SPOCK2

Summary

SPOCK2 (SPARC (osteonectin), cwcv and kazal like domains proteoglycan 2, HGNC:13564) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 10q22.1, encoding Testican-2 (Q92563). May participate in diverse steps of neurogenesis.

This gene encodes a protein which binds with glycosaminoglycans to form part of the extracellular matrix. The protein contains thyroglobulin type-1, follistatin-like, and calcium-binding domains, and has glycosaminoglycan attachment sites in the acidic C-terminal region. Three alternatively spliced transcript variants that encode different protein isoforms have been described for this gene.

Source: NCBI Gene 9806 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 5
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 75 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_001244950

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:13564
Approved symbol	SPOCK2
Name	SPARC (osteonectin), cwcv and kazal like domains proteoglycan 2
Location	10q22.1
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	KIAA0275, testican-2
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000107742
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	607988
Entrez	9806

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 9 — 5 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined, 4 protein_coding

ENST00000317376, ENST00000373109, ENST00000412663, ENST00000460053, ENST00000463279, ENST00000469121, ENST00000483699, ENST00000495888, ENST00000885192

RefSeq mRNA: 3 — MANE Select: NM_001244950 NM_001134434, NM_001244950, NM_014767

CCDS: CCDS44431, CCDS7313

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000373109 — 11 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000708564	72070312	72070426
ENSE00000708566	72072144	72072258
ENSE00000708569	72072503	72072548
ENSE00001459526	72088140	72088551
ENSE00002496406	72072902	72072910
ENSE00003497999	72064178	72064240
ENSE00003621083	72063025	72063162
ENSE00003682718	72068187	72068301
ENSE00003689100	72066902	72067120
ENSE00003691013	72067613	72067732
ENSE00003845917	72059034	72062905

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 245 present calls, max score 99.61.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth broad, TPM avg 45.5254 / max 1785.9832, expressed in 568 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (17 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
109971	26.3155	453
109970	7.5927	395
109972	6.5676	324
109978	1.0919	222
109973	0.9146	195
109969	0.7013	208
109968	0.6433	205
109974	0.5566	173
109979	0.3458	147
109967	0.3112	131

Top tissues by expression

281 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
paraflocculus	UBERON:0005351	99.61	gold quality
lateral nuclear group of thalamus	UBERON:0002736	99.33	gold quality
cerebellar cortex	UBERON:0002129	98.94	gold quality
cerebellar hemisphere	UBERON:0002245	98.94	gold quality
right hemisphere of cerebellum	UBERON:0014890	98.92	gold quality
cerebellum	UBERON:0002037	98.91	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 10	UBERON:0013541	98.84	gold quality
dorsal root ganglion	UBERON:0000044	98.74	gold quality
cerebellar vermis	UBERON:0004720	98.72	gold quality
middle frontal gyrus	UBERON:0002702	98.59	gold quality
dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve	UBERON:0002870	98.59	gold quality
substantia nigra pars compacta	UBERON:0001965	98.48	gold quality
pons	UBERON:0000988	98.42	gold quality
superior vestibular nucleus	UBERON:0007227	98.42	gold quality
inferior olivary complex	UBERON:0002127	98.41	gold quality
lateral globus pallidus	UBERON:0002476	98.27	gold quality
substantia nigra pars reticulata	UBERON:0001966	98.20	gold quality
nucleus accumbens	UBERON:0001882	98.12	gold quality
ventral tegmental area	UBERON:0002691	98.06	gold quality
frontal pole	UBERON:0002795	98.06	gold quality
hypothalamus	UBERON:0001898	98.01	gold quality
medulla oblongata	UBERON:0001896	97.95	gold quality
right frontal lobe	UBERON:0002810	97.74	gold quality
cingulate cortex	UBERON:0003027	97.70	gold quality
anterior cingulate cortex	UBERON:0009835	97.68	gold quality
primary visual cortex	UBERON:0002436	97.58	gold quality
caudate nucleus	UBERON:0001873	97.53	gold quality
occipital lobe	UBERON:0002021	97.53	gold quality
prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0000451	97.47	gold quality
postcentral gyrus	UBERON:0002581	97.45	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 21 experiment(s), a significant marker in 18.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-CURD-122	yes	467.27
E-MTAB-6678	yes	398.61
E-MTAB-9221	yes	383.04
E-MTAB-7381	yes	332.11
E-CURD-112	yes	226.74
E-CURD-6	yes	110.84
E-HCAD-4	yes	62.30
E-CURD-88	yes	55.25
E-MTAB-8142	yes	39.98
E-HCAD-1	yes	36.41
E-HCAD-10	yes	36.06
E-MTAB-8410	yes	34.74
E-GEOD-135922	yes	25.48
E-CURD-46	yes	21.55
E-ANND-3	yes	11.91

