STAC

Summary

STAC (SH3 and cysteine rich domain, HGNC:11353) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 3p22.3-p22.2, encoding SH3 and cysteine-rich domain-containing protein (Q99469). Promotes expression of the ion channel CACNA1H at the cell membrane, and thereby contributes to the regulation of channel activity.

Predicted to enable transmembrane transporter binding activity. Predicted to be involved in positive regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane; positive regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity; and skeletal muscle contraction. Predicted to act upstream of or within cellular response to heat; muscle contraction; and regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity. Predicted to be located in cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane.

Source: NCBI Gene 6769 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• GWAS associations: 14
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 63 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_003149

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:11353
Approved symbol	STAC
Name	SH3 and cysteine rich domain
Location	3p22.3-p22.2
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	STAC1
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000144681
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	602317
Entrez	6769

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 12 — 7 protein_coding, 3 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined, 1 nonsense_mediated_decay, 1 retained_intron

ENST00000273183, ENST00000427486, ENST00000434649, ENST00000457375, ENST00000465064, ENST00000473452, ENST00000476388, ENST00000486143, ENST00000903141, ENST00000903142, ENST00000903143, ENST00000929285

RefSeq mRNA: 2 — MANE Select: NM_003149 NM_001292049, NM_003149

CCDS: CCDS2662, CCDS77722

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000273183 — 11 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000966467	36505746	36505834
ENSE00000966469	36528848	36528985
ENSE00001150737	36546191	36548007
ENSE00001834304	36380504	36380754
ENSE00003511788	36493151	36493229
ENSE00003514893	36482992	36483092
ENSE00003526044	36443364	36443640
ENSE00003558902	36484977	36485058
ENSE00003664693	36486134	36486249
ENSE00003676018	36504393	36504457
ENSE00003784672	36528696	36528747

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 191 present calls, max score 92.25.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 4.2467 / max 183.1831, expressed in 1033 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (4 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
36034	2.1117	729
36031	1.6277	760
36033	0.4111	223
36032	0.0962	31

Top tissues by expression

279 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
dorsal root ganglion	UBERON:0000044	92.25	gold quality
periodontal ligament	UBERON:0008266	87.75	gold quality
trigeminal ganglion	UBERON:0001675	84.18	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	83.96	gold quality
diaphragm	UBERON:0001103	83.77	gold quality
ascending aorta	UBERON:0001496	83.42	gold quality
thoracic aorta	UBERON:0001515	83.21	gold quality
calcaneal tendon	UBERON:0003701	81.06	gold quality
descending thoracic aorta	UBERON:0002345	80.28	gold quality
aorta	UBERON:0000947	78.18	gold quality
olfactory bulb	UBERON:0002264	77.81	gold quality
pancreatic ductal cell	CL:0002079	77.69	silver quality
type B pancreatic cell	CL:0000169	77.35	gold quality
cerebellar cortex	UBERON:0002129	76.18	gold quality
cerebellar hemisphere	UBERON:0002245	76.16	gold quality
epithelial cell of pancreas	CL:0000083	75.49	silver quality
cerebellum	UBERON:0002037	75.36	gold quality
right hemisphere of cerebellum	UBERON:0014890	74.99	gold quality
visceral pleura	UBERON:0002401	74.97	gold quality
mucosa of urinary bladder	UBERON:0001259	74.86	gold quality
popliteal artery	UBERON:0002250	74.45	gold quality
tibial artery	UBERON:0007610	74.42	gold quality
prostate gland	UBERON:0002367	74.26	gold quality
ventricular zone	UBERON:0003053	74.22	gold quality
right lung	UBERON:0002167	73.47	gold quality
lung	UBERON:0002048	73.27	gold quality
smooth muscle tissue	UBERON:0001135	73.11	gold quality
upper lobe of left lung	UBERON:0008952	73.08	gold quality
ganglionic eminence	UBERON:0004023	72.89	gold quality
upper lobe of lung	UBERON:0008948	72.87	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-MTAB-7008	yes	46.86
E-ANND-3	no	4.11

