SERPINA4

Summary

SERPINA4 (serpin family A member 4, HGNC:8948) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 14q32.13, encoding Kallistatin (P29622). Inhibits human amidolytic and kininogenase activities of tissue kallikrein.

Predicted to enable serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity. Located in extracellular exosome. Biomarker of diabetic retinopathy.

Source: NCBI Gene 5267 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 3
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 91 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_006215

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:8948
Approved symbol	SERPINA4
Name	serpin family A member 4
Location	14q32.13
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	KST, KAL, KLST
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000100665
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	147935
Entrez	5267

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 26 — 26 protein_coding

ENST00000298841, ENST00000555095, ENST00000557004, ENST00000871740, ENST00000871741, ENST00000871742, ENST00000871743, ENST00000871744, ENST00000871745, ENST00000871746, ENST00000871747, ENST00000871748, ENST00000871749, ENST00000871750, ENST00000871751, ENST00000871752, ENST00000871753, ENST00000871754, ENST00000871755, ENST00000871756, ENST00000871757, ENST00000871758, ENST00000871759, ENST00000871760, ENST00000871761, ENST00000871762

RefSeq mRNA: 3 — MANE Select: NM_006215 NM_001289032, NM_001289033, NM_006215

CCDS: CCDS9927

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000557004 — 5 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001098009	94566970	94567243
ENSE00001098015	94563466	94564131
ENSE00001098017	94568129	94568288
ENSE00002440322	94561442	94561494
ENSE00002444199	94569395	94569906

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth broad, 72 present calls, max score 98.20.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 0.0206 / max 7.2163, expressed in 10 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (3 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
141245	1.0515	53
141244	0.3262	34
141246	0.0206	10

Top tissues by expression

266 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	98.20	gold quality
body of pancreas	UBERON:0001150	97.13	gold quality
liver	UBERON:0002107	96.96	gold quality
gall bladder	UBERON:0002110	95.17	gold quality
pancreas	UBERON:0001264	90.98	gold quality
islet of Langerhans	UBERON:0000006	85.53	gold quality
corpus epididymis	UBERON:0004359	81.87	gold quality
caput epididymis	UBERON:0004358	77.08	gold quality
body of stomach	UBERON:0001161	75.35	gold quality
stomach	UBERON:0000945	74.48	gold quality
seminal vesicle	UBERON:0000998	71.45	silver quality
cauda epididymis	UBERON:0004360	70.71	silver quality
tibialis anterior	UBERON:0001385	67.74	silver quality
adult mammalian kidney	UBERON:0000082	67.69	gold quality
pancreatic ductal cell	CL:0002079	64.79	silver quality
fundus of stomach	UBERON:0001160	64.58	gold quality
ileal mucosa	UBERON:0000331	63.75	silver quality
deltoid	UBERON:0001476	58.95	silver quality
kidney	UBERON:0002113	58.94	gold quality
duodenum	UBERON:0002114	56.77	gold quality
skin of hip	UBERON:0001554	56.16	silver quality
cardia of stomach	UBERON:0001162	54.75	gold quality
parotid gland	UBERON:0001831	53.50	gold quality
oocyte	CL:0000023	53.36	gold quality
pylorus	UBERON:0001166	53.25	gold quality
nasal cavity epithelium	UBERON:0005384	52.74	gold quality
epithelial cell of pancreas	CL:0000083	52.03	gold quality
adrenal tissue	UBERON:0018303	51.65	gold quality
cortex of kidney	UBERON:0001225	51.49	gold quality
metanephros cortex	UBERON:0010533	51.13	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 2.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	8.16
E-HCAD-9	yes	8.09

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): FOXO1

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

6 targeting SERPINA4, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-3065-3P	99.87	70.25	1407
HSA-MIR-520A-5P	99.35	66.72	1632
HSA-MIR-525-5P	99.35	66.85	1615
HSA-MIR-660-3P	98.14	66.04	1434
HSA-MIR-6849-3P	97.25	64.57	1371
HSA-MIR-3690	96.44	65.18	737

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 39)