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): EZH2

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

39 targeting SPOCK2, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-6825-5P	99.96	69.81	3431
HSA-MIR-6780B-5P	99.96	69.60	2562
HSA-MIR-2110	99.96	66.68	1930
HSA-MIR-6857-5P	99.87	65.32	985
HSA-MIR-3151-5P	99.86	63.83	1069
HSA-MIR-6079	99.84	68.54	1170
HSA-MIR-1321	99.84	65.30	1811
HSA-MIR-4739	99.84	65.25	1832
HSA-MIR-4756-5P	99.84	64.98	1809
HSA-MIR-3150A-3P	99.76	64.44	1640
HSA-MIR-6763-5P	99.76	64.68	1767
HSA-MIR-6794-5P	99.76	66.38	1048
HSA-MIR-92A-2-5P	99.75	67.01	2164
HSA-MIR-4428	99.73	66.41	1733
HSA-MIR-4524A-3P	99.72	66.85	2406
HSA-MIR-4716-3P	99.69	66.73	1022
HSA-MIR-3175	99.65	66.30	2031
HSA-MIR-4502	99.65	66.99	1021
HSA-MIR-9851-3P	99.63	69.68	1110
HSA-MIR-7152-5P	99.60	69.33	2094
HSA-MIR-7106-5P	99.53	67.47	3574
HSA-MIR-6080	99.43	69.43	373
HSA-MIR-5580-5P	99.38	66.96	1139
HSA-MIR-593-5P	99.34	69.50	965
HSA-MIR-6828-5P	99.31	69.21	1433
HSA-MIR-3614-5P	99.30	65.25	837
HSA-MIR-3154	98.94	66.55	1455
HSA-MIR-6852-3P	98.54	67.60	1468
HSA-MIR-6784-3P	98.39	64.88	662
HSA-MIR-6842-3P	98.07	66.33	1325

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 14)

• Neurons are a major source of all of the testican family members in the normal brain. Abundant distribution of testican 2 may contribute to glioma invasion by inactivating other testican family members including N-Tes, which all inhibit MT-MMPs. (PMID:12810672)
• purification and characterization of a recombinant testican-2 expressed in insect cells; the C1q subcomponent of complement component C1 was identified as a potential interacting partner of testican-2 (PMID:17950619)
• candidate susceptibility gene for bronchopulmonary dysplasia; lung expression pattern indicates potential role in alveolarization (PMID:21836138)
• The upregulation of SPOCK2-encoded Testican2 proteoglycan and of ectodysplasin (EDA) protein was coupled with a down-regulation of EDA2 receptor (EDA2R). (PMID:29708036)
• Dysregulation of pseudogene/lncRNA-hsa-miR-363-3p-SPOCK2 pathway fuels stage progression of ovarian cancer. (PMID:31794425)
• SPOCK2 Affects the Biological Behavior of Endometrial Cancer Cells by Regulation of MT1-MMP and MMP2. (PMID:32430715)
• Downregulation of SPOCK2 promotes the proliferation, adhesion, and invasion of endometrial epithelial cells. (PMID:32851893)
• Circulating testican-2 is a podocyte-derived marker of kidney health. (PMID:32958645)
• Testican-2 Is Associated with Reduced Risk of Incident ESKD. (PMID:36288905)
• SPOCK2 and SPRED1 function downstream of EZH2 to impede the malignant progression of lung adenocarcinoma in vitro and in vivo. (PMID:36629984)
• Integrated bulk and single-cell RNA-sequencing reveals SPOCK2 as a novel biomarker gene in the development of congenital pulmonary airway malformation. (PMID:37165378)
• SPOCK2 gene expression is downregulated in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells and correlates with prognosis of patients with pancreatic cancer. (PMID:37188984)
• The novel prognostic marker SPOCK2 regulates tumour progression in melanoma. (PMID:38888196)
• SPOCK: Master regulator of malignant tumors (Review). (PMID:39392048)

