TAAR2

Summary

TAAR2 (trace amine associated receptor 2, HGNC:4514) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 6q23.2, encoding Trace amine-associated receptor 2 (Q9P1P5). Orphan olfactory receptor specific for trace amines.

Predicted to enable trace-amine receptor activity. Predicted to be involved in G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway. Predicted to be located in membrane. Predicted to be active in plasma membrane.

Source: NCBI Gene 9287 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 60 total
• Druggable target: yes
• MANE Select transcript: NM_001033080

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:4514
Approved symbol	TAAR2
Name	trace amine associated receptor 2
Location	6q23.2
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000146378
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	604849
Entrez	9287

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 2 — 2 protein_coding

ENST00000275191, ENST00000367931

RefSeq mRNA: 2 — MANE Select: NM_001033080 NM_001033080, NM_014626

CCDS: CCDS34541, CCDS5157

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000367931 — 2 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00003511639	132617150	132618145
ENSE00003525335	132624216	132624275

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth broad, 11 present calls, max score 87.99.

Top tissues by expression

264 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	87.99	gold quality
tibialis anterior	UBERON:0001385	58.41	silver quality
ileal mucosa	UBERON:0000331	56.89	silver quality
decidua	UBERON:0002450	56.55	gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	53.03	gold quality
hair follicle	UBERON:0002073	52.43	gold quality
deltoid	UBERON:0001476	52.07	silver quality
pancreatic ductal cell	CL:0002079	51.81	silver quality
epithelial cell of pancreas	CL:0000083	49.78	gold quality
quadriceps femoris	UBERON:0001377	49.48	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 46	UBERON:0006483	49.30	gold quality
cervix squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006922	49.20	gold quality
olfactory bulb	UBERON:0002264	48.92	gold quality
myocardium	UBERON:0002349	48.87	gold quality
type B pancreatic cell	CL:0000169	48.83	gold quality
upper leg skin	UBERON:0004262	48.79	silver quality
cardiac muscle of right atrium	UBERON:0003379	48.55	gold quality
CA1 field of hippocampus	UBERON:0003881	48.50	gold quality
vastus lateralis	UBERON:0001379	48.25	gold quality
left ventricle myocardium	UBERON:0006566	48.24	gold quality
orbitofrontal cortex	UBERON:0004167	48.20	gold quality
upper arm skin	UBERON:0004263	48.06	gold quality
cervix epithelium	UBERON:0004801	48.04	gold quality
oviduct epithelium	UBERON:0004804	48.00	gold quality
tongue squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006919	47.92	gold quality
mucosa of urinary bladder	UBERON:0001259	47.80	gold quality
metanephric glomerulus	UBERON:0004736	47.45	gold quality
thymus	UBERON:0002370	47.42	gold quality
kidney epithelium	UBERON:0004819	47.39	gold quality
nephron tubule	UBERON:0001231	47.30	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 0.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	no	2.30

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 2)

• Previous studies reported TAAR expression in brain. This paper found TAAR expression only in olfactory epithelial cells and that each TAAR detects a unique set of amine ligands. TAARs seem to function as a family of chemosensory receptors for amines. (PMID:16878137)
• biogenic amines potently regulate blood cell functions via TAAR1 and TAAR2 and open the perspective of their specific pharmacological modulation. (PMID:23315425)

Cross-species orthologs

2 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Taar2	ENSMUSG00000059763
rattus_norvegicus	Taar2	ENSRNOG00000025951

Paralogs (25): DRD4 (ENSG00000069696), HRH3 (ENSG00000101180), HRH2 (ENSG00000113749), CHRM3 (ENSG00000133019), HRH4 (ENSG00000134489), TAAR5 (ENSG00000135569), GPR84 (ENSG00000139572), GPR161 (ENSG00000143147), TAAR6 (ENSG00000146383), TAAR8 (ENSG00000146385), TAAR1 (ENSG00000146399), DRD3 (ENSG00000151577), HTR4 (ENSG00000164270), CHRM1 (ENSG00000168539), DRD5 (ENSG00000169676), HTR1A (ENSG00000178394), HTR1D (ENSG00000179546), CHRM4 (ENSG00000180720), CHRM2 (ENSG00000181072), DRD1 (ENSG00000184845), CHRM5 (ENSG00000184984), GPR21 (ENSG00000188394), HRH1 (ENSG00000196639), GPR52 (ENSG00000203737), TAAR9 (ENSG00000237110)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Trace amine-associated receptor 2 — Q9P1P5 (reviewed: Q9P1P5)

Alternative names: G-protein coupled receptor 58

All UniProt accessions (1): Q9P1P5

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Orphan olfactory receptor specific for trace amines. Trace amine compounds are enriched in animal body fluids and act on trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) to elicit both intraspecific and interspecific innate behaviors. Ligand-binding causes a conformation change that triggers signaling via the G(s)-class of G-proteins which activate adenylate cyclase.

