TAF9

Summary

TAF9 (TATA-box binding protein associated factor 9, HGNC:11542) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 5q13.2, encoding Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 9 (Q16594). The TFIID basal transcription factor complex plays a major role in the initiation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-dependent transcription.

Initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II requires the activities of more than 70 polypeptides. The protein that coordinates these activities is transcription factor IID (TFIID), which binds to the core promoter to position the polymerase properly, serves as the scaffold for assembly of the remainder of the transcription complex, and acts as a channel for regulatory signals. TFIID is composed of the TATA-binding protein (TBP) and a group of evolutionarily conserved proteins known as TBP-associated factors or TAFs. TAFs may participate in basal transcription, serve as coactivators, function in promoter recognition or modify general transcription factors (GTFs) to facilitate complex assembly and transcription initiation. This gene encodes one of the smaller subunits of TFIID that binds to the basal transcription factor GTF2B as well as to several transcriptional activators such as p53 and VP16. In human, TAF9 and AK6 (GeneID: 102157402) are two distinct genes that share 5’ exons. A similar but distinct gene (TAF9L) has been found on the X chromosome and a pseudogene has been identified on chromosome 19. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.

Source: NCBI Gene 6880 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): schizophrenia (No Known Disease Relationship, GenCC)
• Druggable target: yes — 1 molecules with ChEMBL bioactivity
• MANE Select transcript: NM_003187

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:11542
Approved symbol	TAF9
Name	TATA-box binding protein associated factor 9
Location	5q13.2
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	TAFII31, TAFII32, TAFIID32, MGC5067, CGI-137, MGC1603, MGC3647, AD-004
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000273841
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	600822
Entrez	6880

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 21 — 17 protein_coding, 4 retained_intron

ENST00000217893, ENST00000328663, ENST00000503245, ENST00000504109, ENST00000506736, ENST00000508954, ENST00000509462, ENST00000512152, ENST00000685776, ENST00000686157, ENST00000687205, ENST00000687836, ENST00000688968, ENST00000689249, ENST00000690749, ENST00000691076, ENST00000691515, ENST00000691555, ENST00000693414, ENST00000693538, ENST00000926367

RefSeq mRNA: 2 — MANE Select: NM_003187 NM_001015892, NM_003187

CCDS: CCDS4002

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000217893 — 3 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001867641	69369463	69369520
ENSE00002024534	69364743	69365754
ENSE00003755172	69366503	69366595

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 144 present calls, max score 98.22.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth broad, TPM avg 1.0496 / max 111.5601, expressed in 577 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (4 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
62019	60.0109	1817
62017	1.0125	566
62023	0.1776	54
62018	0.0371	4

Top tissues by expression

144 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
left testis	UBERON:0004533	98.22	gold quality
right testis	UBERON:0004534	98.15	gold quality
testis	UBERON:0000473	97.79	gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	97.69	gold quality
cortical plate	UBERON:0005343	97.33	gold quality
islet of Langerhans	UBERON:0000006	96.98	gold quality
rectum	UBERON:0001052	95.70	gold quality
superior frontal gyrus	UBERON:0002661	95.67	gold quality
prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0000451	95.53	gold quality
monocyte	CL:0000576	95.40	gold quality
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex	UBERON:0009834	95.35	gold quality
leukocyte	CL:0000738	95.27	gold quality
olfactory segment of nasal mucosa	UBERON:0005386	95.27	gold quality
bone marrow	UBERON:0002371	95.24	gold quality
frontal cortex	UBERON:0001870	95.23	gold quality
frontal lobe	UBERON:0016525	95.23	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 9	UBERON:0013540	95.18	gold quality
pituitary gland	UBERON:0000007	95.13	gold quality
adrenal tissue	UBERON:0018303	95.12	gold quality
cerebral cortex	UBERON:0000956	95.00	gold quality
stromal cell of endometrium	CL:0002255	94.98	gold quality
lymph node	UBERON:0000029	94.96	gold quality
anterior cingulate cortex	UBERON:0009835	94.96	gold quality
pancreas	UBERON:0001264	94.94	gold quality
smooth muscle tissue	UBERON:0001135	94.92	gold quality
adenohypophysis	UBERON:0002196	94.87	gold quality
hypothalamus	UBERON:0001898	94.85	gold quality
right frontal lobe	UBERON:0002810	94.77	gold quality
endometrium	UBERON:0001295	94.72	gold quality
brain	UBERON:0000955	94.59	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	8.21

