ST3GAL1

Summary

ST3GAL1 (ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 1, HGNC:10862) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 8q24.22, encoding CMP-N-acetylneuraminate-beta-galactosamide-alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 1 (Q11201). A beta-galactoside alpha2->3 sialyltransferase involved in terminal sialylation of glycoproteins and glycolipids.

The protein encoded by this gene is a type II membrane protein that catalyzes the transfer of sialic acid from CMP-sialic acid to galactose-containing substrates. The encoded protein is normally found in the Golgi but can be proteolytically processed to a soluble form. Correct glycosylation of the encoded protein may be critical to its sialyltransferase activity. This protein, which is a member of glycosyltransferase family 29, can use the same acceptor substrates as does sialyltransferase 4B. Two transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. Other transcript variants may exist, but have not been fully characterized yet.

Source: NCBI Gene 6482 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 11
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 58 total
• Druggable target: yes
• MANE Select transcript: NM_173344

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:10862
Approved symbol	ST3GAL1
Name	ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 1
Location	8q24.22
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	ST3O, SIATFL, ST3GalA.1
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000008513
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	607187
Entrez	6482

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 93 — 86 protein_coding, 6 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined, 1 retained_intron

ENST00000517668, ENST00000518298, ENST00000519435, ENST00000519924, ENST00000520020, ENST00000521180, ENST00000521627, ENST00000522204, ENST00000522285, ENST00000522652, ENST00000522873, ENST00000523634, ENST00000523854, ENST00000523855, ENST00000648219, ENST00000876372, ENST00000876373, ENST00000876374, ENST00000876375, ENST00000876376, ENST00000876377, ENST00000876378, ENST00000876379, ENST00000876380, ENST00000876381, ENST00000876382, ENST00000876383, ENST00000876384, ENST00000876385, ENST00000876386, ENST00000876387, ENST00000876388, ENST00000876389, ENST00000876390, ENST00000876391, ENST00000876392, ENST00000876393, ENST00000876394, ENST00000876395, ENST00000876396, ENST00000876397, ENST00000876398, ENST00000876399, ENST00000876400, ENST00000876401, ENST00000876402, ENST00000876403, ENST00000876404, ENST00000876405, ENST00000876406, ENST00000876407, ENST00000876408, ENST00000912135, ENST00000912136, ENST00000941228, ENST00000941229, ENST00000941230, ENST00000941231, ENST00000941232, ENST00000941233, ENST00000941234, ENST00000941235, ENST00000941236, ENST00000941237, ENST00000941238, ENST00000941239, ENST00000941240, ENST00000941241, ENST00000941242, ENST00000941243, ENST00000941244, ENST00000941245, ENST00000941246, ENST00000941247, ENST00000941248, ENST00000941249, ENST00000941250, ENST00000941251, ENST00000941252, ENST00000941253, ENST00000941254, ENST00000941255, ENST00000941256, ENST00000941257, ENST00000941258, ENST00000941259, ENST00000941260, ENST00000941261, ENST00000941262, ENST00000941263, ENST00000941264, ENST00000941265, ENST00000941266

RefSeq mRNA: 2 — MANE Select: NM_173344 NM_003033, NM_173344

CCDS: CCDS6373

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000522652 — 10 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000333786	133463414	133463459
ENSE00001240609	133461875	133461994
ENSE00001240663	133454848	133459937
ENSE00001521347	133475719	133476074
ENSE00002098532	133476278	133476600
ENSE00002103268	133545774	133545926
ENSE00002123257	133499135	133499189
ENSE00003601571	133465894	133466090
ENSE00003787038	133464778	133464957
ENSE00003836911	133571693	133571887

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 253 present calls, max score 95.07.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 33.1711 / max 628.7502, expressed in 1780 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (20 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
95176	12.5573	1564
95177	11.2665	1711
95178	3.4958	1121
95163	1.7256	178
95179	1.4824	546
95164	0.5005	127
95165	0.4072	104
95172	0.2487	90
95161	0.2446	74
95173	0.2296	82