Subcellular location. Cell membrane.

Tissue specificity. Not expressed in the pons, thalamus, hypothalamus, hippocampus, caudate, putamen, frontal cortex, basal forebrain, midbrain or liver.

Domain organisation. In addition to the well known disulfide bond common to G-protein coupled receptor 1 family, trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) contain an unique disulfide bond (Cys-33-Cys-197) connecting the N-terminus to the extracellular Loop 2 (ECL2), which is required for agonist-induced receptor activation.

Similarity. Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor 1 family.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q9P1P5-1	1, Long	yes
Q9P1P5-2	2, Small

RefSeq proteins (2): NP_001028252, NP_055441 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000276	GPCR_Rhodpsn	Family
IPR009132	TAAR_fam	Family
IPR017452	GPCR_Rhodpsn_7TM	Domain
IPR050569	TAAR	Family

Pfam: PF00001

UniProt features (25 total): topological domain 8, transmembrane region 7, glycosylation site 3, sequence conflict 3, disulfide bond 2, chain 1, splice variant 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q9P1P5-F1	88.00	0.67

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Disulfide bonds (2): 33–197, 116–201

Glycosylation sites (3): 24, 30, 289

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

7 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-375280	Amine ligand-binding receptors
R-HSA-418555	G alpha (s) signalling events
R-HSA-162582	Signal Transduction
R-HSA-372790	Signaling by GPCR
R-HSA-373076	Class A/1 (Rhodopsin-like receptors)
R-HSA-388396	GPCR downstream signalling
R-HSA-500792	GPCR ligand binding

MSigDB gene sets: 30 (showing top): KEGG_NEUROACTIVE_LIGAND_RECEPTOR_INTERACTION, GOMF_G_PROTEIN_COUPLED_AMINE_RECEPTOR_ACTIVITY, REACTOME_CLASS_A_1_RHODOPSIN_LIKE_RECEPTORS, chr6q23, GOMF_TRANSMEMBRANE_SIGNALING_RECEPTOR_ACTIVITY, GSE13522_WT_VS_IFNG_KO_SKIN_DN, MOREAUX_MULTIPLE_MYELOMA_BY_TACI_UP, GOMF_G_PROTEIN_COUPLED_RECEPTOR_ACTIVITY, GOBP_G_PROTEIN_COUPLED_RECEPTOR_SIGNALING_PATHWAY, GOMF_TRACE_AMINE_RECEPTOR_ACTIVITY, IL15_UP.V1_DN, IL21_UP.V1_DN, GSE13522_WT_VS_IFNG_KO_SKIN_UP, ID2_TARGET_GENES, GSE1432_1H_VS_6H_IFNG_MICROGLIA_UP

GO Biological Process (2): G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway (GO:0007186), signal transduction (GO:0007165)

GO Molecular Function (2): trace-amine receptor activity (GO:0001594), G protein-coupled receptor activity (GO:0004930)

GO Cellular Component (2): plasma membrane (GO:0005886), membrane (GO:0016020)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-5 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Signaling by GPCR	2
Class A/1 (Rhodopsin-like receptors)	1
GPCR downstream signalling	1
Signal Transduction	1
GPCR ligand binding	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
G protein-coupled receptor activity	1
signal transduction	1
cell communication	1
cellular process	1
signaling	1
regulation of cellular process	1
cellular response to stimulus	1
G protein-coupled amine receptor activity	1
transmembrane signaling receptor activity	1
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	1
membrane	1
cell periphery	1
cellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

538 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
TAAR2	STX7	O15400	576
TAAR2	RBM8A	Q9Y5S9	541
TAAR2	VNN1	O95497	521
TAAR2	AVPR2	P30518	475
TAAR2	OR52H1	Q8NGJ2	437
TAAR2	TAAR5	O14804	429
TAAR2	GPR119	Q8TDV5	379
TAAR2	OR52B6	Q8NGF0	379
TAAR2	NLE1	Q9NVX2	375
TAAR2	CNGA2	Q16280	370
TAAR2	FFAR4	Q5NUL3	362
TAAR2	HRH4	Q9H3N8	361
TAAR2	RHO	P08100	358
TAAR2	GPR139	Q6DWJ6	354
TAAR2	OR2T1	O43869	344

IntAct

0 interactions, top by confidence:

BioGRID (1): TAAR2 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A6NMU1, B3DH96, O01608, O13076, O17819, O17820, O97504, P32244, P32245, P33032, P34974, P35345, P37289, P41149, P41968, P43118, P52592, P54127, P61793, P61794, P70115, Q01718, Q0Z8I9, Q28031, Q28905, Q5QD16, Q5QD17, Q5QD24, Q5QD25, Q5QD29, Q5QNP2, Q64326, Q6W049, Q8HXX3, Q8HYN8, Q8HZ64, Q8K5E0, Q923Y7, Q92633, Q96RJ0

