A	acceptor_gain	0.4800
19:35995988:CCTG:C	acceptor_gain	0.4600
19:35996082:G:T	donor_gain	0.4600
19:35995830:TGGAG:T	acceptor_gain	0.4500
19:35995921:CGAAG:C	donor_loss	0.4500
19:35995922:GAAG:G	donor_loss	0.4500
19:35995923:AAG:A	donor_loss	0.4500
19:35995924:AG:A	donor_loss	0.4500
19:35995925:GGT:G	donor_loss	0.4500
19:35995926:G:GC	donor_loss	0.4500
19:35995927:T:G	donor_loss	0.4500
19:35996044:CTCTG:C	acceptor_gain	0.4400
19:35995302:C:T	donor_gain	0.4300
19:35996039:T:G	acceptor_gain	0.4300
19:35996050:G:GT	donor_gain	0.4300
19:35995940:G:GT	donor_gain	0.4200
19:35996043:A:G	acceptor_gain	0.4200
19:35995928:A:C	donor_loss	0.4100

AlphaMissense

718 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
19:35995381:T:C	F36S	0.995
19:35995380:T:C	F36L	0.994
19:35995382:C:A	F36L	0.994
19:35995382:C:G	F36L	0.994
19:35995437:C:A	R55S	0.986
19:35995426:A:T	E51V	0.985
19:35995381:T:G	F36C	0.981
19:35995497:T:C	F75L	0.981
19:35995499:C:A	F75L	0.981
19:35995499:C:G	F75L	0.981
19:35995327:T:C	L18P	0.979
19:35995443:G:T	G57W	0.976
19:35995444:G:A	G57E	0.975
19:35995450:G:C	R59P	0.975
19:35995425:G:A	E51K	0.974
19:35995438:G:C	R55P	0.972
19:35995441:G:C	R56P	0.972
19:35995317:T:G	Y15D	0.971
19:35995298:G:C	Q8H	0.969
19:35995298:G:T	Q8H	0.969
19:35995427:G:C	E51D	0.969
19:35995427:G:T	E51D	0.969
19:35995443:G:A	G57R	0.967
19:35995443:G:C	G57R	0.967
19:35995335:G:C	A21P	0.961
19:35995432:T:C	L53P	0.958
19:35995444:G:T	G57V	0.957
19:35995456:T:C	L61P	0.957
19:35995287:A:C	S5R	0.954
19:35995289:C:A	S5R	0.954

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000071321 (19:35996285 A>C,G), RS1000123444 (19:35996537 C>T), RS1001072788 (19:35994919 T>C), RS1001123544 (19:35995169 G>A,C), RS1002072313 (19:35993776 G>A), RS1002124591 (19:35994012 G>A), RS1003625924 (19:35996103 G>A), RS1004082498 (19:35994254 C>A,T), RS1004084892 (19:35995798 G>T), RS1004434146 (19:35994068 G>T), RS1007594479 (19:35994567 C>A), RS1007748077 (19:35996544 C>T), RS1008093624 (19:35995058 G>A,T), RS1009551595 (19:35994894 C>A), RS1010242572 (19:35994592 C>T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:612848 | disease phenotypes: MIM:252011, MIM:619166

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
mitochondrial complex 2 deficiency, nuclear type 2	Definitive	Autosomal recessive
mitochondrial complex II deficiency, nuclear type 1	Strong	Autosomal recessive
mitochondrial complex II deficiency	Moderate	Autosomal recessive

ClinGen Gene-Disease Validity (2)

Expert-panel classifications — Definitive > Strong > Moderate > Limited > Disputed > Refuted.

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
Leigh syndrome	Limited	AR
mitochondrial disease	Definitive	AR

Mondo (3): mitochondrial complex II deficiency, nuclear type 1 (MONDO:0100294), mitochondrial complex 2 deficiency, nuclear type 2 (MONDO:0030935), (MONDO:0009641)

Orphanet (1): Isolated succinate-CoQ reductase deficiency (Orphanet:3208)

HPO phenotypes

56 total (30 of 56 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0000007	Autosomal recessive inheritance
HP:0000076	Vesicoureteral reflux
HP:0000478	Abnormality of the eye
HP:0000544	External ophthalmoplegia
HP:0000580	Pigmentary retinopathy
HP:0000618	Blindness
HP:0000639	Nystagmus
HP:0000726	Dementia
HP:0000737	Irritability
HP:0001250	Seizure
HP:0001251	Ataxia
HP:0001257	Spasticity
HP:0001270	Motor delay
HP:0001285	Spastic tetraparesis
HP:0001290	Generalized hypotonia
HP:0001510	Growth delay
HP:0001511	Intrauterine growth retardation
HP:0001626	Abnormality of the cardiovascular system
HP:0001639	Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
HP:0001712	Left ventricular hypertrophy
HP:0001824	Weight loss
HP:0002123	Generalized myoclonic seizure
HP:0002313	Spastic paraparesis
HP:0002333	Motor deterioration
HP:0002352	Leukoencephalopathy
HP:0002359	Frequent falls
HP:0002376	Developmental regression
HP:0002421	Poor head control
HP:0002474	Expressive language delay
HP:0002505	Loss of ambulation

GWAS associations

1 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST011352_10	Alanine aminotransferase levels	6.000000e-09

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
C565375	Mitochondrial Complex II Deficiency (supp.)

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

29 total (human), top 29 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Leflunomide	decreases expression	2
Air Pollutants	decreases expression, affects expression, increases abundance	2
Methyl Methanesulfonate	decreases expression, increases expression	2
bisphenol F	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
bisphenol A	decreases expression	1
methylparaben	increases expression	1
sodium arsenite	decreases expression	1
benzo(e)pyrene	decreases methylation	1
di-n-butylphosphoric acid	affects expression	1
Adenine	decreases expression	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	decreases methylation	1
Cisplatin	decreases expression	1
Colchicine	decreases expression	1
Dexamethasone	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Ethyl Methanesulfonate	decreases expression	1
Etoposide	decreases expression	1
Formaldehyde	decreases expression	1
Indomethacin	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Methapyrilene	decreases methylation	1
Ozone	affects expression, increases abundance	1
Smoke	decreases expression	1
Thiram	decreases expression	1
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	increases expression	1
Urethane	decreases expression	1
Valproic Acid	increases expression	1
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Aflatoxin B1	decreases methylation	1
Mitomycin	decreases expression	1
Particulate Matter	decreases expression, increases abundance	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.