SMARCC2

gene
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Also known as BAF170Rsc8CRACC2

Summary

SMARCC2 (SWI/SNF related BAF chromatin remodeling complex subunit C2, HGNC:11105) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 12q13.2, encoding SWI/SNF complex subunit SMARCC2 (Q8TAQ2). Involved in transcriptional activation and repression of select genes by chromatin remodeling (alteration of DNA-nucleosome topology).

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the SWI/SNF family of proteins, whose members display helicase and ATPase activities and which are thought to regulate transcription of certain genes by altering the chromatin structure around those genes. The encoded protein is part of the large ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complex SNF/SWI and contains a predicted leucine zipper motif typical of many transcription factors. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene.

Source: NCBI Gene 6601 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

  • Gene–disease (curated): Coffin-Siris syndrome (Definitive, ClinGen) — +1 more curated relationship
  • GWAS associations: 2
  • Clinical variants (ClinVar): 460 total — 22 pathogenic, 29 likely-pathogenic
  • Phenotypes (HPO): 80
  • Druggable target: yes
  • MANE Select transcript: NM_001330288

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

FieldValue
HGNC IDHGNC:11105
Approved symbolSMARCC2
NameSWI/SNF related BAF chromatin remodeling complex subunit C2
Location12q13.2
Locus typegene with protein product
StatusApproved
AliasesBAF170, Rsc8, CRACC2
Ensembl geneENSG00000139613
Ensembl biotypeprotein_coding
OMIM601734
Entrez6601

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 31 — 20 protein_coding, 7 retained_intron, 2 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined, 2 nonsense_mediated_decay

ENST00000267064, ENST00000347471, ENST00000394023, ENST00000547356, ENST00000548130, ENST00000549209, ENST00000549757, ENST00000550150, ENST00000550164, ENST00000550519, ENST00000550859, ENST00000552566, ENST00000552627, ENST00000552674, ENST00000552931, ENST00000866390, ENST00000866391, ENST00000866392, ENST00000866393, ENST00000866394, ENST00000866395, ENST00000866396, ENST00000866397, ENST00000866398, ENST00000939454, ENST00000941977, ENST00000941978, ENST00000941979, ENST00000941980, ENST00000941981, ENST00000941982

RefSeq mRNA: 4 — MANE Select: NM_001330288 NM_001130420, NM_001330288, NM_003075, NM_139067

CCDS: CCDS55835, CCDS81698, CCDS8907, CCDS8908

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000550164 — 29 exons

ExonStartEnd
ENSE000010595855616430356164731
ENSE000024008975616235956163765
ENSE000024275475618935156189483
ENSE000034603915617369656173849
ENSE000034622315616806056168194
ENSE000034630625617293756173029
ENSE000034698945618615556186240
ENSE000034706495618200456182079
ENSE000034923715617242856172490
ENSE000034968725617840456178534
ENSE000035017515618097756181101
ENSE000035033165617014456170208
ENSE000035085555617167956171937
ENSE000035159175617802256178093
ENSE000035196635618417556184244
ENSE000035444945616531856165699
ENSE000035455355618718756187306
ENSE000035585545618386156183930
ENSE000035637915618170456181835
ENSE000035683245618484456184936
ENSE000035698435617127156171432
ENSE000035819625618148256181597
ENSE000035977925617465156174764
ENSE000035987385617258556172704
ENSE000036085305617899756179056
ENSE000036277515616952956169695
ENSE000036343885616977656169911
ENSE000036444335617881056178847
ENSE000036872125618503056185111

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 299 present calls, max score 97.94.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 21.6451 / max 151.3790, expressed in 1812 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (5 alternative TSS)

Promoter IDTPM avgSamples expressed
13148919.41541811
1314880.8617483
1314920.6737325
1314900.5616294
1314910.132853

Top tissues by expression

301 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

TissueAnatomy IDExpression scoreQuality
ventricular zoneUBERON:000305397.94gold quality
ganglionic eminenceUBERON:000402397.79gold quality
cortical plateUBERON:000534397.28gold quality
left ovaryUBERON:000211996.95gold quality
right lobe of thyroid glandUBERON:000111996.86gold quality
right ovaryUBERON:000211896.82gold quality
right hemisphere of cerebellumUBERON:001489096.79gold quality
sural nerveUBERON:001548896.78gold quality
cerebellar hemisphereUBERON:000224596.75gold quality
body of uterusUBERON:000985396.74gold quality
left lobe of thyroid glandUBERON:000112096.73gold quality
cerebellar cortexUBERON:000212996.72gold quality
endocervixUBERON:000045896.56gold quality
cerebellumUBERON:000203796.43gold quality
mucosa of stomachUBERON:000119996.37gold quality
calcaneal tendonUBERON:000370196.37gold quality
metanephros cortexUBERON:001053396.27gold quality
thyroid glandUBERON:000204696.13gold quality
right uterine tubeUBERON:000130296.11gold quality
tibial nerveUBERON:000132395.90gold quality
right frontal lobeUBERON:000281095.88gold quality
left uterine tubeUBERON:000130395.79gold quality
ectocervixUBERON:001224995.77gold quality
popliteal arteryUBERON:000225095.70gold quality
tibial arteryUBERON:000761095.70gold quality
lower esophagus muscularis layerUBERON:003583395.69gold quality
esophagogastric junction muscularis propriaUBERON:003584195.69gold quality
lower esophagusUBERON:001347395.67gold quality
muscle layer of sigmoid colonUBERON:003580595.62gold quality
nippleUBERON:000203095.53gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

ExperimentMarker?Max mean expression
E-ANND-3no0.00

Regulation

Is transcription factor: yes

Downstream targets (CollecTRI)

1 targets.