Cross-species orthologs

5 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	spock2	ENSDARG00000075393
mus_musculus	Spock2	ENSMUSG00000058297
rattus_norvegicus	Spock2	ENSRNOG00000061544
drosophila_melanogaster	Cow	FBGN0039054
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00016918

Paralogs (3): SPOCK1 (ENSG00000152377), SPOCK3 (ENSG00000196104), KIAA1210 (ENSG00000250423)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Testican-2 — Q92563 (reviewed: Q92563)

Alternative names: SPARC/osteonectin, CWCV, and Kazal-like domains proteoglycan 2

All UniProt accessions (1): Q92563

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. May participate in diverse steps of neurogenesis. Binds calcium.

Subcellular location. Secreted. Extracellular space. Extracellular matrix.

Tissue specificity. Highly expressed in brain. Also found in lung and testis.

Post-translational modifications. Contains chondroitin sulfate and heparan sulfate O-linked oligosaccharides.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q92563-1	1	yes
Q92563-2	2

RefSeq proteins (3): NP_001127906, NP_001231879, NP_055582 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000716	Thyroglobulin_1	Domain
IPR002350	Kazal_dom	Domain
IPR011992	EF-hand-dom_pair	Homologous_superfamily
IPR019577	SPARC/Testican_Ca-bd-dom	Domain
IPR036058	Kazal_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR036857	Thyroglobulin_1_sf	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF00086, PF07648, PF10591

UniProt features (22 total): disulfide bond 8, glycosylation site 3, splice variant 2, domain 2, signal peptide 1, chain 1, sequence variant 1, sequence conflict 1, region of interest 1, compositionally biased region 1, modified residue 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q92563-F1	67.37	0.09

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Post-translational modifications (1): 72

Disulfide bonds (8): 90–101, 95–111, 136–166, 139–159, 148–180, 313–337, 348–355, 357–376

Glycosylation sites (3): 225, 383, 388

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 294 (showing top): GSE45365_CTRL_VS_MCMV_INFECTION_NK_CELL_UP, GSE18804_SPLEEN_MACROPHAGE_VS_COLON_TUMORAL_MACROPHAGE_DN, AHRARNT_01, WAMUNYOKOLI_OVARIAN_CANCER_LMP_DN, GAANYNYGACNY_UNKNOWN, GOBP_SYNAPSE_ASSEMBLY, GOBP_RESPONSE_TO_PEPTIDE, RORA1_01, AP4_Q6, AAAYRNCTG_UNKNOWN, CAGCTG_AP4_Q5, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_CELL_ADHESION, MODULE_66, GTGCCTT_MIR506, TCF4_Q5

GO Biological Process (6): synapse assembly (GO:0007416), positive regulation of cell-substrate adhesion (GO:0010811), extracellular matrix organization (GO:0030198), regulation of cell differentiation (GO:0045595), cellular response to leukemia inhibitory factor (GO:1990830), positive regulation of cell motility (GO:2000147)