Top tissues by expression

282 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
right lobe of thyroid gland	UBERON:0001119	95.07	gold quality
left lobe of thyroid gland	UBERON:0001120	94.80	gold quality
thyroid gland	UBERON:0002046	94.45	gold quality
heart left ventricle	UBERON:0002084	93.88	gold quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	93.85	gold quality
cardiac ventricle	UBERON:0002082	93.74	gold quality
apex of heart	UBERON:0002098	92.90	gold quality
hindlimb stylopod muscle	UBERON:0004252	92.50	gold quality
heart	UBERON:0000948	92.23	gold quality
right atrium auricular region	UBERON:0006631	92.08	gold quality
granulocyte	CL:0000094	91.81	gold quality
gastrocnemius	UBERON:0001388	91.75	gold quality
liver	UBERON:0002107	91.62	gold quality
cardiac atrium	UBERON:0002081	91.58	gold quality
blood	UBERON:0000178	91.55	gold quality
cortical plate	UBERON:0005343	91.43	gold quality
muscle of leg	UBERON:0001383	91.35	gold quality
adrenal tissue	UBERON:0018303	90.53	gold quality
stromal cell of endometrium	CL:0002255	90.15	gold quality
left ventricle myocardium	UBERON:0006566	89.66	gold quality
left adrenal gland	UBERON:0001234	89.55	gold quality
heart right ventricle	UBERON:0002080	89.51	gold quality
right coronary artery	UBERON:0001625	89.42	gold quality
adrenal gland	UBERON:0002369	89.39	gold quality
left adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035825	89.38	gold quality
monocyte	CL:0000576	89.37	gold quality
leukocyte	CL:0000738	89.14	gold quality
mononuclear cell	CL:0000842	88.83	gold quality
descending thoracic aorta	UBERON:0002345	88.82	gold quality
gall bladder	UBERON:0002110	88.75	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 7 experiment(s), a significant marker in 4.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-CURD-11	yes	302.62
E-HCAD-5	yes	46.75
E-CURD-122	yes	11.47
E-ANND-3	yes	8.06
E-MTAB-8205	no	229.56
E-CURD-53	no	216.14
E-CURD-112	no	2.78

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): MYC, NFKB

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

202 targeting ST3GAL1, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-5692A	100.00	74.40	6850
HSA-MIR-4510	100.00	66.60	2050
HSA-MIR-6127	100.00	66.76	2188
HSA-MIR-6129	100.00	66.46	2080
HSA-MIR-6130	100.00	66.69	2012
HSA-MIR-6133	100.00	66.48	2064
HSA-MIR-4283	100.00	66.42	2097
HSA-MIR-3689D	100.00	66.14	1181
HSA-MIR-6851-5P	100.00	65.63	1294
HSA-MIR-4476	100.00	68.18	2030
HSA-MIR-6876-5P	100.00	67.68	2126
HSA-MIR-3163	100.00	77.23	8605
HSA-MIR-6873-3P	100.00	71.42	2626
HSA-MIR-1184	99.99	68.19	1458
HSA-MIR-3185	99.99	68.12	1959
HSA-MIR-3692-3P	99.98	70.27	2139
HSA-MIR-548AN	99.97	70.91	2817
HSA-MIR-3065-5P	99.97	71.56	3281
HSA-MIR-302E	99.96	70.74	2669
HSA-MIR-6778-3P	99.96	67.29	2693
HSA-MIR-9-3P	99.96	70.88	2068
HSA-MIR-6825-5P	99.96	69.81	3431
HSA-MIR-185-3P	99.95	67.01	1743
HSA-MIR-9718	99.94	68.91	918
HSA-MIR-6721-5P	99.93	68.92	2981
HSA-MIR-3119	99.92	71.34	2390
HSA-MIR-1305	99.91	71.43	3443
HSA-MIR-10527-5P	99.91	72.28	3754
HSA-MIR-106A-5P	99.90	73.94	2683
HSA-MIR-627-3P	99.90	71.42	3316

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 25)