• Delivery of human kallistatin cDNA to ischemic rat hindlimb and breast tumor xenografts showed that Kallistatin is a new inhibitor of angiogenesis and tumor growth. (PMID:12384424)
• Results indicate that the heparin-binding domain, but not the reactive site loop of kallistatin, is essential for inhibiting vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis. (PMID:12734113)
• KBP reduces expression of VEGF and HIF-1alpha nuclear translocation (PMID:17714861)
• Adeno-associated virus-mediated expression of KAL inhibits the growth of colon cancer by reducing angiogenesis and proliferation of tumor cells. (PMID:17729417)
• Kruppel-like factor 4 is a novel mediator of Kallistatin in inhibiting endothelial inflammation via increased endothelial nitric-oxide synthase expression. (PMID:19858207)
• Systemic administration of lentiviral vectors encoding kallistatin inhibited the growth of metastatic lung tumors and prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice. (PMID:20509975)
• Genotyping reveals two single nucleotide polymorphisms in the BCL2 gene and a single nucleotide polymorphism in the SERPINA4 gene associated with a decreased risk of developing acute kidney injury. (PMID:22710204)
• As a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammation agent, kallistatin may also hold therapeutic promise in cardiometabolic disorders. (PMID:23190873)
• Plasma kallistatin is a novel marker for severe community-acquired pneumonia prognosis. (PMID:23394256)
• A novel role of kallistatin in preventing breast tumor growth and mobility by direct interaction with LRP6. (PMID:23666756)
• these findings added the knowledge for us to understand the anti-angiogenic mechanism of kallistatin, which suggested that the rhKal could be worth as a candidate compound for further development for the purpose of anti-angiogenic therapies (PMID:24129914)
• decreased SPTBN1 and kallistatin gene expression associated with decreased relapse-free survival in hepatocellular carcinoma (PMID:25307947)
• Kallistatin protects against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury by blocking oxidative stress and renal inflammation. (PMID:25654330)
• Increased kallistatin levels in type 1 diabetes and its relation with carotid intima media thickness may reflect vascular dysfunction and suggest a link between micro- and macro-angiopathy. (PMID:26091968)
• Kallistatin’s heparin-binding site is crucial for preventing TGF-beta-induced miR-21 and oxidative stress, while its active site is key for stimulating the expression of eNOS. (PMID:26156753)
• crystal structure of kallistatin 1.9 A resolution (PMID:26323298)
• reveal novel mechanisms of kallistatin in inducing apoptosis and autophagy in breast cancer cells (PMID:26790955)
• generated a meta-marker model made up of SERPINA4 and PON1 that is useful as a differential diagnostic biomarker differentiating lung cancer from other lung diseases. (PMID:27168012)
• Kallistatin levels were correlated with some markers of systemic inflammation in the HIV population. (PMID:27326658)
• SNPs rs2093266 in the SERPINA4 is associated with the development of severe acute kidney injury (KDIGO stage 2-3) in critically ill patients with septic shock (PMID:28270177)
• Kallistatin levels may provide useful information regarding cardiovascular risk in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PMID:28294594)
• data suggest that overexpression of kallistatin interferes with lymphopoiesis, ultimately impacting the level of circulating CD19(+) B lymphocytes. (PMID:28299632)
• These findings suggested that kallistatin may be a promising agent that could be used to suppress cancer metastasis by inhibiting both angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis. (PMID:28440474)
• Our results indicate that during severe sepsis and septic shock, a decrease in plasma concentrations of kallistatin reflects increased severity and poorer outcome of disease. (PMID:28542440)
• The kallistatin’s dual roles in angiogenesis, apoptosis and oxidative stress contribute to its beneficial effects in various diseases. (PMID:28742513)
• These findings reveal novel mechanisms of kallistatin in protection against senescence, aging, and cancer development by modulating miR-34a and miR-21 levels and inhibiting oxidative stress. (PMID:28744338)
• Kallistatin functions as an endogenous lymphangiogenesis inhibitor and has an important part in the lymphatic metastasis of gastric cancer.Kallistatin was reduced in the cancer tissue and plasma of gastric cancer patients. (PMID:29243194)
• oxidative stress induces down- or upregulation of kallistatin expression, depending on oxygen concentration, and kallistatin plays a novel role in mediating oxygen/exercise-induced HIF-1-eNOS-NO pathway. (PMID:29387292)
• These findings provide, for the first time, evidence of a novel role of kallistatin in obesity and its associated comorbidities by limiting adipose tissue inflammation and oxidative stress (PMID:29679615)
• patients with less severe excretory pancreatic insufficiency and lipid profile disorders had higher kallistatin level than the control group (PMID:29729163)
• Low expression of kallistatin was associated with unfavourable prognosis and platinum resistance in high-grade serous (HGSOC). Overexpression of kallistatin significantly inhibited proliferation and metastasis, and enhanced platinum sensitivity and apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. These findings demonstrate that kallistatin serves as a prognostic predictor and provide a potential therapeutic target for HGSOC (PMID:31884974)
• Role of kallistatin in pediatric patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. (PMID:32558414)
• Clinical Significance of Serum Kallistatin and ENOX1 Levels in Patients with Coronary Heart Disease. (PMID:32712615)
• Serum kallistatin level is decreased in women with preeclampsia. (PMID:32866127)
• Kallistatin in follicular fluid of women with endometriosis and its correlation with IVF outcome. (PMID:34236276)
• Kallistatin limits abdominal aortic aneurysm by attenuating generation of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis. (PMID:34465809)
• Plasma E-selectin and kallistatin as predictive markers of histologic chorioamnionitis in women with preterm premature rupture of membranes. (PMID:35772987)
• [Relationship of the kallistatin gene expression with male spermatogenic dysfunction and its possible mechanism]. (PMID:37846113)
• Kallistatin deficiency exacerbates neuronal damage after cardiac arrest. (PMID:38383562)