Diamond homologs: A0A678XMK4, O02662, O02666, O14804, O19091, O42574, O70528, O77680, O77700, P07700, P11617, P17124, P18089, P21728, P23944, P25021, P25100, P25102, P25115, P28221, P28565, P35405, P35406, P42289, P42290, P42291, P43141, P46626, P47747, P47800, P49145, P50406, P53452, P53454, P60021, P61752, P79400, P97288, P97292, P97714

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

60 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	57
Likely benign	3
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

197 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
6:132617244:C:CT	acceptor_gain	0.6500
6:132618072:G:C	donor_gain	0.6400
6:132618071:AG:A	donor_gain	0.6300
6:132618077:TCGGA:T	donor_gain	0.6100
6:132618078:CGGAC:C	donor_gain	0.6100
6:132617362:T:TC	acceptor_gain	0.5500
6:132617542:C:T	acceptor_gain	0.5300
6:132617610:C:CC	acceptor_gain	0.5100
6:132617245:A:T	acceptor_gain	0.5000
6:132617411:T:A	donor_gain	0.5000
6:132617406:A:AC	donor_gain	0.4800
6:132617407:C:CC	donor_gain	0.4800
6:132617215:G:C	donor_gain	0.4700
6:132618119:T:TA	donor_gain	0.4600
6:132617906:A:AC	donor_gain	0.4500
6:132617907:C:CC	donor_gain	0.4500
6:132617244:C:T	acceptor_gain	0.4400
6:132617403:A:AC	donor_gain	0.4400
6:132617409:ATT:A	donor_gain	0.4400
6:132617214:A:AC	donor_gain	0.4300
6:132617227:T:TA	donor_gain	0.4300
6:132617362:T:C	acceptor_gain	0.4300
6:132618070:TAGCC:T	donor_gain	0.4300
6:132618071:AGCCA:A	donor_gain	0.4300
6:132618096:T:A	donor_gain	0.4100
6:132617386:A:C	donor_gain	0.4000
6:132617440:T:A	donor_gain	0.4000
6:132617445:A:AC	donor_gain	0.4000
6:132617446:C:CC	donor_gain	0.4000
6:132617235:C:CC	acceptor_gain	0.3900

AlphaMissense

2328 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
6:132617393:G:C	F271L	0.956
6:132617393:G:T	F271L	0.956
6:132617395:A:G	F271L	0.956
6:132617843:A:C	S121R	0.931
6:132617843:A:T	S121R	0.931
6:132617845:T:G	S121R	0.931
6:132617993:G:C	F71L	0.922
6:132617993:G:T	F71L	0.922
6:132617995:A:G	F71L	0.922
6:132617240:A:C	F322L	0.909
6:132617240:A:T	F322L	0.909
6:132617242:A:G	F322L	0.909
6:132617336:G:C	F290L	0.892
6:132617336:G:T	F290L	0.892
6:132617338:A:G	F290L	0.892
6:132617780:A:C	F142L	0.880
6:132617780:A:T	F142L	0.880
6:132617782:A:G	F142L	0.880
6:132617591:G:C	F205L	0.879
6:132617591:G:T	F205L	0.879
6:132617593:A:G	F205L	0.879
6:132617939:A:C	D89E	0.878
6:132617939:A:T	D89E	0.878
6:132617302:A:G	W302R	0.877
6:132617302:A:T	W302R	0.877
6:132617507:A:C	F233L	0.871
6:132617507:A:T	F233L	0.871
6:132617509:A:G	F233L	0.871
6:132617879:C:A	W109C	0.863
6:132617879:C:G	W109C	0.863

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000013661 (6:132618962 G>A), RS1000263646 (6:132619737 A>G), RS1000496450 (6:132621479 T>G), RS1000518208 (6:132625554 C>A,G), RS1000603884 (6:132623826 C>A), RS1001028470 (6:132623469 C>A,G,T), RS1001623908 (6:132622148 C>G), RS1001721061 (6:132619405 C>G), RS1001752369 (6:132619096 GACC>G), RS1003630452 (6:132619605 G>A,T), RS1003807741 (6:132626254 G>A,T), RS1003809358 (6:132625197 T>C), RS1004013796 (6:132620538 C>A,T), RS1004202629 (6:132625342 C>T), RS1004580661 (6:132621168 A>C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:604849 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

0 associations (top):

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (1): CHEMBL4523927 (SINGLE PROTEIN)

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

GtoPdb / IUPHAR curated pharmacology

(IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology — expert-curated)

Target class: gpcr — TAAR2, TAAR3, TAAR4p, TAAR5, TAAR6, TAAR8, TAAR9

CTD chemical–gene interactions

5 total (human), top 5 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
bisphenol A	increases methylation	1
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
Atrazine	increases expression	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation	1
Aflatoxin B1	increases methylation	1

ChEMBL screening assays

2 unique, capped per target: 2 binding

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL4883605	Binding	PRESTO-Tango GPCRome screening (TAAR2)	Data for DCP probe UCSF924

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.