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

96 targeting STAC, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-30A-5P	100.00	76.31	3233
HSA-MIR-30B-5P	100.00	76.29	3248
HSA-MIR-30C-5P	100.00	76.29	3248
HSA-MIR-30D-5P	100.00	76.32	3233
HSA-MIR-30E-5P	100.00	76.32	3242
HSA-MIR-6758-5P	100.00	66.21	1470
HSA-MIR-6856-5P	100.00	65.47	1298
HSA-MIR-450A-1-3P	100.00	69.33	1837
HSA-MIR-4713-3P	100.00	65.92	505
HSA-MIR-3646	100.00	73.56	5283
HSA-MIR-6740-5P	100.00	65.64	932
HSA-MIR-3689D	100.00	66.14	1181
HSA-MIR-6851-5P	100.00	65.63	1294
HSA-MIR-200B-3P	100.00	73.31	2693
HSA-MIR-200C-3P	100.00	73.35	2685
HSA-MIR-429	100.00	73.44	2698
HSA-MIR-3662	99.99	73.82	5684
HSA-MIR-27A-3P	99.98	72.13	2955
HSA-MIR-27B-3P	99.98	72.13	2955
HSA-MIR-9985	99.98	72.11	2939
HSA-MIR-551B-5P	99.96	71.28	3493
HSA-MIR-3910	99.95	71.13	2227
HSA-MIR-6499-3P	99.90	66.38	1212
HSA-MIR-4302	99.89	67.94	1187
HSA-MIR-605-3P	99.88	69.22	1833
HSA-MIR-137-3P	99.87	74.74	2401
HSA-MIR-548D-3P	99.87	70.67	4362
HSA-MIR-4492	99.87	68.25	3611
HSA-MIR-548BB-3P	99.86	70.58	4354
HSA-MIR-548AC	99.84	70.77	4351

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 2)

• our data establish Stac1 as an important modulator of T-type channel expression and provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the trafficking of T-type channels to the plasma membrane. (PMID:27149520)
• Our findings suggest that a variant upstream of STAC1 is associated with placebo response, which might have implications for treatment optimization, clinical trial design and drug development. (PMID:28696415)

Cross-species orthologs

3 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	stac	ENSDARG00000074004
mus_musculus	Stac	ENSMUSG00000032502
rattus_norvegicus	Stac	ENSRNOG00000008865

Paralogs (2): STAC2 (ENSG00000141750), STAC3 (ENSG00000185482)

Protein

Protein identifiers

SH3 and cysteine-rich domain-containing protein — Q99469 (reviewed: Q99469)

Alternative names: Src homology 3 and cysteine-rich domain-containing protein

All UniProt accessions (4): Q99469, C9J3Z9, E9PEA7, F8WB25

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Promotes expression of the ion channel CACNA1H at the cell membrane, and thereby contributes to the regulation of channel activity. Plays a minor and redundant role in promoting the expression of calcium channel CACNA1S at the cell membrane, and thereby contributes to increased channel activity. Slows down the inactivation rate of the calcium channel CACNA1C.

Subunit / interactions. Interacts (via SH3 domains) with CACNA1S. Interacts with CACNA1H. Interacts with CACNA1C.

Subcellular location. Cytoplasm. Cytosol. Cell membrane. Sarcolemma.

RefSeq proteins (2): NP_001278978, NP_003140* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR001452	SH3_domain	Domain
IPR002219	PKC_DAG/PE	Domain
IPR035508	STAC1_SH3	Domain
IPR036028	SH3-like_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR039688	STAC1/2/3	Family
IPR046349	C1-like_sf	Homologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF00018, PF00130, PF07653, PF16664

UniProt features (19 total): strand 9, helix 3, domain 2, region of interest 2, chain 1, zinc finger region 1, sequence variant 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

2 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
6B25	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.39
2DL4	SOLUTION NMR