Cross-species orthologs

3 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	serpina1	ENSDARG00000090286
danio_rerio	serpina1l	ENSDARG00000090850
rattus_norvegicus	Serpina4	ENSRNOG00000009788

Paralogs (36): SERPINB1 (ENSG00000021355), SERPINB3 (ENSG00000057149), SERPIND1 (ENSG00000099937), SERPINE1 (ENSG00000106366), SERPINI2 (ENSG00000114204), SERPINC1 (ENSG00000117601), SERPINA7 (ENSG00000123561), SERPINB6 (ENSG00000124570), SERPINF1 (ENSG00000132386), AGT (ENSG00000135744), SERPINE2 (ENSG00000135919), SERPINA10 (ENSG00000140093), SERPING1 (ENSG00000149131), SERPINH1 (ENSG00000149257), SERPINI1 (ENSG00000163536), SERPINA12 (ENSG00000165953), SERPINB7 (ENSG00000166396), SERPINB8 (ENSG00000166401), SERPINB12 (ENSG00000166634), SERPINF2 (ENSG00000167711), SERPINA9 (ENSG00000170054), SERPINA6 (ENSG00000170099), SERPINB9 (ENSG00000170542), SERPINA11 (ENSG00000186910), SERPINA5 (ENSG00000188488), SERPINA3 (ENSG00000196136), SERPINA1 (ENSG00000197249), SERPINB2 (ENSG00000197632), SERPINB13 (ENSG00000197641), SERPINB11 (ENSG00000206072), SERPINB4 (ENSG00000206073), SERPINB5 (ENSG00000206075), HMSD (ENSG00000221887), SERPINB10 (ENSG00000242550), SERPINE3 (ENSG00000253309), SERPINA2 (ENSG00000258597)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Kallistatin — P29622 (reviewed: P29622)

Alternative names: Kallikrein inhibitor, Peptidase inhibitor 4, Serpin A4

All UniProt accessions (2): P29622, A0A024R6I9

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Inhibits human amidolytic and kininogenase activities of tissue kallikrein. Inhibition is achieved by formation of an equimolar, heat- and SDS-stable complex between the inhibitor and the enzyme, and generation of a small C-terminal fragment of the inhibitor due to cleavage at the reactive site by tissue kallikrein.

Subunit / interactions. Monomer and some homodimers.

Subcellular location. Secreted.

Tissue specificity. Expressed by the liver and secreted in plasma.

Post-translational modifications. The N-terminus is blocked.

Miscellaneous. Heparin blocks kallistatin’s complex formation with tissue kallikrein and abolishes its inhibitory effect on tissue kallikrein’s activity.

Similarity. Belongs to the serpin family.