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): TADA2A

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

17 targeting TAF9, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-126-5P	100.00	72.71	3180
HSA-MIR-4795-3P	100.00	74.62	4024
HSA-MIR-10523-5P	99.91	69.22	2038
HSA-MIR-548D-3P	99.87	70.67	4362
HSA-MIR-548BB-3P	99.86	70.58	4354
HSA-MIR-548AC	99.84	70.77	4351
HSA-MIR-548H-3P	99.84	70.80	4349
HSA-MIR-548Z	99.84	70.80	4349
HSA-MIR-4666B	99.64	68.69	1282
HSA-MIR-549A-3P	99.54	68.17	825
HSA-MIR-892A	99.54	68.16	1141
HSA-MIR-4452	99.50	68.45	1493
HSA-MIR-889-3P	99.40	69.76	2103
HSA-MIR-4478	99.07	65.16	2320
HSA-MIR-3929	98.32	65.58	1026
HSA-MIR-338-3P	98.14	67.38	1137
HSA-MIR-3074-3P	97.83	67.26	922

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 10)

• TAF9 depletion severely disrupts TFIID, indicating that the observed ongoing transcription is initiated with at least partially TAF-free TATA-binding protein. (PMID:12837753)
• IL-1-inducible phosphorylation of p65 NFkB is mediated by multiple protein kinases including IKKalpha, IKKbeta, IKKepsilon, TBK1, and an unknown kinase and couples p65 to TAFII31-mediated IL-8 transcription (PMID:15489227)
• histone fold domain mediated interaction enhances the DNA binding activity of each of the TAF6-TAF9 and TAF4b-TAF12 pairs and of a histone-like octamer complex composed of the four TAFs (PMID:15601843)
• suggest a novel STAF65gamma-dependent function of STAGA-type complexes in cell proliferation and transcription activation by MYC postloading of TFIID and RNA polymerase II that involves direct recruitment of core Mediator (PMID:17967894)
• TAF9 functionally supports EKLF activity by enhancing its ability to activate the beta-globin gene. TAF9 interacts with a conserved beta-globin downstream promoter element (PMID:19251649)
• Multiple hTAF(II)31-binding motifs in the intrinsically unfolded transcriptional activation domain of VP16. (PMID:19643037)
• TFIID TAF6-TAF9 complex formation involves the HEAT repeat-containing C-terminal domain of TAF6 and is modulated by TAF5 protein. (PMID:22696218)
• findings suggest that p53 sequesters TAF9 from GLI1, which may contribute to inhibition of GLI1 activity by p53 (PMID:26282181)
• TAF9 directly binds HCA587/MAGEC2 through its CR domain, suggesting that HCA587/MAGEC2 may involve in TAF9 binding with DNA to regulate certain genes transcription. (PMID:29257297)
• Human cytomegalovirus pp65 peptide-induced autoantibodies cross-reacts with TAF9 protein and induces lupus-like autoimmunity in BALB/c mice. (PMID:32541894)

Cross-species orthologs

6 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	taf9	ENSDARG00000077870
mus_musculus	Taf9	ENSMUSG00000052293
mus_musculus	Ak6	ENSMUSG00000078941
rattus_norvegicus	Taf9	ENSRNOG00000039848
drosophila_melanogaster	Taf9	FBGN0000617
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00006391

Paralogs (1): TAF9B (ENSG00000187325)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Transcription initiation factor TFIID subunit 9 — Q16594 (reviewed: Q16594)

Alternative names: RNA polymerase II TBP-associated factor subunit G, STAF31/32, Transcription initiation factor TFIID 31 kDa subunit, Transcription initiation factor TFIID 32 kDa subunit