TargetRegulation
KLF1Unknown

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

127 targeting SMARCC2, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNAMax scoreAvg scoremiRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-4747-5P100.0067.902681
HSA-MIR-5196-5P100.0067.982761
HSA-MIR-4510100.0066.602050
HSA-MIR-6127100.0066.762188
HSA-MIR-6129100.0066.462080
HSA-MIR-6130100.0066.692012
HSA-MIR-6133100.0066.482064
HSA-MIR-3163100.0077.238605
HSA-MIR-6851-5P100.0065.631294
HSA-MIR-3689D100.0066.141181
HSA-MIR-4533100.0069.482758
HSA-MIR-6870-5P99.9968.552115
HSA-MIR-150-5P99.9966.691976
HSA-MIR-428299.9975.366408
HSA-MIR-4723-5P99.9768.702034
HSA-MIR-569899.9768.492029
HSA-MIR-7111-5P99.9768.482062
HSA-MIR-302E99.9670.742669
HSA-MIR-6825-5P99.9669.813431
HSA-MIR-4725-3P99.9669.532520
HSA-MIR-6780B-5P99.9669.602562
HSA-MIR-426799.9666.532368
HSA-MIR-211099.9666.681930
HSA-MIR-311999.9271.342390
HSA-MIR-302A-3P99.8971.231777
HSA-MIR-302B-3P99.8971.231777
HSA-MIR-302C-3P99.8971.201778
HSA-MIR-302D-3P99.8971.251777
HSA-MIR-427199.8868.322244
HSA-MIR-7845-5P99.8864.88771

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 12)

  • protein levels of BAF155/170 dictate the maximum cellular amount of BAF57 (PMID:16199878)
  • study finds Baf53 and Baf170 are highly regulated in HIV-1-infected cells (PMID:21699904)
  • Identification of frameshift mutations in the SMARCC2 gene in gastric and colorectal cancers with microsatellite instability. (PMID:23030715)
  • our data showed that Swi3 strongly affects haem/oxygen-dependent activation of respiration gene promoters whereas Swi2 affects only the basal, haem-independent activities of these promoters. using computational analysis and RNAi knockdown, we showed that the mammalian Swi3 BAF155 and BAF170 regulate respiration in HeLa cells. (PMID:27190130)
  • BAF170 is important for neurogenesis in embryonic olfactory epithelium. (PMID:27611684)
  • findings suggest a novel SMARCC2-related syndrome that overlaps with neurodevelopmental disorders associated with variants in BAF-complex subunits (PMID:30580808)
  • Results identified phosphosites in SMARCC2 and provide evidence for its role in neuronal differentiation. (PMID:31819260)
  • SMARCC2 combined with cMyc inhibits the migration and invasion of glioma cells via modulation of the Wnt/betacatenin signaling pathway. (PMID:34080022)
  • Further supporting SMARCC2-related neurodevelopmental disorder through exome analysis and reanalysis in two patients. (PMID:34881817)
  • SMARCC2 mediates the regulation of DKK1 by the transcription factor EGR1 through chromatin remodeling to reduce the proliferative capacity of glioblastoma. (PMID:36418306)
  • FBXO28 promotes proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of pancreatic cancer cells through regulation of SMARCC2 ubiquitination. (PMID:37348029)
  • Elucidating the clinical and molecular spectrum of SMARCC2-associated NDD in a cohort of 65 affected individuals. (PMID:37551667)

Cross-species orthologs

3 orthologs

OrganismSymbolGene ID
danio_reriosmarcc2ENSDARG00000077946
mus_musculusSmarcc2ENSMUSG00000025369
rattus_norvegicusSmarcc2ENSRNOG00000031135

Paralogs (3): MPND (ENSG00000008382), MYSM1 (ENSG00000162601), SMARCC1 (ENSG00000173473)

Protein

Protein identifiers

SWI/SNF complex subunit SMARCC2Q8TAQ2 (reviewed: Q8TAQ2)

Alternative names: BRG1-associated factor 170, SWI/SNF complex 170 kDa subunit, SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated actin-dependent regulator of chromatin subfamily C member 2

All UniProt accessions (3): Q8TAQ2, F8VXC8, F8VZW6

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Involved in transcriptional activation and repression of select genes by chromatin remodeling (alteration of DNA-nucleosome topology). Component of SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complexes that carry out key enzymatic activities, changing chromatin structure by altering DNA-histone contacts within a nucleosome in an ATP-dependent manner. Can stimulate the ATPase activity of the catalytic subunit of these complexes. May be required for CoREST dependent repression of neuronal specific gene promoters in non-neuronal cells. Belongs to the neural progenitors-specific chromatin remodeling complex (npBAF complex) and the neuron-specific chromatin remodeling complex (nBAF complex). During neural development a switch from a stem/progenitor to a postmitotic chromatin remodeling mechanism occurs as neurons exit the cell cycle and become committed to their adult state. The transition from proliferating neural stem/progenitor cells to postmitotic neurons requires a switch in subunit composition of the npBAF and nBAF complexes. As neural progenitors exit mitosis and differentiate into neurons, npBAF complexes which contain ACTL6A/BAF53A and PHF10/BAF45A, are exchanged for homologous alternative ACTL6B/BAF53B and DPF1/BAF45B or DPF3/BAF45C subunits in neuron-specific complexes (nBAF). The npBAF complex is essential for the self-renewal/proliferative capacity of the multipotent neural stem cells. The nBAF complex along with CREST plays a role regulating the activity of genes essential for dendrite growth. Critical regulator of myeloid differentiation, controlling granulocytopoiesis and the expression of genes involved in neutrophil granule formation.

