SHOC1

Summary

SHOC1 (shortage in chiasmata 1, HGNC:26535) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 9q31.3, encoding Protein shortage in chiasmata 1 ortholog (Q5VXU9). ATPase required during meiosis for the formation of crossover recombination intermediates.

Enables ATP hydrolysis activity and single-stranded DNA binding activity. Predicted to be involved in resolution of meiotic recombination intermediates and synaptonemal complex assembly. Predicted to be located in chromosome. Predicted to be active in condensed nuclear chromosome. Implicated in spermatogenic failure 75.

Source: NCBI Gene 158401 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): spermatogenic failure (Limited, GenCC)
• GWAS associations: 1
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 51 total — 11 pathogenic, 1 likely-pathogenic
• Phenotypes (HPO): 12
• MANE Select transcript: NM_001378211

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:26535
Approved symbol	SHOC1
Name	shortage in chiasmata 1
Location	9q31.3
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	FLJ32779, Zip2, MZIP2
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000165181
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	618038
Entrez	158401

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 11 — 9 protein_coding, 2 nonsense_mediated_decay

ENST00000318737, ENST00000374283, ENST00000374287, ENST00000394777, ENST00000394779, ENST00000682074, ENST00000682571, ENST00000682672, ENST00000682961, ENST00000683745, ENST00000683944

RefSeq mRNA: 4 — MANE Select: NM_001378211 NM_001080551, NM_001378211, NM_001378212, NM_173521

CCDS: CCDS43863, CCDS6781, CCDS94459, CCDS94461

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000682961 — 28 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001091029	111758084	111758195
ENSE00001091030	111741476	111741570
ENSE00001091033	111775791	111775975
ENSE00001258747	111756325	111756478
ENSE00001258760	111758695	111758848
ENSE00001258829	111691551	111692511
ENSE00001356321	111746234	111746342
ENSE00001356327	111748092	111748199
ENSE00001401653	111727633	111728049
ENSE00001407892	111694231	111694362
ENSE00001408357	111714445	111714623
ENSE00001408674	111718184	111718288
ENSE00001411679	111723792	111723911
ENSE00001414748	111722409	111722585
ENSE00001417162	111703881	111703992
ENSE00001419328	111702105	111702226
ENSE00001421899	111713100	111713172
ENSE00001423081	111707855	111707924
ENSE00001425196	111706568	111706746
ENSE00001426710	111693799	111693948
ENSE00001429135	111699954	111700047
ENSE00001429818	111738280	111738522
ENSE00001433900	111705247	111705364
ENSE00003459517	111780930	111781017
ENSE00003511654	111785912	111786035
ENSE00003581377	111791374	111791454
ENSE00003918875	111686171	111686870
ENSE00003921412	111794900	111794937

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 111 present calls, max score 87.33.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 0.1060 / max 40.5868, expressed in 33 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (4 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
102032	0.0460	27
102031	0.0352	6
102029	0.0137	3
102030	0.0112	4

Top tissues by expression

211 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
pancreatic ductal cell	CL:0002079	87.33	silver quality
sperm	CL:0000019	84.74	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	83.17	gold quality
right testis	UBERON:0004534	79.63	gold quality
left testis	UBERON:0004533	79.11	gold quality
testis	UBERON:0000473	78.82	gold quality
buccal mucosa cell	CL:0002336	77.49	gold quality
adrenal tissue	UBERON:0018303	75.19	gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	72.67	gold quality
metanephros cortex	UBERON:0010533	65.42	gold quality
right adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035827	64.82	gold quality
right adrenal gland	UBERON:0001233	62.82	gold quality
adrenal gland	UBERON:0002369	62.63	gold quality
adrenal cortex	UBERON:0001235	62.43	gold quality
adult mammalian kidney	UBERON:0000082	62.34	gold quality
cortex of kidney	UBERON:0001225	62.27	gold quality
tibialis anterior	UBERON:0001385	61.97	silver quality
calcaneal tendon	UBERON:0003701	61.73	gold quality
left adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035825	61.41	gold quality
blood	UBERON:0000178	61.17	gold quality
left adrenal gland	UBERON:0001234	61.12	gold quality
kidney	UBERON:0002113	59.77	gold quality
colonic epithelium	UBERON:0000397	59.55	silver quality
ileal mucosa	UBERON:0000331	59.37	silver quality
adult organism	UBERON:0007023	59.18	gold quality
bronchial epithelial cell	CL:0002328	59.13	gold quality
bronchus	UBERON:0002185	58.27	gold quality
corpus callosum	UBERON:0002336	58.02	gold quality
metanephros	UBERON:0000081	57.70	gold quality
oviduct epithelium	UBERON:0004804	56.51	silver quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 2.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-CURD-119	yes	41.76
E-ANND-3	yes	6.18