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q99469-F1	67.02	0.31

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 198 (showing top): GSE37336_LY6C_POS_VS_NEG_NAIVE_CD4_TCELL_UP, MORF_ITGA2, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_CATION_CHANNEL_ACTIVITY, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_TRANSPORTER_ACTIVITY, MORF_BRCA1, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_PROTEIN_LOCALIZATION, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_VOLTAGE_GATED_CALCIUM_CHANNEL_ACTIVITY, GOBP_MULTICELLULAR_ORGANISMAL_MOVEMENT, MEF2_02, GOBP_SKELETAL_MUSCLE_CONTRACTION, GOBP_PROTEIN_LOCALIZATION_TO_CELL_PERIPHERY, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_TRANSMEMBRANE_TRANSPORT, MORF_RAD51L3, GOBP_MONOATOMIC_CATION_TRANSPORT, SENESE_HDAC1_AND_HDAC2_TARGETS_DN

GO Biological Process (7): skeletal muscle contraction (GO:0003009), signal transduction (GO:0007165), cellular response to heat (GO:0034605), positive regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity (GO:1901387), positive regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane (GO:1903078), positive regulation of cation channel activity (GO:2001259), muscle contraction (GO:0006936)

GO Molecular Function (4): zinc ion binding (GO:0008270), transmembrane transporter binding (GO:0044325), protein binding (GO:0005515), metal ion binding (GO:0046872)

GO Cellular Component (8): cytosol (GO:0005829), cytoplasmic side of plasma membrane (GO:0009898), T-tubule (GO:0030315), cytoplasm (GO:0005737), plasma membrane (GO:0005886), endomembrane system (GO:0012505), membrane (GO:0016020), sarcolemma (GO:0042383)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	5
plasma membrane	3
striated muscle contraction	1
musculoskeletal movement	1
cell communication	1
cellular process	1
signaling	1
regulation of cellular process	1
cellular response to stimulus	1
response to heat	1
cellular response to stress	1
voltage-gated calcium channel activity	1
regulation of voltage-gated calcium channel activity	1
positive regulation of cation channel activity	1
protein localization to plasma membrane	1
regulation of protein localization to plasma membrane	1
positive regulation of protein localization to cell periphery	1
positive regulation of protein localization to membrane	1
monoatomic cation channel activity	1
positive regulation of ion transmembrane transporter activity	1
positive regulation of cation transmembrane transport	1
muscle system process	1
transition metal ion binding	1
protein binding	1
binding	1
cation binding	1
cytoplasm	1
cytoplasmic side of membrane	1
sarcolemma	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1
membrane	1
cell periphery	1
vacuole	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1387 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
STAC	HLA-G	P17693	992
STAC	TRIM45	Q9H8W5	907
STAC	SPART	Q8N0X7	889
STAC	FCHSD2	O94868	877
STAC	KIR3DL3	Q8N743	859
STAC	KIR2DL1	P43626	816
STAC	KIR2DL4	P78400	794
STAC	SORBS1	Q9BX66	775
STAC	KIR3DL1	P43629	720
STAC	KIR3DL2	P43630	716
STAC	LILRB1	Q8NHL6	711
STAC	LILRB2	Q8N423	671
STAC	CACNA1H	O95180	641
STAC	CDK2	P24941	621
STAC	KIR2DL3	P43628	594

IntAct

65 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
STAC	YWHAE	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.730
STAC	YWHAE	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.730
STAC	YWHAE	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.730
STAC	STAT5B	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
NOTCH2NLC	STAC	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
PAX5	STAC	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
STAC	LZTS2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
GOLGA2	STAC	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
MEOX2	STAC	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KIAA1958	STAC	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
POU6F2	STAC	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KANK2	STAC	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
STAC	NCKIPSD	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
STAT5B	STAC	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
PAX6	STAC	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
STAC	RNF208	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
STAC	ATN1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
STAC	FGFR3	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
KLK6	STAC	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
UBQLN1	STAC	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
PARP2	STAC	psi-mi:“MI:0557”(adp ribosylation reaction)	0.560