Subunit / interactions. Component of the multiprotein chromatin-remodeling complexes SWI/SNF: SWI/SNF-A (BAF), SWI/SNF-B (PBAF) and related complexes. The canonical complex contains a catalytic subunit (either SMARCA4/BRG1/BAF190A or SMARCA2/BRM/BAF190B) and at least SMARCE1, ACTL6A/BAF53, SMARCC1/BAF155, SMARCC2/BAF170, and SMARCB1/SNF5/BAF47. Other subunits specific to each of the complexes may also be present permitting several possible combinations developmentally and tissue specific. Component of the BAF complex, which includes at least actin (ACTB), ARID1A/BAF250A, ARID1B/BAF250B, SMARCA2/BRM, SMARCA4/BRG1, ACTL6A/BAF53, ACTL6B/BAF53B, SMARCE1/BAF57, SMARCC1/BAF155, SMARCC2/BAF170, SMARCB1/SNF5/INI1, and one or more SMARCD1/BAF60A, SMARCD2/BAF60B, or SMARCD3/BAF60C. In muscle cells, the BAF complex also contains DPF3. Component of neural progenitors-specific chromatin remodeling complex (npBAF complex) composed of at least, ARID1A/BAF250A or ARID1B/BAF250B, SMARCD1/BAF60A, SMARCD3/BAF60C, SMARCA2/BRM/BAF190B, SMARCA4/BRG1/BAF190A, SMARCB1/BAF47, SMARCC1/BAF155, SMARCE1/BAF57, SMARCC2/BAF170, PHF10/BAF45A, ACTL6A/BAF53A and actin. Component of neuron-specific chromatin remodeling complex (nBAF complex) composed of at least, ARID1A/BAF250A or ARID1B/BAF250B, SMARCD1/BAF60A, SMARCD3/BAF60C, SMARCA2/BRM/BAF190B, SMARCA4/BRG1/BAF190A, SMARCB1/BAF47, SMARCC1/BAF155, SMARCE1/BAF57, SMARCC2/BAF170, DPF1/BAF45B, DPF3/BAF45C, ACTL6B/BAF53B and actin. Component of the SWI/SNF-B (PBAF) chromatin remodeling complex, at least composed of SMARCA4/BRG1, SMARCB1/BAF47/SNF5, ACTL6A/BAF53A or ACTL6B/BAF53B, SMARCE1/BAF57, SMARCD1/BAF60A, SMARCD2/BAF60B, perhaps SMARCD3/BAF60C, SMARCC1/BAF155, SMARCC2/BAF170, PBRM1/BAF180, ARID2/BAF200 and actin. May also interact with the SIN3A histone deacetylase transcription repressor complex in conjunction with SMARCA2 and SMARCA4. Interacts with SMARD1. Interacts with KDM6B. Interaction with RCOR1. Interacts with DPF2. Interacts with ERCC6. Interacts with FOS.

Subcellular location. Nucleus.

Tissue specificity. Ubiquitously expressed.

Post-translational modifications. Mono-ADP-ribosylation at Lys-312 by SIRT6 promotes recruitment to the enhancer region of the Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) locus, leading to transcription activation of the locus.

Disease relevance. Coffin-Siris syndrome 8 (CSS8) [MIM:618362] A form of Coffin-Siris syndrome, a congenital multiple malformation syndrome with broad phenotypic and genetic variability. Cardinal features are intellectual disability, coarse facial features, hypertrichosis, and hypoplastic or absent fifth digit nails or phalanges. Additional features include malformations of the cardiac, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and/or central nervous systems. Sucking/feeding difficulties, poor growth, ophthalmologic abnormalities, hearing impairment, and spinal anomalies are common findings. CSS8 patients manifest prominent speech impairment, hypotonia, feeding difficulties, behavioral abnormalities, and dysmorphic features such as hypertrichosis, thick eyebrows, thin upper lip vermilion, and upturned nose. CSS8 inheritance is autosomal dominant. The disease may be caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Similarity. Belongs to the SMARCC family.

Isoforms (3)

UniProt IDNamesCanonical?
Q8TAQ2-11, SMARCC2ayes
Q8TAQ2-22, SMARCC2b
Q8TAQ2-33

RefSeq proteins (4): NP_001123892, NP_001317217, NP_003066, NP_620706 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

IDNameType
IPR000953Chromo/chromo_shadow_domDomain
IPR001005SANT/MybDomain
IPR007526SWIRMDomain
IPR009057Homeodomain-like_sfHomologous_superfamily
IPR017884SANT_domDomain
IPR032448SWIRM-assocDomain
IPR032450SMARCC_NDomain
IPR032451SMARCC_CDomain
IPR036388WH-like_DNA-bd_sfHomologous_superfamily
IPR036420BRCT_dom_sfHomologous_superfamily
IPR049898MARR_BRCT_CHROMODomain

Pfam: PF00249, PF04433, PF16495, PF16496, PF16498

UniProt features (85 total): helix 15, modified residue 11, compositionally biased region 10, sequence variant 8, strand 8, cross-link 7, sequence conflict 7, domain 6, region of interest 6, splice variant 3, turn 2, chain 1, coiled-coil region 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

9 structures.

PDBMethodResolution (Å)
6KAGX-RAY DIFFRACTION2.6
6LTHELECTRON MICROSCOPY3
7VDVELECTRON MICROSCOPY3.4
9RL4ELECTRON MICROSCOPY3.5
6LTJELECTRON MICROSCOPY3.7
9RN2ELECTRON MICROSCOPY4.1
9RMCELECTRON MICROSCOPY4.2
7Y8RELECTRON MICROSCOPY4.4
9RN1ELECTRON MICROSCOPY5.9

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

ModelpLDDTFraction very-high
AF-Q8TAQ2-F164.890.30

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Post-translational modifications (18): 283, 286, 302, 304, 306, 312, 326, 347, 387, 548, 813, 564, 566, 568, 592, 704, 787, 848