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

26 targeting SHOC1, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-200B-3P	100.00	73.31	2693
HSA-MIR-200C-3P	100.00	73.35	2685
HSA-MIR-429	100.00	73.44	2698
HSA-MIR-520D-5P	99.98	73.34	4883
HSA-MIR-524-5P	99.98	73.43	4882
HSA-MIR-4799-5P	99.82	70.60	2663
HSA-MIR-3681-5P	99.82	66.88	387
HSA-MIR-374C-5P	99.80	72.06	2910
HSA-MIR-655-3P	99.80	72.19	2909
HSA-MIR-7-5P	99.67	70.53	1809
HSA-MIR-6849-5P	99.64	66.00	352
HSA-MIR-4762-5P	99.57	68.54	1424
HSA-MIR-5004-3P	99.54	68.27	1371
HSA-MIR-122B-5P	99.46	70.81	1457
HSA-MIR-6722-3P	99.45	67.62	1919
HSA-MIR-190B-3P	99.33	68.29	1382
HSA-MIR-6071	99.16	67.77	1780
HSA-MIR-3161	98.71	67.14	816
HSA-MIR-302F	98.44	69.02	1776
HSA-MIR-4436B-3P	98.25	65.26	1494
HSA-MIR-6735-5P	98.24	65.36	1488
HSA-MIR-7843-5P	98.12	65.26	1421
HSA-MIR-4632-5P	97.82	65.38	1470
HSA-MIR-6879-5P	97.77	65.52	1521
HSA-MIR-4329	97.68	66.26	1003
HSA-MIR-6828-3P	96.06	67.61	1155

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 2)

• Bi-allelic SHOC1 loss-of-function mutations cause meiotic arrest and non-obstructive azoospermia. (PMID:32900840)
• Bi-allelic variants in SHOC1 cause non-obstructive azoospermia with meiosis arrest in humans and mice. (PMID:35485979)

Cross-species orthologs

2 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Shoc1	ENSMUSG00000038598
rattus_norvegicus	Shoc1	ENSRNOG00000060520

Protein

Protein identifiers

Protein shortage in chiasmata 1 ortholog — Q5VXU9 (reviewed: Q5VXU9)

Alternative names: Protein ZIP2 homolog

All UniProt accessions (8): A0A804HIH1, A0A804HJV9, A0A804HK82, A0A804HKR0, A0A804HL92, A0A804HLJ8, A6PVK7, Q5VXU9

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. ATPase required during meiosis for the formation of crossover recombination intermediates. Binds DNA: preferentially binds to single-stranded DNA and DNA branched structures. Does not show nuclease activity in vitro, but shows ATPase activity, which is stimulated by the presence of single-stranded DNA. Plays a key role in homologous recombination and crossing-over in meiotic prophase I in male and female germ cells. Required for proper synaptonemal complex assembly and homologous chromosome pairing. Requiref for recruitment TEX11 and MSH4 to recombination intermediates.

Subunit / interactions. Interacts with TEX11. Interacts with SPO16.

Subcellular location. Chromosome.

Disease relevance. Spermatogenic failure 75 (SPGF75) [MIM:619949] An autosomal recessive disorder characterized by male infertility due to non-obstructive azoospermia resulting from maturation arrest at the spermatocyte stage. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Similarity. Belongs to the XPF family. Highly divergent.