• Although the human ST3Gal I has four N-glycan attachment sites in its catalytic domain that are potentially glycosylated, none necessary for enzyme activity, but N-glycosylation contributes to the folding and trafficking of the enzyme. (PMID:14722111)
• sialyltransferases expression and activity are increased in Grave’s disease (PMID:16053379)
• ST3Gal-I inactivation or enzymatic removal of its product renders CD8+ T cells, but not CD4+ T cells, susceptible to apoptosis by differential cross-linking of O-glycoproteins in the absence of interleukin-2 and T-cell receptor (TCR) signaling. (PMID:17101770)
• regulation of O-glycosylation controls sLe(x) expression, and also suggest that O-glycans may have a function in dendritic cells migration (PMID:17947642)
• evidence of the association of bipolar disorder with SIAT4A was seen (PMID:18180429)
• ST3Gal.I plays the major role in the sialylation of the T antigen in bladder cancer. (PMID:19811634)
• Over-expression of ST3Gal-I promotes mammary tumorigenesis. (PMID:20534593)
• Down-regulation of ST3GalI is correlated with breast cancer (PMID:22534569)
• Induction of COX-2 in breast cancer cell line results in the increased expression of ST3Gal-I. (PMID:23275522)
• the high expression of ST3Gal I and ST6Gal I, in skin tumors, is associated with tumors with greater potential for invasion and metastasis, as in the case of squamous cell carcinoma, and this may be related to their behavior. (PMID:23549466)
• NMIIA is the master regulator of Golgi fragmentation induced by heat shock or inhibition/depletion of HSP70/90 through interaction with gylosyltransferases. (PMID:23990450)
• Results show that ST3Gal1 uses GM130-GRASP65 and giantin, whereas C2GnT-L uses only giantin for Golgi targeting and defective giantin dimerization in PC-3 and DU145 prostate cancer cells causes fragmentation of the Golgi and prevents its targeting. (PMID:25086069)
• rs113350588 and rs1048479 may alter the function of ST3GAL1. The GC haplotype was associated with an increased risk of death in subjects with influenza. The AT haplotype was associated with an increased risk of severe disease and death. (PMID:26436774)
• ST3GAL1-associated transcriptomic program portends poor prognosis in glioma patients with higher tumor grades.ST3Gal1-regulated self-renewal traits are crucial to the sustenance of glioblastoma multiforme growth. (PMID:26547933)
• Describe differential expression profiles of alpha-2, 3-sialyltransferases (ST) and miR-4701-5p in three pairs of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cell lines and 48 clinical samples of bone marrow mononuclear cells from CML patients. miR-4701-5p directly targeted ST3GAL1 to reduce CML cells resistance to multiple chemotherapeutics in vitro. (PMID:27088512)
• ST3Gal I and ST6Gal I have different sialic acid donor specificity. (PMID:28395125)
• Study demonstrates that ST3GalI regulates ovarian cancer cell migration and peritoneal dissemination via EGFR signaling. (PMID:28423672)
• Data suggest that GDNF family receptor alpha 1 protein (GFRA1) is a protein target of ST3 beta-galactoside alpha-23-sialyltransferase 1 (ST3GAL1). (PMID:30040982)
• Expression levels of ST3Gal1 and TGFB1 were high in breast cancer tumors samples and positively correlated with each other. Shorter relapse-free survival associated with lower expression of VASN and combination of low VASN with high ST3GAL1 yielded even higher risk of recurrence. Findings illustrated a feedback regulatory loop in which TGF-beta1 upregulates ST3Gal1 to circumvent the negative impact of VASN. (PMID:30252131)
• ST3GAL1 promotes cell migration, invasion, and TGFB1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition and confers paclitaxel resistance in ovarian cancer. (PMID:30375371)
• Structural and functional role of disulphide bonds and substrate binding residues of the human beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 1 (hST3Gal1). (PMID:31784620)
• Sialylation of CD55 by ST3GAL1 Facilitates Immune Evasion in Cancer. (PMID:33177111)
• ST3GAL1 is a target of the SOX2-GLI1 transcriptional complex and promotes melanoma metastasis through AXL. (PMID:33203881)
• Overlapping and unique substrate specificities of ST3GAL1 and 2 during hematopoietic and megakaryocytic differentiation. (PMID:35507766)
• ST3GAL1 Promotes Malignant Phenotypes in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma. (PMID:39069074)

Cross-species orthologs

5 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	st3gal1l	ENSDARG00000079310
danio_rerio	st3gal1	ENSDARG00000079654
danio_rerio	st3gal1l3	ENSDARG00000099289
mus_musculus	St3gal1	ENSMUSG00000013846
rattus_norvegicus	St3gal1	ENSRNOG00000008209