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

19 pathways

IDPathway
R-HSA-3214858RMTs methylate histone arginines
R-HSA-8939243RUNX1 interacts with co-factors whose precise effect on RUNX1 targets is not known
R-HSA-9824585Regulation of MITF-M-dependent genes involved in pigmentation
R-HSA-9845323Regulation of endogenous retroelements by Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs)
R-HSA-9933939Formation of the polybromo-BAF (pBAF) complex
R-HSA-9933946Formation of the embryonic stem cell BAF (esBAF) complex
R-HSA-9933947Formation of the non-canonical BAF (ncBAF) complex
R-HSA-9934037Formation of neuronal progenitor and neuronal BAF (npBAF and nBAF)
R-HSA-1266738Developmental Biology
R-HSA-212165Epigenetic regulation of gene expression
R-HSA-212436Generic Transcription Pathway
R-HSA-3247509Chromatin modifying enzymes
R-HSA-4839726Chromatin organization
R-HSA-73857RNA Polymerase II Transcription
R-HSA-74160Gene expression (Transcription)
R-HSA-8878171Transcriptional regulation by RUNX1
R-HSA-9730414MITF-M-regulated melanocyte development
R-HSA-9842860Regulation of endogenous retroelements
R-HSA-9856651MITF-M-dependent gene expression

MSigDB gene sets: 465 (showing top): GOBP_REGULATION_OF_DOUBLE_STRAND_BREAK_REPAIR, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_CELL_ACTIVATION, GOBP_CHROMOSOME_ORGANIZATION, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_HEMOPOIESIS, GOBP_CELL_CYCLE_PHASE_TRANSITION, TGACCTY_ERR1_Q2, PID_REG_GR_PATHWAY, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_DNA_REPAIR, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_CELL_ADHESION, GOBP_CELL_CELL_ADHESION, MORF_TERF1, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_LEUKOCYTE_DIFFERENTIATION, GOBP_NUCLEOTIDE_EXCISION_REPAIR, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_MYOBLAST_DIFFERENTIATION, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_HEMOPOIESIS

GO Biological Process (19): nucleosome disassembly (GO:0006337), chromatin remodeling (GO:0006338), regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II (GO:0006357), nervous system development (GO:0007399), regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition (GO:0030071), positive regulation of T cell differentiation (GO:0045582), positive regulation of cell differentiation (GO:0045597), positive regulation of myoblast differentiation (GO:0045663), negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription (GO:0045892), positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription (GO:0045893), regulation of G0 to G1 transition (GO:0070316), regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle (GO:2000045), positive regulation of double-strand break repair (GO:2000781), regulation of nucleotide-excision repair (GO:2000819), negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II (GO:0000122), chromatin organization (GO:0006325), regulation of DNA-templated transcription (GO:0006355), transcription by RNA polymerase II (GO:0006366), forebrain neuron fate commitment (GO:0021877)

GO Molecular Function (5): transcription coactivator activity (GO:0003713), histone binding (GO:0042393), chromatin binding (GO:0003682), protein binding (GO:0005515), nucleosomal DNA binding (GO:0031492)

GO Cellular Component (12): kinetochore (GO:0000776), chromatin (GO:0000785), nucleoplasm (GO:0005654), nuclear matrix (GO:0016363), SWI/SNF complex (GO:0016514), RSC-type complex (GO:0016586), protein-containing complex (GO:0032991), brahma complex (GO:0035060), npBAF complex (GO:0071564), nBAF complex (GO:0071565), bBAF complex (GO:0140092), nucleus (GO:0005634)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-12 pathways:

CategoryPathways
SWI/SNF chromatin remodelers4
Gene expression (Transcription)2
Chromatin modifying enzymes1
Transcriptional regulation by RUNX11
MITF-M-dependent gene expression1
Regulation of endogenous retroelements1
RNA Polymerase II Transcription1
Chromatin organization1
Generic Transcription Pathway1
Developmental Biology1
Epigenetic regulation of gene expression1
MITF-M-regulated melanocyte development1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

CategoryTerms
SWI/SNF superfamily-type complex6
DNA-templated transcription4
regulation of DNA-templated transcription3
cellular anatomical structure3
transcription by RNA polymerase II2
regulation of mitotic cell cycle phase transition2
binding2
nuclear lumen2
protein-DNA complex disassembly1
nucleosome organization1
chromatin organization1
system development1
metaphase/anaphase transition of mitotic cell cycle1
regulation of metaphase/anaphase transition of cell cycle1
T cell differentiation1
regulation of T cell differentiation1
positive regulation of lymphocyte differentiation1
positive regulation of T cell activation1
cell differentiation1
regulation of cell differentiation1
positive regulation of cellular process1
positive regulation of developmental process1
myoblast differentiation1
positive regulation of cell differentiation1
regulation of myoblast differentiation1
negative regulation of RNA biosynthetic process1
positive regulation of RNA biosynthetic process1
regulation of cell cycle process1
G0 to G1 transition1
G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle1
regulation of cell cycle G1/S phase transition1
double-strand break repair1
positive regulation of DNA repair1
regulation of double-strand break repair1
regulation of DNA repair1
nucleotide-excision repair1
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II1
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription1
cellular component organization1
regulation of gene expression1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

2760 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein AProtein BPartner UniProtScore
SMARCC2SMARCE1Q969G3999
SMARCC2SMARCB1Q12824999
SMARCC2SMARCA4P51532999
SMARCC2SMARCD1Q96GM5999
SMARCC2ARID1AO14497995
SMARCC2SMARCA2P51531995
SMARCC2ACTL6AO96019995
SMARCC2SMARCD2Q92925990
SMARCC2SMARCD3Q6STE5989
SMARCC2SMARCC1Q92922983
SMARCC2PBRM1Q86U86977
SMARCC2ARID1BQ8NFD5957
SMARCC2ARID2Q68CP9945
SMARCC2ACTL6BO94805909
SMARCC2PHF10Q8WUB8878

IntAct

227 interactions, top by confidence:

ABTypeScore
SMARCA4SMARCB1psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.960
SMARCA4ARID1Apsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.940
SMARCB1SMARCC2psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.900
SMARCB1ARID1Apsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.860
SMARCE1SMARCA4psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.840
SMARCE1ARID1Apsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.840
NUP50KPNA4psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.830
SMARCD1SMARCC2psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.800
SMARCD1SMARCC2psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.800
PBRM1SMARCA4psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.800
SMARCC1ARID1Apsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.790
SMARCD1ARID1Apsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.790
SMARCC2ARID1Apsi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)0.790

BioGRID (699): SMARCC2 (Affinity Capture-RNA), SMARCC2 (Affinity Capture-RNA), SMARCC2 (Affinity Capture-RNA), SMARCC2 (Affinity Capture-MS), SMARCC2 (Affinity Capture-MS), SMARCC2 (Affinity Capture-MS), SMARCC2 (Affinity Capture-MS), SMARCC2 (Affinity Capture-MS), SMARCC2 (Affinity Capture-MS), SMARCC2 (Affinity Capture-MS), SMARCC2 (Affinity Capture-MS), SMARCC2 (Affinity Capture-MS), SMARCC2 (Affinity Capture-MS), SMARCC2 (Affinity Capture-MS), ACTL6A (Co-fractionation)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A0R4IXF6, A1A5R8, A9ZLX4, D3YXJ0, E9PUQ8, G3UZ78, O00750, O15164, O54828, P30052, P40818, P48984, P52963, P59997, P97496, Q02225, Q08AX9, Q08BR4, Q08D35, Q16760, Q1LUC3, Q2I6J1, Q3UWM4, Q498F0, Q5JSH3, Q5JTW2, Q5RHD1, Q60665, Q64398, Q68FF0, Q6INA9, Q6NSI8, Q6NVE8, Q6PDG5, Q6ZMT4, Q7ZVP1, Q80U87, Q86XP1, Q8C5W4, Q8N7X0

Diamond homologs: A0A0G3VTN5, A0JMR6, B6MUN4, D4GTS4, P32591, P97496, Q08CH3, Q54Z40, Q5F3F2, Q5RGA4, Q5VVJ2, Q69Z66, Q6CRJ8, Q6PDG5, Q6R0H0, Q84JG2, Q8H0W3, Q8RWU3, Q8SQY3, Q8TAQ2, Q92922, Q9FVU9, Q3TV65, Q8N594, Q8U1Y4, O13788, O14470, P43609, Q8W475, Q0JCC3, Q54J55, Q75LL6, Q8VY05, Q9ATB4, Q9SFD5, Q53KK6, Q9P7J7, Q9XI07, B3H5A8, F4J2J6

SIGNOR signaling

11 interactions.

AEffectBMechanism
SMARCC2“form complex”“SWI/SNF complex”binding
SMARCC2“form complex”“SWI/SNF ACTL6A-ARID1A-SMARCA2 variant”binding
SMARCC2“form complex”“SWI/SNF ACTL6B varian”binding
SMARCC2“form complex”“Neural progenitor-specific SWI/SNF”binding
SMARCC2“form complex”“Muscle cell-specific SWI/SNF ARID1A variant”binding
SMARCC2“form complex”“Muscle cell-specific SWI/SNF ARID1B variant”binding
SMARCC2“form complex”“Muscle cell-specific SWI/SNF SMARCA4 variant”binding
SMARCC2“form complex”“Brain-specific SWI/SNF SMARCA2 variant”binding
SMARCC2“form complex”“Brain-specific SWI/SNF SMARCA4 variant”binding
SMARCA2up-regulatesSMARCC2binding
SMARCA4up-regulatesSMARCC2binding

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 173 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

PathwayPartnersFoldFDR
Formation of the canonical BAF (cBAF) complex1680.6×1e-27
Formation of the polybromo-BAF (pBAF) complex1575.5×4e-25
Formation of the embryonic stem cell BAF (esBAF) complex1571.5×1e-24
Formation of neuronal progenitor and neuronal BAF (npBAF and nBAF)1968.9×2e-30
Formation of the non-canonical BAF (ncBAF) complex1264.0×1e-18
Regulation of endogenous retroelements1543.9×7e-20
Regulation of MITF-M-dependent genes involved in pigmentation1837.9×1e-22
RUNX1 interacts with co-factors whose precise effect on RUNX1 targets is not known1535.8×2e-18

GO biological processes:

GO termPartnersFoldFDR
regulation of G0 to G1 transition1984.3×1e-31
regulation of nucleotide-excision repair1975.2×2e-30
regulation of mitotic metaphase/anaphase transition1962.0×3e-28
nucleosome disassembly947.5×9e-12
positive regulation of T cell differentiation1545.0×1e-19
positive regulation of double-strand break repair1943.0×2e-24
positive regulation of myoblast differentiation1741.0×2e-21
regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle2040.3×4e-25

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

460 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

ClassificationCount (floor)
Pathogenic22
Likely pathogenic29
Uncertain significance284
Likely benign54
Benign20

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (30)