All UniProt accessions (6): D6RGK3, D6RHW1, D6RIE8, D6RIV9, D6RIY1, Q16594

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. The TFIID basal transcription factor complex plays a major role in the initiation of RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-dependent transcription. TFIID recognizes and binds promoters with or without a TATA box via its subunit TBP, a TATA-box-binding protein, and promotes assembly of the pre-initiation complex (PIC). The TFIID complex consists of TBP and TBP-associated factors (TAFs), including TAF1, TAF2, TAF3, TAF4, TAF5, TAF6, TAF7, TAF8, TAF9, TAF10, TAF11, TAF12 and TAF13. TAF9 is also a component of the TBP-free TAFII complex (TFTC), the PCAF histone acetylase complex and the STAGA transcription coactivator-HAT complex. TAF9 and its paralog TAF9B are involved in transcriptional activation as well as repression of distinct but overlapping sets of genes. Essential for cell viability. May have a role in gene regulation associated with apoptosis.

Subunit / interactions. Component of the TFIID basal transcription factor complex, composed of TATA-box-binding protein TBP, and a number of TBP-associated factors (TAFs), including TAF1, TAF2, TAF3, TAF4, TAF5, TAF6, TAF7, TAF8, TAF9, TAF10, TAF11, TAF12 and TAF13. Component of the TATA-binding protein-free TAF complex (TFTC), the PCAF histone acetylase complex and the STAGA transcription coactivator-HAT complex. The PCAF complex consists at least of TADA2L/ADA2, SUPT3H/SPT3, TADA3L/ADA3, TAF5L/PAF65-beta, TAF6L/PAF65-alpha, TAF10/TAFII30, TAF12/TAFII20, TAF9/TAFII31 and TRRAP. The STAGA transcription coactivator-HAT complex consists at least of SUPT3H, GCN5L2, SUPT7L, TAF5L, TAF6L, TADA3L, TAD1L, TAF10, TAF12, TRRAP and TAF9. Binds N-terminal domain of p53/TP53 which is essential for transcription. Component of some MLL1/MLL complex, at least composed of the core components KMT2A/MLL1, ASH2L, HCFC1/HCF1, WDR5 and RBBP5, as well as the facultative components BACC1, CHD8, E2F6, HSP70, INO80C, KANSL1, LAS1L, MAX, MCRS1, MGA, MYST1/MOF, PELP1, PHF20, PRP31, RING2, RUVB1/TIP49A, RUVB2/TIP49B, SENP3, TAF1, TAF4, TAF6, TAF7, TAF9 and TEX10. Binds TFIIB and the Herpes simplex virus activator VP16. Forms a heterodimer with TAF6 in a complex with the TAF4B-TAF12 heterodimer. Also interacts with TAF5. Binds directly DNA. Increased DNA binding when complexed with TAF6.

Subcellular location. Nucleus.

Induction. 6 to 8-fold by apoptotic signals.

Similarity. Belongs to the TAF9 family.

RefSeq proteins (2): NP_001015892, NP_003178* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR003162	TFIID-31	Family
IPR009072	Histone-fold	Homologous_superfamily
IPR051431	TFIID_subunit_9/TAF9	Family

Pfam: PF02291

UniProt features (28 total): modified residue 11, helix 4, compositionally biased region 3, sequence variant 2, region of interest 2, sequence conflict 2, chain 1, DNA-binding region 1, turn 1, strand 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

31 structures, top 30 by resolution.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
6F3T	X-RAY DIFFRACTION	2.5
7EGG	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.77
7EGF	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.16
7EGB	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.3
7EG9	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.7
8H7G	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.7
7EGC	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.9
7ENA	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	4.07
7EGA	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	4.1
7ENC	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	4.13
8GXS	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	4.16
6MZC	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	4.5
7EDX	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	4.5
8GXQ	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	5.04
8WAK	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	5.47
8WAP	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	5.85
8WAN	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	6.07
8WAS	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	6.13
7EG7	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	6.2
8WAQ	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	6.29
8WAO	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	6.4
7EGD	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	6.75
8WAR	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	7.2
7EG8	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	7.4
6MZM	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	7.5
8WAL	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	8.52
7EGJ	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	8.64
7EGE	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	9
6MZD	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	9.8
7EGI	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	9.82

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q16594-F1	67.86	0.32

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Post-translational modifications (11): 155, 158, 159, 161, 164, 178, 181, 196, 5, 149, 152