Isoforms (3)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q5VXU9-1	1	yes
Q5VXU9-2	2
Q5VXU9-3	3

RefSeq proteins (4): NP_001074020, NP_001365140, NP_001365141, NP_775792 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR039991	SHOC1	Family

Pfam: PF17825

UniProt features (23 total): sequence variant 16, splice variant 4, chain 1, region of interest 1, compositionally biased region 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q5VXU9-F1	49.16	0.01

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 98 (showing top): GOBP_MEIOTIC_CHROMOSOME_SEGREGATION, GOBP_CHROMOSOME_ORGANIZATION, SENESE_HDAC1_AND_HDAC2_TARGETS_DN, GOBP_SYNAPTONEMAL_COMPLEX_ORGANIZATION, GOBP_ORGANELLE_FISSION, USF_01, PYEON_CANCER_HEAD_AND_NECK_VS_CERVICAL_UP, GOBP_CHROMOSOME_ORGANIZATION_INVOLVED_IN_MEIOTIC_CELL_CYCLE, USF_02, GOBP_HOMOLOGOUS_CHROMOSOME_SEGREGATION, GOBP_MEIOTIC_CELL_CYCLE_PROCESS, GOMF_SINGLE_STRANDED_DNA_BINDING, GOBP_HOMOLOGOUS_CHROMOSOME_PAIRING_AT_MEIOSIS, GOBP_NUCLEAR_CHROMOSOME_SEGREGATION, SENESE_HDAC3_TARGETS_DN

GO Biological Process (4): resolution of meiotic recombination intermediates (GO:0000712), synaptonemal complex assembly (GO:0007130), reciprocal meiotic recombination (GO:0007131), meiotic cell cycle (GO:0051321)

GO Molecular Function (4): single-stranded DNA binding (GO:0003697), ATP hydrolysis activity (GO:0016887), DNA binding (GO:0003677), hydrolase activity (GO:0016787)

GO Cellular Component (2): condensed nuclear chromosome (GO:0000794), chromosome (GO:0005694)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
reciprocal meiotic recombination	1
meiosis I cell cycle process	1
homologous chromosome pairing at meiosis	1
cellular component assembly	1
chromosome organization involved in meiotic cell cycle	1
synaptonemal complex organization	1
meiosis I	1
reciprocal homologous recombination	1
meiotic cell cycle process	1
cell cycle	1
sexual reproduction	1
reproductive process	1
meiotic nuclear division	1
DNA binding	1
ribonucleoside triphosphate phosphatase activity	1
ATP-dependent activity	1
nucleic acid binding	1
catalytic activity	1
nuclear chromosome	1
condensed chromosome	1
nucleus	1
intracellular membraneless organelle	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

286 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
SHOC1	TEX11	Q8IYF3	786
SHOC1	MSH4	O15457	757
SHOC1	HFM1	A2PYH4	738
SHOC1	RNF212	Q495C1	713
SHOC1	C1orf146	Q5VVC0	666
SHOC1	SYCP1	Q15431	595
SHOC1	MSH5	O43196	584
SHOC1	ADAD2	Q8NCV1	583
SHOC1	STAG3	Q9UJ98	581
SHOC1	REC8	O95072	575
SHOC1	SPO11	Q9Y5K1	548
SHOC1	M1AP	Q8TC57	545
SHOC1	MCMDC2	Q4G0Z9	542
SHOC1	RAD21L1	Q9H4I0	537
SHOC1	MEIOB	Q8N635	532

IntAct

2 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
maP3	SHOC1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A0M3U1B0, A0A1L8EYB2, A2AGB2, A2ALV5, A3KMW7, A6NM62, A8MT70, A9JRX0, D3Z987, P15975, P56716, P70347, Q0P5X5, Q0VET5, Q28FY7, Q2M2Z5, Q3MHT3, Q3U0P1, Q3U3V8, Q3UXL4, Q3V089, Q5SXH7, Q5T1N1, Q5T4T6, Q5VXU9, Q68CR7, Q6NZK5, Q6P2D8, Q7M6U3, Q7Z4H7, Q7Z572, Q7ZYI3, Q7ZZH7, Q80VP2, Q86T90, Q86YC2, Q8BG34, Q8BL06, Q8CCC3, Q8MJ03