Variant IDHGVSClassification
1177371NM_001330288.2(SMARCC2):c.1919T>C (p.Leu640Pro)Pathogenic
1200145NM_001330288.2(SMARCC2):c.956+1G>TPathogenic
1722383NM_001330288.2(SMARCC2):c.3381_3388del (p.Ile1128fs)Pathogenic
1879239NM_001330288.2(SMARCC2):c.163C>T (p.Gln55Ter)Pathogenic
1992356NM_001330288.2(SMARCC2):c.1094_1097del (p.Lys365fs)Pathogenic
2504195NM_001330288.2(SMARCC2):c.1485_1486del (p.Ala496fs)Pathogenic
2506488NM_001330288.2(SMARCC2):c.1091del (p.Lys364fs)Pathogenic
2506795NM_001330288.2(SMARCC2):c.1019_1020del (p.Thr340fs)Pathogenic
3067660NM_001330288.2(SMARCC2):c.1958_1959del (p.Lys653fs)Pathogenic
3381186NM_001330288.2(SMARCC2):c.1496+1G>TPathogenic
3907738NM_001330288.2(SMARCC2):c.1555C>T (p.Arg519Ter)Pathogenic
3911745NM_001330288.2(SMARCC2):c.2786del (p.Lys929fs)Pathogenic
4072348NM_001330288.2(SMARCC2):c.1101dup (p.Glu368fs)Pathogenic
4278619NM_001330288.2(SMARCC2):c.910del (p.Ser304fs)Pathogenic
4281958NM_001330288.2(SMARCC2):c.3160C>T (p.Gln1054Ter)Pathogenic
4755671NM_001330288.2(SMARCC2):c.3187dup (p.Gln1063fs)Pathogenic
4795579NM_001330288.2(SMARCC2):c.2412+1G>CPathogenic
623248NM_001330288.2(SMARCC2):c.1311-3C>GPathogenic
623249NM_001330288.2(SMARCC2):c.1922T>C (p.Leu641Pro)Pathogenic
623250NM_001330288.2(SMARCC2):c.723G>A (p.Trp241Ter)Pathogenic
623251NM_001330288.2(SMARCC2):c.2779A>G (p.Met927Val)Pathogenic
931991NM_001330288.2(SMARCC2):c.1926+1G>APathogenic
1012821NM_001330288.2(SMARCC2):c.3210_3211insAAG (p.Gly1070_Val1071insLys)Likely pathogenic
1029506NM_001330288.2(SMARCC2):c.1310+1G>TLikely pathogenic
1064822NM_001330288.2(SMARCC2):c.230C>T (p.Pro77Leu)Likely pathogenic
1177369NM_001330288.2(SMARCC2):c.880_881del (p.Gly294fs)Likely pathogenic
1177370NM_001330288.2(SMARCC2):c.888_889del (p.Tyr296_Lys297delinsTer)Likely pathogenic
2429193NM_001330288.2(SMARCC2):c.1497-2A>GLikely pathogenic
2431773NM_001330288.2(SMARCC2):c.1496+2T>GLikely pathogenic
2442001NM_001330288.2(SMARCC2):c.1396C>T (p.Arg466Ter)Likely pathogenic

SpliceAI

3378 predictions. Top by Δscore:

VariantEffectΔscore
12:56163766:C:CCacceptor_gain1.0000
12:56168056:TCACT:Tdonor_loss1.0000
12:56168057:CA:Cdonor_loss1.0000
12:56168058:A:ACdonor_gain1.0000
12:56168058:ACTG:Adonor_gain1.0000
12:56168059:C:CGdonor_gain1.0000
12:56168059:CT:Cdonor_gain1.0000
12:56168059:CTG:Cdonor_gain1.0000
12:56168059:CTGC:Cdonor_gain1.0000
12:56168059:CTGCT:Cdonor_gain1.0000
12:56168190:AAGTG:Aacceptor_gain1.0000
12:56168191:AGTG:Aacceptor_gain1.0000
12:56168192:GTG:Gacceptor_gain1.0000
12:56168193:TG:Tacceptor_gain1.0000
12:56168193:TGCT:Tacceptor_loss1.0000
12:56168194:GC:Gacceptor_loss1.0000
12:56168195:C:CCacceptor_gain1.0000
12:56169533:G:Cdonor_gain1.0000
12:56169691:ATCGA:Aacceptor_gain1.0000
12:56169692:TCGA:Tacceptor_gain1.0000
12:56169693:CGA:Cacceptor_gain1.0000
12:56169693:CGAC:Cacceptor_gain1.0000
12:56169694:GA:Gacceptor_gain1.0000
12:56169696:C:CAacceptor_loss1.0000
12:56169696:C:CCacceptor_gain1.0000
12:56169697:T:Cacceptor_loss1.0000
12:56169702:C:CTacceptor_gain1.0000
12:56169703:A:Tacceptor_gain1.0000
12:56169770:GCTCA:Gdonor_loss1.0000
12:56169774:A:ACdonor_gain1.0000

AlphaMissense

8157 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

VariantProtein changeam_pathogenicity
12:56165633:C:GA942P1.000
12:56165641:A:GL939P1.000
12:56165644:T:GQ938P1.000
12:56165653:T:GH935P1.000
12:56165654:G:CH935D1.000
12:56165655:G:CF934L1.000
12:56165655:G:TF934L1.000
12:56165656:A:CF934C1.000
12:56165656:A:GF934S1.000
12:56165657:A:GF934L1.000
12:56165664:T:AR931S1.000
12:56165664:T:GR931S1.000
12:56165665:C:AR931I1.000
12:56165665:C:GR931T1.000
12:56165672:C:GA929P1.000
12:56165674:A:GL928P1.000
12:56165677:A:GL927P1.000
12:56165680:T:GQ926P1.000
12:56165683:T:GQ925P1.000
12:56165685:C:AR924S1.000
12:56165685:C:GR924S1.000
12:56165686:C:AR924M1.000
12:56165686:C:GR924T1.000
12:56165689:T:GQ923P1.000
12:56165696:C:TE921K1.000
12:56165698:A:GL920P1.000
12:56165698:A:TL920Q1.000
12:56168062:C:GA919P1.000
12:56168067:C:GR917P1.000
12:56168069:C:AE916D1.000

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000121145 (12:56162193 T>C), RS1000141943 (12:56183067 T>C), RS1000278484 (12:56162458 C>A,T), RS1000514258 (12:56175008 T>A,G), RS1000693520 (12:56184889 C>A,T), RS1000695631 (12:56168449 A>C,G,T), RS1000744035 (12:56184479 T>C), RS1000884112 (12:56167068 A>G), RS1001026406 (12:56188277 C>T), RS1001220667 (12:56168756 A>G), RS1001478681 (12:56185448 G>C,T), RS1001493702 (12:56167760 C>T), RS1001737659 (12:56173376 A>T), RS1001824885 (12:56185769 C>A,T), RS1001967414 (12:56180528 C>A,T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:601734 | disease phenotypes: MIM:618362, MIM:135900, MIM:609943, MIM:614562

GenCC curated gene-disease

DiseaseClassificationInheritance
Coffin-Siris syndrome 8DefinitiveAutosomal dominant
Coffin-Siris syndromeSupportiveAutosomal dominant

ClinGen Gene-Disease Validity (1)

Expert-panel classifications — Definitive > Strong > Moderate > Limited > Disputed > Refuted.