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

24 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-167161	HIV Transcription Initiation
R-HSA-167162	RNA Polymerase II HIV Promoter Escape
R-HSA-167172	Transcription of the HIV genome
R-HSA-3214847	HATs acetylate histones
R-HSA-674695	RNA Polymerase II Pre-transcription Events
R-HSA-6804756	Regulation of TP53 Activity through Phosphorylation
R-HSA-6807505	RNA polymerase II transcribes snRNA genes
R-HSA-73776	RNA Polymerase II Promoter Escape
R-HSA-73779	RNA Polymerase II Transcription Pre-Initiation And Promoter Opening
R-HSA-75953	RNA Polymerase II Transcription Initiation
R-HSA-76042	RNA Polymerase II Transcription Initiation And Promoter Clearance
R-HSA-162587	HIV Life Cycle
R-HSA-162599	Late Phase of HIV Life Cycle
R-HSA-162906	HIV Infection
R-HSA-1643685	Disease
R-HSA-212436	Generic Transcription Pathway
R-HSA-3247509	Chromatin modifying enzymes
R-HSA-3700989	Transcriptional Regulation by TP53
R-HSA-4839726	Chromatin organization
R-HSA-5633007	Regulation of TP53 Activity
R-HSA-5663205	Infectious disease
R-HSA-73857	RNA Polymerase II Transcription
R-HSA-74160	Gene expression (Transcription)
R-HSA-9824446	Viral Infection Pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 274 (showing top): RODRIGUES_THYROID_CARCINOMA_ANAPLASTIC_UP, GOBP_INTRINSIC_APOPTOTIC_SIGNALING_PATHWAY_IN_RESPONSE_TO_DNA_DAMAGE_BY_P53_CLASS_MEDIATOR, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_PROTEOLYSIS, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_PROTEASOMAL_UBIQUITIN_DEPENDENT_PROTEIN_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, NAGY_STAGA_COMPONENTS_HUMAN, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_INTRINSIC_APOPTOTIC_SIGNALING_PATHWAY_BY_P53_CLASS_MEDIATOR, GOBP_RESPONSE_TO_PEPTIDE, GCM_MSN, SHEPARD_CRASH_AND_BURN_MUTANT_UP, GCM_NPM1, GOBP_POSITIVE_REGULATION_OF_DNA_TEMPLATED_TRANSCRIPTION_INITIATION, STARK_PREFRONTAL_CORTEX_22Q11_DELETION_DN, CGGAARNGGCNG_UNKNOWN, GOBP_MACROMOLECULE_CATABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_NEGATIVE_REGULATION_OF_INTRINSIC_APOPTOTIC_SIGNALING_PATHWAY_IN_RESPONSE_TO_DNA_DAMAGE

GO Biological Process (20): box C/D snoRNP assembly (GO:0000492), regulation of DNA repair (GO:0006282), chromatin remodeling (GO:0006338), regulation of DNA-templated transcription (GO:0006355), regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II (GO:0006357), DNA damage response (GO:0006974), negative regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process (GO:0032435), mRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II (GO:0042789), negative regulation of apoptotic process (GO:0043066), regulation of RNA splicing (GO:0043484), positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription (GO:0045893), positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II (GO:0045944), protein stabilization (GO:0050821), RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex assembly (GO:0051123), positive regulation of transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II (GO:0060261), positive regulation of response to cytokine stimulus (GO:0060760), response to interleukin-1 (GO:0070555), negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator (GO:1902166), DNA-templated transcription initiation (GO:0006352), transcription by RNA polymerase II (GO:0006366)

GO Molecular Function (11): transcription cis-regulatory region binding (GO:0000976), p53 binding (GO:0002039), DNA binding (GO:0003677), transcription coactivator activity (GO:0003713), RNA polymerase II general transcription initiation factor activity (GO:0016251), protein heterodimerization activity (GO:0046982), ATPase binding (GO:0051117), C2H2 zinc finger domain binding (GO:0070742), DNA-binding transcription factor binding (GO:0140297), histone acetyltransferase activity (GO:0004402), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (7): SAGA complex (GO:0000124), nucleus (GO:0005634), nucleoplasm (GO:0005654), transcription factor TFIID complex (GO:0005669), transcription factor TFTC complex (GO:0033276), pre-snoRNP complex (GO:0070761), MLL1 complex (GO:0071339)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-12 pathways:

Category	Pathways
RNA Polymerase II Transcription	5
Transcription of the HIV genome	2
RNA Polymerase II Transcription Initiation And Promoter Clearance	2
Late Phase of HIV Life Cycle	1
Chromatin modifying enzymes	1
Regulation of TP53 Activity	1
HIV Infection	1
HIV Life Cycle	1
Viral Infection Pathways	1
Chromatin organization	1
Generic Transcription Pathway	1
Transcriptional Regulation by TP53	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
DNA-templated transcription	4
transcription by RNA polymerase II	4
regulation of gene expression	2
regulation of DNA-templated transcription	2
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription	2
transcription initiation at RNA polymerase II promoter	2
response to cytokine	2
SAGA-type complex	2
RNA polymerase II, holoenzyme	2
RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex	2
small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein complex assembly	1
DNA repair	1
regulation of DNA metabolic process	1
regulation of cellular response to stress	1
chromatin organization	1
regulation of RNA biosynthetic process	1
cellular response to stress	1
regulation of proteasomal ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process	1
proteasome-mediated ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process	1
negative regulation of proteasomal protein catabolic process	1
negative regulation of ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process	1
mRNA transcription	1
apoptotic process	1
regulation of apoptotic process	1
negative regulation of programmed cell death	1
RNA splicing	1
regulation of primary metabolic process	1
positive regulation of RNA biosynthetic process	1
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	1
regulation of protein stability	1
transcription preinitiation complex assembly	1
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	1
regulation of transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II	1
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription initiation	1
positive regulation of response to stimulus	1
regulation of response to cytokine stimulus	1
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator	1
regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator	1
negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage	1
negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1969 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
TAF9	TAF12	Q16514	999
TAF9	TAF6	P49848	999
TAF9	KAT2B	Q92831	997
TAF9	TAF10	Q12962	997
TAF9	TAF5	Q15542	997
TAF9	KAT2A	Q92830	994
TAF9	TAF4	O00268	993
TAF9	TBP	P20226	950
TAF9	TADA2B	Q86TJ2	945
TAF9	TADA3	O75528	908
TAF9	TAF7	Q15545	900
TAF9	SGF29	Q96ES7	895
TAF9	TAF8	Q7Z7C8	881
TAF9	TAF1	P21675	872
TAF9	SUPT7L	O94864	862

IntAct

194 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
TAF6L	TAF9	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.880
TAF9	TAF6L	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.880
TAF6L	TAF9	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.880
TAF9	DRAP1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.870
DRAP1	TAF9	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.870
SGF29	NDC80	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.840
TAF5	TAF6	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.760
TAF5	TAF6	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.760
TAF5	TAF6	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.760
TAF12	TAF4	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.760
TAF9	KPNA1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.740

BioGRID (312): TAF9 (Two-hybrid), TAF9 (Two-hybrid), NDRG1 (Two-hybrid), LAMTOR5 (Two-hybrid), DRAP1 (Two-hybrid), TAF6L (Two-hybrid), TAF9 (Protein-peptide), TAF9 (Affinity Capture-MS), TAF9 (Affinity Capture-MS), TAF9 (Affinity Capture-MS), TAF9 (Affinity Capture-MS), TAF9 (Affinity Capture-MS), TAF9 (Two-hybrid), DRAP1 (Two-hybrid), CHD2 (Co-fractionation)

ESM2 similar proteins: B0R0I6, E9Q7E2, O08949, O13722, O89090, P08047, P14859, P15143, P16143, P25425, P31503, P39769, P47825, P49880, P51611, P52655, Q01714, Q02086, Q02446, Q08CM4, Q0IHV2, Q16594, Q17QQ4, Q28BL7, Q29076, Q29A33, Q3TUF7, Q571G4, Q5BKE0, Q5E9U0, Q5F3U0, Q5R7P7, Q5RBN8, Q5RCU0, Q62445, Q62880, Q641Z1, Q68CP9, Q6MZP7, Q6NZA9