Diamond homologs: A2ALV5, Q5VXU9

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

51 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	11
Likely pathogenic	1
Uncertain significance	14
Likely benign	6
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (12)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
1244232	NM_001378211.1(SHOC1):c.1277_1278del (p.Glu426fs)	Pathogenic
1693563	NM_001378211.1(SHOC1):c.989del (p.Leu330fs)	Pathogenic
1693565	NM_001378211.1(SHOC1):c.423_424del (p.Leu142fs)	Pathogenic
1693566	NM_001378211.1(SHOC1):c.1386del (p.Leu464fs)	Pathogenic
1693567	NM_001378211.1(SHOC1):c.1656del (p.Asp553fs)	Pathogenic
1693568	NM_001378211.1(SHOC1):c.2170G>A (p.Ala724Thr)	Pathogenic
1693569	NM_001378211.1(SHOC1):c.4466G>A (p.Arg1489His)	Pathogenic
3061758	NM_001378211.1(SHOC1):c.2131+2T>C	Pathogenic
3061759	NM_001378211.1(SHOC1):c.1543del (p.Ser515fs)	Pathogenic
3061760	NM_001378211.1(SHOC1):c.1539T>A (p.Cys513Ter)	Pathogenic
3061761	NM_001378211.1(SHOC1):c.1137_1140del (p.Glu379fs)	Pathogenic
3780602	NM_001378211.1(SHOC1):c.1785T>G (p.Tyr595Ter)	Likely pathogenic

SpliceAI

3689 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
9:111693794:CTAA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
9:111693795:TAACC:T	donor_loss	1.0000
9:111693796:AACCT:A	donor_loss	1.0000
9:111693798:CCT:C	donor_loss	1.0000
9:111693945:CTTC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
9:111693948:CCTAG:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
9:111693949:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
9:111693949:CTAG:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
9:111693950:T:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
9:111695032:AATAT:A	donor_gain	1.0000
9:111695035:AT:A	donor_gain	1.0000
9:111702103:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
9:111702104:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
9:111702104:CT:C	donor_gain	1.0000
9:111702149:T:C	donor_gain	1.0000
9:111702154:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
9:111702155:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
9:111705241:ACTT:A	donor_loss	1.0000
9:111705242:CTT:C	donor_loss	1.0000
9:111705243:TTA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
9:111705244:TA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
9:111705245:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
9:111705245:ACTT:A	donor_loss	1.0000
9:111705246:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
9:111706566:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
9:111706567:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
9:111706567:CTTT:C	donor_gain	1.0000
9:111707781:A:C	donor_gain	1.0000
9:111707784:T:TA	donor_gain	1.0000
9:111707803:T:A	donor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

9976 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
9:111702174:A:G	L943P	0.989
9:111706694:A:G	W807R	0.985
9:111706694:A:T	W807R	0.985
9:111693902:G:T	A1057D	0.983
9:111693839:A:G	L1078P	0.980
9:111693935:A:G	L1046S	0.980
9:111694319:C:G	R1012P	0.980
9:111693903:C:G	A1057P	0.978
9:111700015:A:G	L977P	0.978
9:111775915:A:C	S42R	0.978
9:111775915:A:T	S42R	0.978
9:111775917:T:G	S42R	0.978
9:111722455:A:C	F631L	0.976
9:111722455:A:T	F631L	0.976
9:111722457:A:G	F631L	0.976
9:111692507:A:G	F1093S	0.974
9:111703895:C:G	A921P	0.973
9:111714551:A:G	L706P	0.972
9:111694310:G:T	A1015D	0.971
9:111702142:A:G	W954R	0.970
9:111702142:A:T	W954R	0.970
9:111702145:A:G	C953R	0.970
9:111706643:A:G	W824R	0.970
9:111706643:A:T	W824R	0.970
9:111718213:A:G	L672P	0.970
9:111692506:A:C	F1093L	0.969
9:111692506:A:T	F1093L	0.969
9:111692508:A:G	F1093L	0.969
9:111694311:C:G	A1015P	0.969
9:111718237:A:G	L664P	0.969

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000040329 (9:111697093 C>A), RS1000081497 (9:111729886 C>A,T), RS1000106755 (9:111740785 T>G), RS1000137704 (9:111739875 A>T), RS1000191927 (9:111739542 A>G,T), RS1000193892 (9:111790835 C>T), RS1000196378 (9:111767909 T>A), RS1000233201 (9:111689133 C>T), RS1000281237 (9:111704429 C>G,T), RS1000301981 (9:111747475 T>G), RS1000359733 (9:111762184 C>T), RS1000362240 (9:111783624 C>G,T), RS1000372068 (9:111783358 C>A), RS1000500954 (9:111789729 A>G), RS1000533739 (9:111769675 G>C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:618038 | disease phenotypes: MIM:619949

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
spermatogenic failure	Limited	Autosomal recessive

Mondo (3): spermatogenic failure 75 (MONDO:0030984), male infertility (MONDO:0005372), spermatogenic failure (MONDO:0004983)