GO Molecular Function (6): calcium ion binding (GO:0005509), collagen binding (GO:0005518), glycosaminoglycan binding (GO:0005539), metalloendopeptidase inhibitor activity (GO:0008191), extracellular matrix binding (GO:0050840), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (3): obsolete extracellular space (GO:0005615), extracellular matrix (GO:0031012), extracellular region (GO:0005576)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
binding	2
nervous system development	1
cell junction assembly	1
synapse organization	1
regulation of cell-substrate adhesion	1
cell-substrate adhesion	1
positive regulation of cell adhesion	1
extracellular structure organization	1
external encapsulating structure organization	1
cell differentiation	1
regulation of developmental process	1
regulation of cellular process	1
cellular response to cytokine stimulus	1
response to leukemia inhibitory factor	1
positive regulation of locomotion	1
positive regulation of cellular process	1
cell motility	1
regulation of cell motility	1
metal ion binding	1
protein-containing complex binding	1
carbohydrate derivative binding	1
metalloendopeptidase activity	1
endopeptidase inhibitor activity	1
external encapsulating structure	1
cellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1056 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
SPOCK2	MMP16	P51512	817
SPOCK2	FST	P19883	733
SPOCK2	TG	P01266	702
SPOCK2	MMP14	P50281	612
SPOCK2	MMP2	P08253	471
SPOCK2	MMP1	P03956	427
SPOCK2	SMOC1	Q9H4F8	358
SPOCK2	MATN2	O00339	354
SPOCK2	SS18L2	Q9UHA2	352
SPOCK2	COL19A1	Q14993	344
SPOCK2	ERBB2	P04626	338
SPOCK2	VMA22	Q96NT0	335
SPOCK2	NHSL2	Q5HYW2	330
SPOCK2	MRPL51	Q4U2R6	327
SPOCK2	ASPN	Q9BXN1	326

IntAct

9 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
ENKD1	SPOCK2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
SPOCK2	ENKD1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
SPOCK2	UBA52	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.400
PLXNB3	SPOCK2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
SPOCK2	VPS4B	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
SPOCK2	hutU	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
DSCR9	SPOCK2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000

BioGRID (21): SPOCK3 (Affinity Capture-Western), SPOCK2 (Affinity Capture-Western), SPOCK2 (Proximity Label-MS), SPOCK2 (Affinity Capture-RNA), UXS1 (Affinity Capture-MS), VPS4B (Affinity Capture-MS), TEX15 (Affinity Capture-MS), RPL23 (Affinity Capture-MS), TPRKB (Affinity Capture-MS), ZNF146 (Affinity Capture-MS), SLC25A16 (Affinity Capture-MS), COL14A1 (Affinity Capture-MS), RPS14 (Affinity Capture-MS), EME1 (Affinity Capture-MS), SENP5 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A2RUV9, F8W3R9, O18738, O43278, O54858, O88393, O97827, P00734, P00735, P0C5J5, P12259, P18292, P26342, P35054, P51511, Q08629, Q08E66, Q09101, Q14118, Q24567, Q24568, Q28685, Q29243, Q5R537, Q5RD69, Q62165, Q62288, Q640N1, Q66K79, Q701R2, Q7TQN3, Q80TS3, Q8BKV0, Q8IUX7, Q8N436, Q8R4V4, Q8TEU8, Q91ZV2, Q91ZV3, Q92563

Diamond homologs: A0A1D0C023, B3F211, B5DFC9, P04233, P04441, P10247, P10493, P31226, P81439, P84032, Q08629, Q14112, Q62288, Q8BKV0, Q8BLY1, Q8CD91, Q92563, Q9ER58, Q9H3U7, Q9H4F8, A0A075TXZ3, A0A0E4AET8, A0A8B0RBM2, A1CFK9, A7YN26, B2D0J5, D2D3B6, D6WMZ8, F1RRV3, O08710, O16168, O16169, O16170, O16171, O16172, O16173, O62760, O62761, O62763, O88322

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

75 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	60
Likely benign	3
Benign	4

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

1528 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
10:72063158:GATGC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
10:72063159:ATGC:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
10:72063161:GC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
10:72063162:CC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
10:72063163:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
10:72063163:C:CG	acceptor_loss	1.0000
10:72063167:A:AC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
10:72064177:CCTGG:C	donor_gain	1.0000
10:72066894:GCAC:G	donor_loss	1.0000
10:72066895:CACT:C	donor_loss	1.0000
10:72066896:ACTC:A	donor_loss	1.0000
10:72066897:CT:C	donor_loss	1.0000
10:72066898:TCACT:T	donor_loss	1.0000
10:72066899:CACTC:C	donor_loss	1.0000
10:72066900:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
10:72066900:ACT:A	donor_gain	1.0000
10:72066900:ACTCT:A	donor_gain	1.0000
10:72066901:C:CG	donor_gain	1.0000
10:72066901:CT:C	donor_gain	1.0000
10:72066901:CTC:C	donor_gain	1.0000
10:72066901:CTCT:C	donor_gain	1.0000
10:72066901:CTCTC:C	donor_gain	1.0000
10:72066904:T:A	donor_gain	1.0000
10:72066905:C:CA	donor_gain	1.0000
10:72066930:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
10:72066930:AG:A	donor_gain	1.0000
10:72066931:G:C	donor_gain	1.0000
10:72066949:T:TA	donor_gain	1.0000
10:72066998:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
10:72066999:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