BioGRID (41): KANK2 (Two-hybrid), LZTS2 (Two-hybrid), KIAA1958 (Two-hybrid), YWHAZ (Affinity Capture-MS), FBXO11 (Affinity Capture-MS), ANKLE2 (Affinity Capture-MS), STAC (Reconstituted Complex), STAC (Affinity Capture-Western), ANKLE2 (Affinity Capture-MS), YWHAE (Affinity Capture-MS), YWHAZ (Affinity Capture-MS), YWHAB (Affinity Capture-MS), STAC (Biochemical Activity), STAC (Reconstituted Complex), STAC (Two-hybrid)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A0G2K2P5, A0JNJ1, B1WAP7, G9CGD6, O14640, O75122, O88382, O95049, O97758, P34908, P39447, P51141, P54792, P70175, Q05AS8, Q07157, Q16825, Q5F488, Q5IS48, Q5SGD7, Q5TCQ9, Q5XI81, Q61062, Q62136, Q62728, Q62936, Q6DKE2, Q6P9H4, Q6ZM86, Q812E4, Q86UL8, Q8BMA3, Q8IVH8, Q8JHI3, Q8TDW5, Q920B0, Q924I2, Q925T6, Q92997, Q95168

Diamond homologs: A0JNJ1, A1CEK6, A1DFN5, A2QW93, A4RF61, A6QLK6, A7A261, F1LRS8, O35179, O35964, O43307, O74749, O75791, O75886, O88811, O89100, O93436, P02549, P07751, P09215, P09216, P10830, P13395, P16054, P16086, P16546, P23298, P24723, P28867, P29355, P32793, P34885, P38753, P43603, P53281, P62993, P62994, P70297, P87379, P97306

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

63 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	48
Likely benign	1
Benign	2

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

2207 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
3:36443395:A:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:36443521:G:GT	donor_gain	1.0000
3:36484975:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:36484976:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:36486132:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:36486133:G:GA	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:36486133:GCC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:36486133:GCCT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:36486245:CCTCT:C	donor_gain	1.0000
3:36486247:TCT:T	donor_gain	1.0000
3:36486250:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
3:36505741:TTCA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
3:36505742:TCAG:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
3:36505744:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:36505744:AG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:36505744:AGG:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:36505744:AGGG:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
3:36505745:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:36505745:GG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:36505745:GGG:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:36505745:GGGAT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:36505830:ATGAG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
3:36505831:TGAG:T	donor_loss	1.0000
3:36505832:GAGGT:G	donor_loss	1.0000
3:36505833:AG:A	donor_loss	1.0000
3:36505834:GGTA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
3:36505835:GT:G	donor_loss	1.0000
3:36505836:T:G	donor_loss	1.0000
3:36528694:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
3:36528695:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

2682 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
3:36443613:T:C	C121R	0.999
3:36443614:G:A	C121Y	0.999
3:36443615:T:G	C121W	0.999
3:36483018:T:C	C139R	0.999
3:36486170:T:A	L203H	0.999
3:36486170:T:C	L203P	0.999
3:36505789:C:A	A292D	0.999
3:36528848:G:A	G325R	0.999
3:36528848:G:C	G325R	0.999
3:36528848:G:T	G325W	0.999
3:36443613:T:A	C121S	0.998
3:36443614:G:C	C121S	0.998
3:36443622:T:C	C124R	0.998
3:36483010:G:A	G136E	0.998
3:36483018:T:A	C139S	0.998
3:36483019:G:C	C139S	0.998
3:36483020:C:G	C139W	0.998
3:36483027:T:C	C142R	0.998
3:36483028:G:A	C142Y	0.998
3:36483029:T:G	C142W	0.998
3:36483078:T:C	C159R	0.998
3:36484986:T:C	F167L	0.998
3:36484988:T:A	F167L	0.998
3:36484988:T:G	F167L	0.998
3:36484992:C:A	R169S	0.998
3:36486173:G:C	R204P	0.998
3:36486179:G:A	G206D	0.998
3:36505800:T:C	F296L	0.998
3:36505802:T:A	F296L	0.998
3:36505802:T:G	F296L	0.998