DiseaseClassificationInheritance
Coffin-Siris syndromeDefinitiveAD

Mondo (6): Coffin-Siris syndrome 8 (MONDO:0032702), neurodevelopmental disorder (MONDO:0700092), prostate cancer (MONDO:0008315), intellectual disability (MONDO:0001071), Coffin-Siris syndrome 1 (MONDO:0007617), Coffin-Siris syndrome (MONDO:0015452)

Orphanet (3): Familial prostate cancer (Orphanet:1331), Coffin-Siris syndrome (Orphanet:1465), NON RARE IN EUROPE: Unexplained intellectual disability (Orphanet:319658)

HPO phenotypes

80 total (30 of 80 shown, HPO-id order):

HPOTerm
HP:0000006Autosomal dominant inheritance
HP:0000023Inguinal hernia
HP:0000028Cryptorchidism
HP:0000047Hypospadias
HP:0000085Horseshoe kidney
HP:0000119Abnormality of the genitourinary system
HP:0000154Wide mouth
HP:0000179Thick lower lip vermilion
HP:0000219Thin upper lip vermilion
HP:0000252Microcephaly
HP:0000280Coarse facial features
HP:0000289Broad philtrum
HP:0000294Low anterior hairline
HP:0000365Hearing impairment
HP:0000455Broad nasal tip
HP:0000463Anteverted nares
HP:0000486Strabismus
HP:0000505Visual impairment
HP:0000508Ptosis
HP:0000527Long eyelashes
HP:0000545Myopia
HP:0000574Thick eyebrow
HP:0000684Delayed eruption of teeth
HP:0000708Atypical behavior
HP:0000718Aggressive behavior
HP:0000729Autistic behavior
HP:0000750Delayed speech and language development
HP:0000752Hyperactivity
HP:0000964Eczematoid dermatitis
HP:0000998Hypertrichosis

GWAS associations

2 associations (top):

StudyTraitp-value
GCST008916_124Asthma1.000000e-16
GCST010002_217Refractive error6.000000e-174

MeSH disease descriptors (4)

DescriptorNameTree numbers
D008607Intellectual DisabilityC10.597.606.360; C23.888.592.604.646; F01.700.687; F03.625.539
D065886Neurodevelopmental DisordersF03.625
D011471Prostatic NeoplasmsC04.588.945.440.770; C12.100.500.260.750; C12.100.500.565.625; C12.200.294.260.750; C12.200.294.565.625; C12.200.758.409.750; C12.900.619.750
C536436Coffin-Siris syndrome (supp.)

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (1): CHEMBL5725099 (SINGLE PROTEIN)

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

ChEMBL bioactivities

2 potent at pChembl≥5 of 4 total, top 2 by pChembl (potency: 10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM).

pChemblTypeValueUnitMolecule
8.24Kd5.798nMCHEMBL5653589
8.24ED505.798nMCHEMBL5653589

PubChem BioAssay actives

1 with measured affinity, of 10 total; 1 most potent distinct compounds. Largely complementary to BindingDB; screening values are coarse (µM, 4 dp), so sub-nM hits tie at the floor.

CompoundAssayTypeValueUnit
4-methyl-3-[(2-methyl-6-pyridin-3-ylpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-yl)amino]-N-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]benzamide2149442: Binding affinity to human SMARCC2 incubated for 45 mins by Kinobead based pull down assaykd0.0058uM

CTD chemical–gene interactions

33 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

ChemicalActions (top 5)PubMed papers
aristolochic acid Idecreases expression1
FR900359affects phosphorylation1
bisphenol Aincreases expression1
beta-lapachonedecreases expression1
arseniteaffects binding, increases reaction1
sodium arseniteincreases expression1
cobaltous chloridedecreases expression1
butyraldehydedecreases expression1
coumarindecreases phosphorylation1
di-n-butylphosphoric acidaffects expression1
CGP 52608affects binding, increases reaction1
jinfukangincreases expression1
Fulvestrantdecreases expression1
Acetaminophendecreases expression1
Caffeinedecreases phosphorylation1
Clozapineaffects cotreatment, decreases expression1
Cuprizoneaffects cotreatment, decreases expression1
Demecolcineincreases expression1
Dimethyl Sulfoxideincreases expression1
Doxorubicindecreases expression1
Enzyme Inhibitorsdecreases activity, increases O-linked glycosylation1
Estradioldecreases expression1
Ivermectindecreases expression1
Leaddecreases expression1
Smokedecreases expression1
Thimerosalaffects expression1
Tobacco Smoke Pollutiondecreases expression1
Valproic Aciddecreases expression1
Asbestos, Crocidoliteaffects expression1
Okadaic Aciddecreases expression1

ChEMBL screening assays

7 unique, capped per target: 7 binding

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay IDTypeDescriptionSource paper
CHEMBL5652484BindingBinding affinity to human SMARCC2 incubated for 45 mins by Kinobead based pull down assayNVP-BHG712: Effects of Regioisomers on the Affinity and Selectivity toward the EPHrin Family. — ChemMedChem