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

12 total (12 of 12 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0000007	Autosomal recessive inheritance
HP:0000027	Azoospermia
HP:0000118	Phenotypic abnormality
HP:0000837	Increased circulating gonadotropin level
HP:0003251	Male infertility
HP:0008232	Elevated circulating follicle stimulating hormone level
HP:0008669	Abnormal spermatogenesis
HP:0008734	Decreased testicular size
HP:0011462	Young adult onset
HP:0011961	Non-obstructive azoospermia
HP:0011962	Obstructive azoospermia
HP:0031039	Spermatocyte maturation arrest

GWAS associations

1 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST003470_8	Coronary artery disease	1.000000e-09

MeSH disease descriptors (1)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D007248	Infertility, Male	C12.100.500.430; C12.100.750.700; C12.200.294.430

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

16 total (human), top 16 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
terbufos	increases methylation	1
NSC 689534	affects binding, increases expression	1
Air Pollutants	decreases expression, increases abundance	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases expression	1
Cadmium	decreases expression, increases abundance	1
Copper	affects binding, increases expression	1
Fonofos	increases methylation	1
Estradiol	decreases expression, increases reaction	1
Hydralazine	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Parathion	increases methylation	1
Smoke	decreases expression, increases abundance	1
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	increases expression	1
Valproic Acid	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Antirheumatic Agents	decreases expression	1
Cadmium Chloride	decreases expression, increases abundance	1
Okadaic Acid	increases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

125 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT02202382	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effects of Korean Red Ginseng on Male Infertility
NCT02204826	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effects of Korean Red Ginseng on Semen Parameters in Male Infertility Patients: a Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Clinical Study
NCT03802864	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Post-operative Pain Control of Testicular Sperm Extraction Using Liposomal Bupivacaine
NCT06100432	PHASE4	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Effect of Eurycoma Longifolia (DLBS5055) and Multivitamins (Vitamin C+Vitamin E+ β-carotene) for Infertile Males
NCT07523022	PHASE4	ENROLLING_BY_INVITATION	Comparison of the Effect of Gonadotropin and Clomiphene Citrate Treatment on Sperm Parameters and the Outcome of Assisted Reproductive Procedures in Subfertile Men Based on the APHRODITE Groups
NCT00975117	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Spermotrend in the Treatment of Male Infertility
NCT01407432	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Impact of Folates in the Care of the Male Infertility
NCT01895816	PHASE3	COMPLETED	Herbal Tonic Fertile Supplement(ZO2C5)
NCT02605070	PHASE3	TERMINATED	Pilot Study on the Effects of FSH Treatment on the Epigenetic Characteristics of Spermatozoa in Infertile Patients With Severe Oligozoospermia
NCT07402759	PHASE3	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	Impact of tdrd9 Gene Mutations in the Therapeutic Response to L-carnitine in Oligoasthenozoospermic Men
NCT01880086	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Clomiphene Citrate for the Treatment of Low Testosterone Associated With Chronic Opioid Pain Medication Administration
NCT02061384	PHASE2	COMPLETED	RA-2 13-cis Retinoic Acid (Isotretinoin)
NCT02421887	PHASE2	COMPLETED	Males, Antioxidants, and Infertility Trial
NCT05200663	PHASE2	UNKNOWN	Efficacy Comparison of Tamoxifen and Tamoxifen With Antioxidants on Semen Quality of Male With Idiopathic Infertility
NCT05290558	PHASE2	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	The Therapeutic Effects of Bu Shen Yi Jing Pill on Semen Quality in Sub Fertile Males: a Randomized Controlled Trial
NCT06091969	PHASE2	NOT_YET_RECRUITING	Supplementation for Male Subfertility
NCT01595308	PHASE1	COMPLETED	A Pilot Study to Evaluate the Effect of Pomegranate Juice on Semen Parameters in Healthy Male Volunteers
NCT02122211	PHASE1	COMPLETED	Choline Dehydrogenase and Sperm Function: Effects of Betaine
NCT02575924	PHASE1	UNKNOWN	Influence of Culture Media on Clinical Outcomes in Poor Responders or Severe Male Infertility
NCT01304927	PHASE2/PHASE3	COMPLETED	Vitamin D Supplementation and Male Infertility: The CBG-study a Randomized Clinical Trial
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