Paralogs (14): ST3GAL6 (ENSG00000064225), ST6GALNAC1 (ENSG00000070526), ST6GALNAC2 (ENSG00000070731), ST6GAL1 (ENSG00000073849), ST3GAL4 (ENSG00000110080), ST3GAL5 (ENSG00000115525), ST6GALNAC5 (ENSG00000117069), C20orf173 (ENSG00000125975), ST3GAL3 (ENSG00000126091), ST6GALNAC4 (ENSG00000136840), ST6GAL2 (ENSG00000144057), ST3GAL2 (ENSG00000157350), ST6GALNAC6 (ENSG00000160408), ST6GALNAC3 (ENSG00000184005)

Protein

Protein identifiers

CMP-N-acetylneuraminate-beta-galactosamide-alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase 1 — Q11201 (reviewed: Q11201)

Alternative names: Gal-NAc6S, Gal-beta-1,3-GalNAc-alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase, Monosialoganglioside sialyltransferase, SIATFL, ST3Gal I, ST3GalA.1, ST3O, Sialyltransferase 4A

All UniProt accessions (6): Q11201, E5RG72, E5RGI3, E5RGL4, E5RH34, E5RHV6

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. A beta-galactoside alpha2->3 sialyltransferase involved in terminal sialylation of glycoproteins and glycolipids. Catalyzes the transfer of sialic acid (N-acetyl-neuraminic acid; Neu5Ac) from the nucleotide sugar donor CMP-Neu5Ac onto acceptor Galbeta-(1->3)-GalNAc-terminated glycoconjugates through an alpha2-3 linkage. Adds sialic acid to the core 1 O-glycan, Galbeta-(1->3)-GalNAc-O-Ser/Thr, which is a major structure of mucin-type O-glycans. As part of a homeostatic mechanism that regulates CD8-positive T cell numbers, sialylates core 1 O-glycans of T cell glycoproteins, SPN/CD43 and PTPRC/CD45. Prevents premature apoptosis of thymic CD8-positive T cells prior to peripheral emigration, whereas in the secondary lymphoid organs controls the survival of CD8-positive memory T cells generated following a successful immune response. Transfers sialic acid to asialofetuin, presumably onto Galbeta-(1->3)-GalNAc-O-Ser. Sialylates GM1a, GA1 and GD1b gangliosides to form GD1a, GM1b and GT1b, respectively.

Subcellular location. Golgi apparatus. Golgi stack membrane. trans-Golgi network membrane. Secreted.

Tissue specificity. Expressed in several tissues. Highest expression in lung, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney, pancreas, spleen and placenta.

Post-translational modifications. The soluble form derives from the membrane form by proteolytic processing.

Pathway. Protein modification; protein glycosylation. Glycolipid biosynthesis.

Similarity. Belongs to the glycosyltransferase 29 family.

RefSeq proteins (2): NP_003024, NP_775479* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001675	Glyco_trans_29	Family
IPR012163	Sialyl_trans	Family
IPR038578	GT29-like_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR051757	Beta-gal_alpha2-3_sialyltrans	Family

Pfam: PF00777

Enzyme classification (BRENDA):

• EC 2.4.99.2 — beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminide alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase (BRENDA: 0 organisms, 0 substrates, 0 inhibitors, 0 Km, 0 kcat entries)
• EC 2.4.99.4 — beta-galactoside alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase (BRENDA: 0 organisms, 0 substrates, 0 inhibitors, 0 Km, 0 kcat entries)

Catalyzed reactions (Rhea), 9 shown:

• a ganglioside GM1 (d18:1(4E)) + CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminate = a ganglioside GD1a (d18:1(4E)) + CMP + H(+) (RHEA:18021)
• a beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl derivative + CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminate = an N-acetyl-alpha-neuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl derivative + CMP + H(+) (RHEA:21616)
• a ganglioside GA1 (d18:1(4E)) + CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminate = a ganglioside GM1b (d18:1(4E)) + CMP + H(+) (RHEA:47560)
• a ganglioside GD1b + CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminate = a ganglioside GT1b + CMP + H(+) (RHEA:48240)
• a ganglioside GA1 + CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminate = a ganglioside GM1b + CMP + H(+) (RHEA:48244)
• ganglioside GM1 (d18:1(4E)/18:0) + CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminate = ganglioside GD1a (18:1(4E)/18:0) + CMP + H(+) (RHEA:48248)
• a ganglioside GM1 + CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminate = a ganglioside GD1a + CMP + H(+) (RHEA:48260)
• a 3-O-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl]-L-seryl-[protein] + CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminate = 3-O-[N-acetyl-alpha-neuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl]-L-seryl-[protein] + CMP + H(+) (RHEA:56204)
• a 3-O-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl]-L-threonyl-[protein] + CMP-N-acetyl-beta-neuraminate = a 3-O-[N-acetyl-alpha-neuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-alpha-D-galactosaminyl]-L-threonyl-[protein] + CMP + H(+) (RHEA:56208)