RefSeq proteins (3): NP_001275961, NP_001275962, NP_006206* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000215	Serpin_fam	Family
IPR023795	Serpin_CS	Conserved_site
IPR023796	Serpin_dom	Domain
IPR036186	Serpin_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR042178	Serpin_sf_1	Homologous_superfamily
IPR042185	Serpin_sf_2	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF00079

UniProt features (46 total): strand 19, helix 12, turn 7, glycosylation site 4, signal peptide 1, chain 1, site 1, sequence conflict 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

3 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
6F4V	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.8
6F4U	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	1.9
6F02	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	3

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-P29622-F1	87.30	0.80

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Catalytic / active sites (1): 388–389 (reactive bond)

Glycosylation sites (4): 33, 108, 157, 238

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

7 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-114608	Platelet degranulation
R-HSA-9925561	Developmental Lineage of Pancreatic Acinar Cells
R-HSA-109582	Hemostasis
R-HSA-1266738	Developmental Biology
R-HSA-76002	Platelet activation, signaling and aggregation
R-HSA-76005	Response to elevated platelet cytosolic Ca2+
R-HSA-9734767	Developmental Cell Lineages

MSigDB gene sets: 106 (showing top): MORF_ITGA2, MORF_MSH3, GNF2_GSTM1, GOCC_SECRETORY_GRANULE, REACTOME_PLATELET_ACTIVATION_SIGNALING_AND_AGGREGATION, GNF2_HPN, MORF_BRCA1, HNF1_Q6, MORF_RAD51L3, MODULE_379, MORF_CTSB, BLALOCK_ALZHEIMERS_DISEASE_UP, GNF2_LCAT, MORF_IL4, MORF_PRKCA

GO Biological Process (0):

GO Molecular Function (3): serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activity (GO:0004867), protein binding (GO:0005515), peptidase inhibitor activity (GO:0030414)

GO Cellular Component (4): extracellular region (GO:0005576), obsolete extracellular space (GO:0005615), platelet dense granule lumen (GO:0031089), extracellular exosome (GO:0070062)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-5 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Response to elevated platelet cytosolic Ca2+	1
Developmental Cell Lineages of the Exocrine Pancreas	1
Hemostasis	1
Platelet activation, signaling and aggregation	1
Developmental Biology	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
serine-type endopeptidase activity	1
endopeptidase inhibitor activity	1
binding	1
enzyme inhibitor activity	1
peptidase activity	1
peptidase regulator activity	1
cellular anatomical structure	1
secretory granule lumen	1
platelet dense granule	1
extracellular vesicle	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1126 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
SERPINA4	KLK1	P06870	997
SERPINA4	KLK2	P20151	997
SERPINA4	PI3	P19957	864
SERPINA4	KLK4	Q9Y5K2	847
SERPINA4	LRP6	O75581	777
SERPINA4	AZU1	P20160	709
SERPINA4	OSBP	P22059	686
SERPINA4	PI4KB	P78405	641
SERPINA4	CLINT1	Q14677	575
SERPINA4	CERT1	Q9Y5P4	532
SERPINA4	PLG	P00747	512
SERPINA4	PLEKHA3	Q9HB20	507
SERPINA4	CTRB2	Q6GPI1	488
SERPINA4	CTRB1	P17538	487
SERPINA4	PI4KA	P42356	484

IntAct

19 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
CTBP1	CBX4	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.700
SERPINA4	FKBP14	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.690
SERPINA4	CANX	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
PDPK1	HSPA8	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
CFTR	SERPINA4	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
SERPINA4	YAE1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
SERPINA4	GADD45G	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
SERPINA4	ILK	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
TAB1	SERPINA4	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
SERPINA4	MAP4K2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
MAPK6	SERPINA4	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
NR4A1	SERPINA4	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
RASA1	SERPINA4	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
SERPINA4	TNFRSF14	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
SERPINA4	TNNT1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
PDPK1	HSPA8	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
SERPINA4	SERPINA1	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (22): SERPINA4 (Affinity Capture-MS), FKBP14 (Affinity Capture-MS), FDFT1 (Affinity Capture-MS), SERPINA4 (Affinity Capture-MS), FKBP14 (Affinity Capture-MS), SERPINA4 (Reconstituted Complex), SERPINA4 (Affinity Capture-MS), SERPINA4 (Affinity Capture-MS), FKBP14 (Affinity Capture-MS), CANX (Affinity Capture-MS), SERPINA4 (PCA), SERPINA4 (Two-hybrid), SERPINA4 (Two-hybrid), SERPINA4 (Two-hybrid), SERPINA4 (Two-hybrid)

ESM2 similar proteins: A2I7M9, A2I7N0, A2I7N1, A2I7N2, A2I7N3, A6QPQ2, B2D1U1, E1BF81, O54762, P01011, P05154, P05544, P05545, P07759, P08185, P09006, P22323, P22324, P22325, P22599, P26595, P29621, P29622, P31211, P50451, P70458, Q00896, Q00897, Q00898, Q03044, Q03734, Q3ZEJ6, Q5I2A0, Q5R536, Q5R9E3, Q5RCR2, Q60396, Q63556, Q63969, Q64118