2814 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
10:72066924:C:A	W302C	1.000
10:72066924:C:G	W302C	1.000
10:72066926:A:G	W302R	1.000
10:72066926:A:T	W302R	1.000
10:72066964:C:T	C289Y	1.000
10:72066987:G:C	C281W	1.000
10:72066988:C:T	C281Y	1.000
10:72066989:A:G	C281R	1.000
10:72067069:A:C	F254C	1.000
10:72067680:C:A	W214C	1.000
10:72067680:C:G	W214C	1.000
10:72067690:A:G	L211P	1.000
10:72072170:G:C	C111W	1.000
10:72072171:C:G	C111S	1.000
10:72072172:A:G	C111R	1.000
10:72072172:A:T	C111S	1.000
10:72072200:G:C	C101W	1.000
10:72072201:C:G	C101S	1.000
10:72072201:C:T	C101Y	1.000
10:72072202:A:G	C101R	1.000
10:72072202:A:T	C101S	1.000
10:72072219:C:G	C95S	1.000
10:72072220:A:G	C95R	1.000
10:72072220:A:T	C95S	1.000
10:72072234:C:G	C90S	1.000
10:72072235:A:T	C90S	1.000
10:72088155:C:A	W58C	1.000
10:72088155:C:G	W58C	1.000
10:72063143:G:C	C337W	0.999
10:72063144:C:G	C337S	0.999

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000111162 (10:72082172 T>C), RS1000159281 (10:72086594 A>G), RS1000199926 (10:72085320 A>G), RS1000274800 (10:72085630 T>G), RS1000533952 (10:72087083 G>A,T), RS1000609237 (10:72087391 T>A), RS1000717814 (10:72080863 C>G,T), RS1000737905 (10:72063228 AC>A), RS1000768517 (10:72069428 A>C), RS1000799446 (10:72075101 A>G), RS1000997611 (10:72068754 C>T), RS1001008190 (10:72075004 C>T), RS1001044892 (10:72080600 G>A), RS1001153018 (10:72063101 G>A), RS1001279021 (10:72084181 T>C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:607988 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

5 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST000937_5	Insulin-like growth factors	5.000000e-07
GCST001539_5	Smoking behavior	8.000000e-07
GCST006585_323	Blood protein levels	3.000000e-17
GCST010796_5336	Electrocardiogram morphology (amplitude at temporal datapoints)	3.000000e-08
GCST012255_1	Response to antioxidants and zinc in age-related macular degeneration (disease progression)	3.000000e-06

EFO canonical traits (4, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0004627	IGF-1 measurement
EFO:0004318	smoking behavior
EFO:0004327	electrocardiography
EFO:0008336	disease progression measurement

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

28 total (human), top 28 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases expression, increases methylation	2
Cisplatin	affects cotreatment, increases expression, decreases expression	2
Nickel	increases expression	2
Valproic Acid	affects expression, increases methylation	2
aristolochic acid I	increases expression	1
bufotalin	decreases expression	1
propionaldehyde	increases expression	1
sodium arsenite	decreases expression	1
S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)cysteine	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
arsenic disulfide	affects expression	1
Acetaminophen	increases expression	1
Air Pollutants	increases expression, increases abundance	1
Atrazine	increases expression	1
Benzene	increases expression	1
Caffeine	decreases phosphorylation	1
Carbamazepine	affects expression	1
Estradiol	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Lipopolysaccharides	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Smoke	decreases expression	1
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	affects expression	1
7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide	increases expression	1
8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate	increases expression	1
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium	increases expression	1
Paclitaxel	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Antirheumatic Agents	decreases expression	1
Acrylamide	decreases expression	1
p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid	increases expression	1
Particulate Matter	increases abundance, increases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.