UniProt features (38 total): mutagenesis site 14, binding site 9, glycosylation site 4, disulfide bond 3, sequence conflict 3, topological domain 2, chain 1, transmembrane region 1, sequence variant 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q11201-F1	89.97	0.73

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Ligand- & substrate-binding residues (9): 290; 299; 316; 105; 147; 170; 230; 266; 270

Disulfide bonds (3): 59–64, 61–139, 142–281

Glycosylation sites (4): 79, 114, 201, 323

Mutagenesis-validated functional residues (14):

Position	Phenotype
59	has no effect on the catalytic efficiency; when associated with s-64.
61	loss of the catalytic activity; when associated with s-139.
64	has no effect on the catalytic efficiency; when associated with s-59.
139	loss of the catalytic activity; when associated with s-61.
142	loss of the catalytic activity; when associated with s-281.
147	decreases the affinity and the specific activity for both donor and acceptor substrates. decreases the catalytic efficie
148	decreases the affinity for the donor and acceptor substrates by 4.5- and 4-fold, respectively. almost no change in speci
170	decreases the affinity and the catalytic efficiency for both donor and acceptor substrates.
191	drastic decrease of the catalytic efficiency for both donor and acceptor substrates by 44- and 115-fold, respectively.
230	decreases the catalytic efficiency for the donor and acceptor substrates by 2.5- and 35-fold, respectively.
230	decreases the catalytic efficiency for the donor and acceptor substrates by 2- and 12-fold, respectively.
281	loss of the catalytic activity; when associated with s-142.
315	decreases the catalytic efficiency for the donor and acceptor substrates by 5- and 70-fold, respectively.
315	drastic decrease of the catalytic efficiency for both donor and acceptor substrates by 67- and 344-fold, respectively. d

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

26 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-2022854	Keratan sulfate biosynthesis
R-HSA-4085001	Sialic acid metabolism
R-HSA-9683673	Maturation of protein 3a
R-HSA-9694548	Maturation of spike protein
R-HSA-9694719	Maturation of protein 3a
R-HSA-977068	Termination of O-glycan biosynthesis
R-HSA-1430728	Metabolism
R-HSA-1630316	Glycosaminoglycan metabolism
R-HSA-1638074	Keratan sulfate/keratin metabolism
R-HSA-1643685	Disease
R-HSA-392499	Metabolism of proteins
R-HSA-446193	Biosynthesis of the N-glycan precursor (dolichol lipid-linked oligosaccharide, LLO) and transfer to a nascent protein
R-HSA-446203	Asparagine N-linked glycosylation
R-HSA-446219	Synthesis of substrates in N-glycan biosythesis
R-HSA-5173105	O-linked glycosylation
R-HSA-5663205	Infectious disease
R-HSA-597592	Post-translational protein modification
R-HSA-71387	Metabolism of carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives
R-HSA-913709	O-linked glycosylation of mucins
R-HSA-9678108	SARS-CoV-1 Infection
R-HSA-9679506	SARS-CoV Infections
R-HSA-9683701	Translation of Structural Proteins
R-HSA-9694516	SARS-CoV-2 Infection
R-HSA-9694635	Translation of Structural Proteins
R-HSA-9772573	Late SARS-CoV-2 Infection Events
R-HSA-9824446	Viral Infection Pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 409 (showing top): KAAB_FAILED_HEART_ATRIUM_DN, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_LEUKOCYTE_APOPTOTIC_PROCESS, GOBP_B_CELL_ACTIVATION, GOBP_GLYCOLIPID_BIOSYNTHETIC_PROCESS, PEREZ_TP63_TARGETS, GOBP_PROTEIN_N_LINKED_GLYCOSYLATION, GOZGIT_ESR1_TARGETS_DN, GRAESSMANN_APOPTOSIS_BY_DOXORUBICIN_DN, SHAFFER_IRF4_TARGETS_IN_ACTIVATED_B_LYMPHOCYTE, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_LYMPHOCYTE_APOPTOTIC_PROCESS, TGACCTY_ERR1_Q2, PARK_TRETINOIN_RESPONSE_AND_RARA_PLZF_FUSION, GOBP_CARBOHYDRATE_DERIVATIVE_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_LEUKOCYTE_APOPTOTIC_PROCESS, GOBP_CERAMIDE_BIOSYNTHETIC_PROCESS