Cellosaurus cell lines

8 cell lines: 5 cancer cell line, 3 embryonic stem cell

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

CellosaurusNameCategorySex
CVCL_A6I7SEES3-1V human SMARCC2, clone1Embryonic stem cellMale
CVCL_A6I8SEES3-1V human SMARCC2, clone2Embryonic stem cellMale
CVCL_A6I9SEES3-1V human SMARCC2, clone3Embryonic stem cellMale
CVCL_B7ZEAbcam Raji SMARCC2 KOCancer cell lineMale
CVCL_C0A7Abcam THP-1 SMARCC2 KOCancer cell lineMale
CVCL_C7BVAbcam PC-3 SMARCC2 KOCancer cell lineMale
CVCL_TP57HAP1 SMARCC2 (-) 1Cancer cell lineMale
CVCL_XT54HAP1 SMARCC2 (-) 2Cancer cell lineMale

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

202 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

TrialPhaseStatusTitle
NCT04586348PHASE4UNKNOWNPrenatal Iodine Supplementation and Early Childhood Neurodevelopment
NCT04873115PHASE4UNKNOWNDouble-blind, Placebo-controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of Sialanar Plus orAl rehabiLitation Against Placebo Plus Oral Rehabilitation for chIldren and Adolescents With seVere Sialorrhoea and Neurodisabilties,
NCT02559102PHASE3COMPLETEDDexmedetomidine Sedation Versus General Anaesthesia for Inguinal Hernia Surgery in Infants
NCT02757079PHASE3COMPLETEDStudy of the Efficacy and Safety of NPC-15 for Sleep Disorders of Children With Neurodevelopmental Disorders
NCT06915480PHASE3RECRUITINGReducing Missed Appointments
NCT07377032PHASE3RECRUITINGTAP-GRIN: Interventional Study on Patients With GRIN-related Neurodevelopmental Disorders
NCT02909959PHASE2COMPLETEDSulforaphane for the Treatment of Young Men With Autism Spectrum Disorder
NCT06081348PHASE2RECRUITINGSertraline vs. Placebo in the Treatment of Anxiety in Children and AdoLescents With NeurodevelopMental Disorders
NCT06352372PHASE2COMPLETEDSafety and Efficacy of tPBM for Epileptiform Activity in Autism
NCT00503191PHASE1COMPLETEDNeuroModulation Technique Treatment of Autism
NCT04475848PHASE1COMPLETEDA Study to Investigate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Food Effect of RO6953958 in Healthy Participants
NCT06300398PHASE1COMPLETEDIAMA-6 Oral Dose Study in Healthy Adults
NCT01783041PHASE2/PHASE3COMPLETEDEffect of Early L-Carnitine Supplementation on Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Very Preterm Infants
NCT05767385PHASE2/PHASE3RECRUITINGFetal Cerebrovascular Autoregulation in Congenital Heart Disease and Association With Neonatal Neurobehavior
NCT05675098EARLY_PHASE1NOT_YET_RECRUITINGCentral Nervous System Stimulants and Physical Function in Children With Cerebral Palsy
NCT00783783Not specifiedCOMPLETEDCYP2D6 Pharmacogenetics in Risperidone-Treated Children
NCT01778504Not specifiedRECRUITINGStudying Childhood-onset Behavioral, Psychiatric, and Developmental Disorders
NCT01850784Not specifiedUNKNOWNHigh Energy Formula Feeding in Infants With Congenital Heart Disease
NCT01922791Not specifiedCOMPLETEDNutrition and Pregnancy Intervention Study
NCT01942525Not specifiedUNKNOWNInfluence of Intrauterine Growth Restriction on Amplitude-integrated EEG in Preterm Infants
NCT02003170Not specifiedCOMPLETEDEtiology and Early Diagnosis of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
NCT02118649Not specifiedACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITINGEnhancing Behavior and Brain Response to Visual Targets Using a Computer Game
NCT02557191Not specifiedTERMINATEDBiomarkers, Neurodevelopment and Preterm Infants
NCT02690675Not specifiedCOMPLETEDIron Supplement Effect on Child Development
NCT02694003Not specifiedCOMPLETEDBetter Nights, Better Days for Children With Neurodevelopment Disorders
NCT02792894Not specifiedCOMPLETEDFamily Networks (FaNs) for Children With Developmental Disorders and Delays
NCT02871674Not specifiedUNKNOWNGood Night Project: Behavioural Sleep Interventions for Children With ADHD: A Randomised Controlled Trial
NCT02887157Not specifiedCOMPLETEDAnalyzing Retinal Microanatomy in ROP
NCT02898298Not specifiedCOMPLETEDPositive Emotion Regulation Training in Children, Adolescents and Young Adults With and Without Developmental Disorder
NCT02912780Not specifiedUNKNOWNIntroduction of Microsystems in a Level 3 Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
NCT03023293Not specifiedCOMPLETEDn-3 PUFAs, Irisin and Maternal Glucose Metabolism From Pregnancy to Postpartum
NCT03023644Not specifiedCOMPLETEDImproving Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Children With Congenital Heart Disease: An Intervention Study
NCT03032991Not specifiedUNKNOWNEarly Biomarkers of Neurodevelopment in Offspring of Diabetic Mothers
NCT03088189Not specifiedTERMINATEDEffect of Parental Peri-conceptional Vitamin B12 Supplementation on Infant Neurocognitive Development in Offspring
NCT03096028Not specifiedCOMPLETEDDevelopmental Origins of Mental Health Disorders
NCT03148782Not specifiedCOMPLETEDBrain Plasticity Underlying Acquisition of New Organizational Skills in Children-R61 Phase
NCT03172104Not specifiedCOMPLETEDNeurobehavioural Development of Infants Born <30 Weeks Gestational Age Between Birth and Five Years of Age
NCT03222375Not specifiedRECRUITINGSQUED™ Series 28.1 Home-use and Treatment of Autowave Reverberator of Autism
NCT03229928Not specifiedCOMPLETEDClinical Testing of a Real-Time Behavior Measurement Tool: Measuring Outcomes for CHAnge
NCT03232489Not specifiedUNKNOWNStudy for the Evaluation of the Feasibility of Applying Advanced MRI Scanning in Pediatric Clinical Practice