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000003058 (3:36480186 A>G), RS1000018457 (3:36500830 C>T), RS1000019737 (3:36383634 A>C), RS1000073444 (3:36383420 C>G), RS1000081813 (3:36461007 C>T), RS1000111430 (3:36461327 T>G), RS1000123294 (3:36416791 G>A), RS1000129980 (3:36545415 A>C), RS1000131748 (3:36458492 A>C,G), RS1000151971 (3:36432811 A>G), RS1000160368 (3:36414248 T>A,C), RS1000163771 (3:36477095 A>T), RS1000183301 (3:36545703 T>G), RS1000184851 (3:36393738 C>T), RS1000205449 (3:36435202 T>G)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:602317 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

14 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST001572_4	Erectile dysfunction in type 1 diabetes	4.000000e-06
GCST002112_4	Celiac disease	6.000000e-06
GCST004739_1	Placebo response in major depressive disorder (% change in symptom score)	1.000000e-08
GCST004862_181	Itch intensity from mosquito bite adjusted by bite size	3.000000e-06
GCST004862_42	Itch intensity from mosquito bite adjusted by bite size	1.000000e-06
GCST005212_5	Asthma	9.000000e-06
GCST006300_11	Smoking behaviour (maximum cigarettes in a 24 hour period)	3.000000e-08
GCST007678_1	Brooding (response to stress)	3.000000e-06
GCST009280_1	Kidney disease (end stage renal disease vs non-end stage renal disease) in type 1 diabetes	1.000000e-08
GCST009391_1805	Metabolite levels	8.000000e-06
GCST009391_2090	Metabolite levels	5.000000e-06
GCST009439_13	Age-related cognitive decline (language) (slope of z-scores)	3.000000e-07
GCST009444_2	Age-related cognitive decline (global cognition) (slope of z-scores)	1.000000e-06
GCST010654_1	Arterial stiffness (brachial-femoral pulse wave velocity)	3.000000e-07

EFO canonical traits (9, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0008344	response to placebo
EFO:0008377	mosquito bite reaction itch intensity measurement
EFO:0008378	mosquito bite reaction size measurement
EFO:0009264	maximum cigarettes per day measurement
EFO:0009858	brooding stress response
EFO:0010403	triacylglycerol 48:0 measurement
EFO:0010373	phosphatidylcholine 32:1 measurement
EFO:0007710	cognitive decline measurement
EFO:0004517	arterial stiffness measurement

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

32 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
sodium arsenite	affects cotreatment, increases abundance, increases expression	3
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation, increases expression, increases methylation	3
Valproic Acid	affects expression, decreases methylation	2
Aflatoxin B1	decreases methylation	2
Particulate Matter	increases abundance, increases expression, decreases expression	2
6,7-dimethoxy-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-N-(5-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)pentyl)quinazolin-4-amine	increases expression	1
bisphenol A	decreases methylation	1
lead acetate	increases expression	1
trichostatin A	increases expression	1
tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate	increases expression	1
butyraldehyde	increases expression	1
cadmium acetate	increases expression	1
aflatoxin B2	decreases methylation	1
nickel sulfate	decreases expression	1
beta-methylcholine	affects expression	1
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
perfluoro-n-nonanoic acid	increases expression	1
jinfukang	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Resveratrol	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Temozolomide	decreases expression	1
Vorinostat	increases expression	1
Acetaminophen	increases expression	1
Air Pollutants	decreases expression, increases abundance	1
Arsenic	affects cotreatment, increases abundance, increases expression	1
Calcitriol	increases expression	1
Carbamazepine	affects expression	1
Cisplatin	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Copper	decreases expression, affects cotreatment	1
Melphalan	decreases expression	1
Nicotine	increases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.