GO Biological Process (14): ganglioside biosynthetic process (GO:0001574), memory B cell differentiation (GO:0002319), N-acetylneuraminate metabolic process (GO:0006054), protein N-linked glycosylation (GO:0006487), protein O-linked glycosylation via N-acetylgalactosamine (GO:0016266), keratan sulfate proteoglycan biosynthetic process (GO:0018146), viral protein processing (GO:0019082), protein modification process (GO:0036211), sialylation (GO:0097503), negative regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process (GO:1905403), protein sialylation (GO:1990743), obsolete protein glycosylation (GO:0006486), lipid metabolic process (GO:0006629), obsolete ganglioside biosynthetic process via lactosylceramide (GO:0010706)

GO Molecular Function (5): beta-galactoside (CMP) alpha-2,3-sialyltransferase activity (GO:0003836), sialyltransferase activity (GO:0008373), beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminide alpha-2,3- sialyltransferase activity (GO:0047288), transferase activity (GO:0016740), glycosyltransferase activity (GO:0016757)

GO Cellular Component (9): Golgi membrane (GO:0000139), Golgi apparatus (GO:0005794), membrane (GO:0016020), trans-Golgi network membrane (GO:0032588), extracellular exosome (GO:0070062), Golgi medial cisterna membrane (GO:1990675), Golgi trans cisterna membrane (GO:1990676), extracellular region (GO:0005576), Golgi cisterna membrane (GO:0032580)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-15 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Translation of Structural Proteins	2
Post-translational protein modification	2
Keratan sulfate/keratin metabolism	1
Synthesis of substrates in N-glycan biosythesis	1
Translation of Structural Proteins	1
O-linked glycosylation of mucins	1
Metabolism of carbohydrates and carbohydrate derivatives	1
Glycosaminoglycan metabolism	1
Asparagine N-linked glycosylation	1
Biosynthesis of the N-glycan precursor (dolichol lipid-linked oligosaccharide, LLO) and transfer to a nascent protein	1
Disease	1
Metabolism of proteins	1
Metabolism	1
O-linked glycosylation	1
SARS-CoV Infections	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
macromolecule modification	2
sialyltransferase activity	2
cellular anatomical structure	2
organelle membrane	2
Golgi cisterna membrane	2
ganglioside metabolic process	1
glycosphingolipid biosynthetic process	1
ceramide biosynthetic process	1
mature B cell differentiation involved in immune response	1
immunological memory formation process	1
amino sugar metabolic process	1
carboxylic acid metabolic process	1
glycoprotein biosynthetic process	1
protein O-linked glycosylation	1
proteoglycan biosynthetic process	1
keratan sulfate proteoglycan metabolic process	1
viral process	1
viral gene expression	1
protein metabolic process	1
negative regulation of T cell apoptotic process	1
activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process	1
regulation of activated CD8-positive, alpha-beta T cell apoptotic process	1
protein modification process	1
sialylation	1
primary metabolic process	1
glycosyltransferase activity	1
catalytic activity	1
transferase activity	1
Golgi apparatus	1
bounding membrane of organelle	1
cytoplasm	1
endomembrane system	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1
trans-Golgi network	1
extracellular vesicle	1
Golgi medial cisterna	1
Golgi trans cisterna	1
Golgi cisterna	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

914 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
ST3GAL1	ASGR1	P07306	798
ST3GAL1	ASGR2	P07307	772
ST3GAL1	C1GALT1	Q9NS00	748
ST3GAL1	GCNT1	Q02742	727
ST3GAL1	B4GALT1	P15291	675
ST3GAL1	C1GALT1C1	Q96EU7	655
ST3GAL1	NEU4	Q8WWR8	630
ST3GAL1	NEU2	Q9Y3R4	605
ST3GAL1	FUT7	Q11130	599
ST3GAL1	GCNT4	Q9P109	595
ST3GAL1	GCNT3	O95395	593
ST3GAL1	MGAT5	Q09328	583
ST3GAL1	B3GNT6	Q6ZMB0	570
ST3GAL1	FUT8	Q9BYC5	547
ST3GAL1	FUT1	P19526	543