Diamond homologs: A2I7M9, A2I7N0, A2I7N1, A2I7N2, A2I7N3, A6QPQ2, B2D1U1, E1BF81, O00394, O54757, O54758, O54759, O54760, O54761, O54762, O54763, O75830, P01009, P01010, P01011, P05154, P05543, P05544, P05545, P05619, P07758, P07759, P08185, P09005, P09006, P12725, P17475, P20848, P22323, P22324, P22325, P22599, P23035, P23775, P26595

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

91 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	80
Likely benign	7
Benign	2

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

921 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
14:94569394:GA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
14:94561495:G:GG	donor_gain	0.9900
14:94566969:GCCCT:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
14:94569391:CCA:C	acceptor_loss	0.9900
14:94569392:CAGAG:C	acceptor_gain	0.9900
14:94569393:A:AG	acceptor_gain	0.9900
14:94569393:AGAG:A	acceptor_gain	0.9900
14:94569394:G:GG	acceptor_gain	0.9900
14:94569394:GAGT:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
14:94569394:GAGTT:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
14:94569526:G:GA	donor_gain	0.9900
14:94569568:C:T	donor_gain	0.9900
14:94569628:G:GT	donor_gain	0.9900
14:94569631:G:GT	donor_gain	0.9900
14:94569642:G:T	donor_gain	0.9900
14:94561492:GCC:G	donor_gain	0.9800
14:94564114:A:G	donor_gain	0.9800
14:94566968:A:AG	acceptor_gain	0.9800
14:94566969:G:GG	acceptor_gain	0.9800
14:94567221:T:TA	donor_gain	0.9800
14:94567222:G:GA	donor_gain	0.9800
14:94569530:A:AG	donor_gain	0.9800
14:94561490:GTGCC:G	donor_gain	0.9700
14:94564076:C:A	donor_gain	0.9700
14:94564092:G:GT	donor_gain	0.9700
14:94564127:CAAAG:C	donor_loss	0.9700
14:94564128:AAAGG:A	donor_loss	0.9700
14:94564129:AAG:A	donor_loss	0.9700
14:94564130:AGGTG:A	donor_loss	0.9700
14:94564131:GGTGA:G	donor_loss	0.9700

AlphaMissense

0 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000254353 (14:94562098 C>T), RS1000697150 (14:94567027 A>T), RS1000765407 (14:94567545 C>T), RS1000767838 (14:94568137 A>G,T), RS1001565343 (14:94561296 T>C), RS1001625342 (14:94566902 T>C), RS1001659712 (14:94562268 G>A), RS1001851456 (14:94560709 G>A), RS1002394056 (14:94560984 C>T), RS1002627287 (14:94565759 G>A), RS1002730313 (14:94570263 C>T), RS1002750114 (14:94564954 A>G), RS1002806936 (14:94560451 G>A,C,T), RS1003413315 (14:94569807 G>C), RS1003596442 (14:94564546 G>T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:147935 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

3 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST001642_1	Vaspin levels	4.000000e-41
GCST006585_1809	Blood protein levels	2.000000e-78
GCST006585_2347	Blood protein levels	7.000000e-49

EFO canonical traits (1, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0004915	vaspin measurement

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

26 total (human), top 26 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation, decreases expression, increases methylation	5
Cyclosporine	decreases expression	3
Aflatoxin B1	affects expression, decreases expression	3
bisphenol A	affects expression, affects cotreatment, decreases methylation	2
methyleugenol	decreases expression	1
tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate	decreases expression	1
sodium arsenite	decreases expression	1
benazol P	affects expression	1
Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins	decreases expression, affects cotreatment	1
bisphenol S	decreases methylation	1
Rosiglitazone	decreases expression	1
Fulvestrant	affects cotreatment, decreases methylation	1
Troglitazone	decreases expression	1
Acetaminophen	decreases expression	1
Cadmium	affects binding	1
Catechin	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Copper	affects binding	1
Nickel	affects binding	1
Quercetin	decreases expression	1
Rifampin	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin	decreases expression	1
Urethane	decreases expression	1
Zinc	affects binding	1
Okadaic Acid	decreases expression	1
beta-Naphthoflavone	decreases expression	1
Copper Sulfate	decreases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.