IntAct

12 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
GET4	GET3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.800
ST3GAL1	PCNA	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
GSTA1	ST3GAL1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.370
ST3GAL1	ITGAV	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
ST3GAL1	STARD3NL	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
HPN	DDX39A	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
SAAL1	TMEM223	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
SCN3B	NBAS	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
ST3GAL1	CLGN	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
SLC39A10	CASK	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (41): ST3GAL1 (Affinity Capture-MS), GOLPH3 (Affinity Capture-MS), ASPHD2 (Affinity Capture-MS), SLC30A7 (Affinity Capture-MS), ATP2B2 (Affinity Capture-MS), ITGAV (Affinity Capture-MS), RMND1 (Affinity Capture-MS), ANKRD46 (Affinity Capture-MS), C6orf120 (Affinity Capture-MS), SLC39A11 (Affinity Capture-MS), UBE2J1 (Affinity Capture-MS), GPR89B (Affinity Capture-MS), LMBR1 (Affinity Capture-MS), METTL9 (Affinity Capture-MS), ST3GAL1 (Affinity Capture-RNA)

ESM2 similar proteins: A7MCS3, B5DFM7, E9Q9F6, O04195, O88968, O93360, O93566, P04095, P04768, P07064, P08899, P09538, P0DP43, P10607, P12402, P12856, P17630, P20061, P34744, P46555, P81134, Q02745, Q07081, Q07221, Q0IHC5, Q0VBN2, Q10351, Q11200, Q11201, Q3KQ18, Q3TT99, Q3UST5, Q5BKJ7, Q66J01, Q6W3E5, Q765H6, Q8CGZ9, Q8CJ42, Q91221, Q91222

Diamond homologs: A2WX64, A2XVC2, A2ZI41, A5D7T4, O35696, O43173, P13721, P15907, P61130, P61131, P61643, P61644, P61645, P61943, P70277, Q02745, Q07977, Q08E15, Q11200, Q11201, Q11204, Q11205, Q11206, Q16842, Q2QXM3, Q2R2B1, Q5K027, Q5QQ37, Q5RE85, Q64685, Q64689, Q64690, Q6H8M7, Q6KB54, Q6KB58, Q6KB59, Q6ZH45, Q6ZXC9, Q701R0, Q701R1

SIGNOR signaling

1 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
MYC	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	ST3GAL1	“transcriptional regulation”

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

58 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	37
Likely benign	2
Benign	3

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

2786 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
8:133461869:GCATA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
8:133461870:CATAC:C	donor_loss	1.0000
8:133461871:ATAC:A	donor_loss	1.0000
8:133461872:TA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
8:133461873:A:C	donor_loss	1.0000
8:133461874:C:CG	donor_loss	1.0000
8:133461990:AGGAT:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:133461992:GAT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:133461992:GATCT:G	acceptor_loss	1.0000
8:133461995:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:133461996:T:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
8:133463409:CTCA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
8:133463410:TCA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
8:133463411:CA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
8:133463412:A:AG	donor_loss	1.0000
8:133463456:GGTG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:133463457:GTG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:133463458:TG:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:133463460:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:133463464:A:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:133463466:T:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:133464776:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
8:133464777:C:CT	donor_gain	1.0000
8:133464777:CT:C	donor_gain	1.0000
8:133464777:CTG:C	donor_gain	1.0000
8:133464956:TC:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:133464957:CC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:133464958:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:133464959:T:G	acceptor_loss	1.0000
8:133465889:CTCA:C	donor_loss	1.0000

AlphaMissense

0 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000018921 (8:133564214 C>G), RS1000021203 (8:133523837 T>C), RS1000033946 (8:133553519 T>A), RS1000054729 (8:133532572 C>A), RS1000100694 (8:133481610 C>T), RS1000110834 (8:133509646 T>G), RS1000118200 (8:133559808 C>T), RS1000135176 (8:133570332 G>A), RS1000191123 (8:133467337 T>C), RS1000261946 (8:133499117 C>A,G), RS1000264922 (8:133558550 A>G), RS1000282245 (8:133511772 G>A), RS1000302423 (8:133482147 C>A), RS1000316112 (8:133498814 G>A), RS1000336836 (8:133566038 A>G)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:607187 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

11 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST001836_3	Schizophrenia (negative symptoms)	2.000000e-06
GCST002111_1	Personality dimensions	7.000000e-07
GCST002168_1	Intraocular pressure	4.000000e-06
GCST002188_3	Functional impairment in major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia	3.000000e-06
GCST002349_1	Response to protease inhibitor treatment in hepatitis c (peak serum total bilirubin levels)	1.000000e-06
GCST003422_4	Squamous cell carcinoma	8.000000e-06
GCST005236_3	Problematic alcohol use in trauma-exposed individuals	5.000000e-06
GCST006585_1071	Blood protein levels	1.000000e-13
GCST007713_3	Frontal fibrosing alopecia	2.000000e-08
GCST012489_146	Heel bone mineral density x serum urate levels interaction	3.000000e-08
GCST90011899_111	Aspartate aminotransferase levels	7.000000e-10

EFO canonical traits (11, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0004365	personality trait
EFO:0004695	intraocular pressure measurement
EFO:0005412	functional impairment measurement
EFO:0004570	bilirubin measurement
EFO:0005657	response to protease inhibitor
EFO:0008483	response to trauma exposure
EFO:0009458	alcohol use disorder measurement
EFO:0009855	frontal fibrosing alopecia
EFO:0004531	urate measurement
EFO:0009270	heel bone mineral density
EFO:0004736	aspartate aminotransferase measurement

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (1): CHEMBL3596074 (SINGLE PROTEIN)

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

Binding affinities (BindingDB)

2 measured of 2 human assays (3 total across all organisms); most potent 2 below. Values come from heterogeneous assays and are not directly comparable.

Ligand	Measure	Value
Gallic Acid, F	IC50	14000 nM
Guanosine Diphosphate	IC50	24000 nM

ChEMBL bioactivities

5 potent at pChembl≥5 of 8 total, top 5 by pChembl (potency: 10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM).

pChembl	Type	Value	Unit	Molecule
6.06	IC50	880	nM	CHEMBL3596261
5.96	Ki	1100	nM	CHEMBL3596256
5.66	Ki	2200	nM	CHEMBL3596260
5.30	IC50	5000	nM	CHEMBL3596260
5.17	IC50	6700	nM	CHEMBL1170899

CTD chemical–gene interactions

69 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Estradiol	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, affects expression, affects binding, increases expression	7
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases expression, increases methylation, affects methylation, decreases expression	3
Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin	affects cotreatment, increases expression	3
sodium arsenite	increases expression, decreases expression	2
Resveratrol	decreases expression, affects cotreatment	2
Panobinostat	affects cotreatment, increases expression	2
Cisplatin	affects cotreatment, decreases expression, increases expression	2
Nickel	increases expression	2
Phenylmercuric Acetate	increases expression, affects cotreatment	2
Tretinoin	increases expression	2
Cadmium Chloride	decreases expression, increases expression	2
aristolochic acid I	decreases expression	1
3-((6-(2-methoxyphenyl)pyrimidin-4-yl)amino)phenyl)methane sulfonamide	decreases expression	1
sotorasib	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
triphenyl phosphate	affects expression	1
propionaldehyde	increases expression	1
bisphenol A	increases expression	1
lead acetate	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
2,4,5,2’,4’,5’-hexachlorobiphenyl	increases expression	1
mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate	increases expression	1
tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate	increases expression	1
zinc protoporphyrin	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
butyraldehyde	increases expression	1
potassium chromate(VI)	decreases expression	1
periodate-oxidized adenosine	affects expression	1
glycidamide	decreases expression	1
pentabromodiphenyl ether	increases expression	1
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
abrine	decreases expression	1
dorsomorphin	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1

ChEMBL screening assays

4 unique, capped per target: 4 binding

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL3598440	Binding	Inhibition of ST3Gal 1 (unknown origin)	Beyond substrate analogues: new inhibitor chemotypes for glycosyltransferases — Medchemcomm

Cellosaurus cell lines

3 cell lines: 2 cancer cell line, 1 transformed cell line

First 10 cell lines (id-ordered, not curated):

Cellosaurus	Name	Category	Sex
CVCL_D9T2	Ubigene HEK293 ST3GAL1 KO	Transformed cell line	Female
CVCL_HG15	T47D-ST3	Cancer cell line	Female
CVCL_HG17	T47D-ST3-STn	Cancer cell line	Female

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.