Diamond homologs: O45784, Q16594, Q17QQ4, Q5BKE0, Q5R7P7, Q62880, Q6NZA9, Q8VI33, Q9HBM6, Q05027, Q09869, Q9SYH2, Q27272, Q8SSI9

SIGNOR signaling

2 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
TAF9	“form complex”	TFIID	binding
TAF9	“form complex”	“SAGA complex”	binding

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 149 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
HIV Transcription Initiation	10	21.8×	1e-09
RNA Polymerase II HIV Promoter Escape	10	21.8×	1e-09
RNA Polymerase II Promoter Escape	10	21.8×	1e-09
RNA Polymerase II Transcription Pre-Initiation And Promoter Opening	10	21.8×	1e-09
RNA Polymerase II Transcription Initiation	10	21.8×	1e-09
RNA Polymerase II Transcription Initiation And Promoter Clearance	10	21.8×	1e-09
Formation of WDR5-containing histone-modifying complexes	7	17.4×	3e-06
Transcription of the HIV genome	10	16.2×	3e-08

GO biological processes:

GO term	Partners	Fold	FDR
regulation of DNA repair	21	42.0×	3e-26
DNA-templated transcription initiation	6	40.7×	5e-07
regulation of RNA splicing	18	28.6×	5e-19
regulation of cell division	5	27.8×	5e-05
RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex assembly	14	27.6×	2e-14
transcription initiation at RNA polymerase II promoter	9	24.4×	1e-08
positive regulation of transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II	12	23.6×	2e-11
mRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II	9	21.6×	4e-08

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

0 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	0
Likely benign	0
Benign	0

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

760 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
5:69365751:CAGA:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:69365757:T:TC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:69365763:C:CT	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:69365763:CATT:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:69365764:A:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:69365766:T:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:69365766:T:TC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
5:69366498:CTTA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
5:69366499:TTA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
5:69366500:TA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
5:69366501:A:AG	donor_loss	1.0000
5:69366502:CCT:C	donor_loss	1.0000
5:69369934:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
5:69365755:C:CC	acceptor_gain	0.9900
5:69365756:T:C	acceptor_gain	0.9900
5:69365757:T:C	acceptor_gain	0.9900
5:69365764:A:AC	acceptor_gain	0.9900
5:69365764:A:T	acceptor_gain	0.9900
5:69365765:T:C	acceptor_gain	0.9900
5:69365765:T:TC	acceptor_gain	0.9900
5:69366502:CCTT:C	donor_gain	0.9900
5:69366593:TACC:T	acceptor_loss	0.9900
5:69366594:ACCT:A	acceptor_loss	0.9900
5:69366595:CCTGT:C	acceptor_loss	0.9900
5:69366596:CT:C	acceptor_loss	0.9900
5:69366597:T:G	acceptor_loss	0.9900
5:69369444:C:A	donor_gain	0.9900
5:69369456:C:CA	donor_gain	0.9900
5:69369931:A:T	donor_gain	0.9900
5:69365750:TCAGA:T	acceptor_gain	0.9800

AlphaMissense

1712 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
5:69365391:G:T	P116Q	1.000
5:69365394:A:G	L115S	1.000
5:69365452:C:G	A96P	1.000
5:69365517:G:T	A74E	1.000
5:69365518:C:G	A74P	1.000
5:69365577:G:T	A54E	1.000
5:69365578:C:G	A54P	1.000
5:69365670:A:G	L23P	1.000
5:69365359:A:C	Y127D	0.999
5:69365360:G:C	N126K	0.999
5:69365360:G:T	N126K	0.999
5:69365375:G:C	C121W	0.999
5:69365381:T:A	R119S	0.999
5:69365381:T:G	R119S	0.999
5:69365382:C:G	R119T	0.999
5:69365391:G:C	P116R	0.999
5:69365392:G:A	P116S	0.999
5:69365392:G:T	P116T	0.999
5:69365394:A:C	L115W	0.999
5:69365403:C:T	G112D	0.999
5:69365427:A:C	L104W	0.999
5:69365427:A:G	L104S	0.999
5:69365438:A:C	N100K	0.999
5:69365438:A:T	N100K	0.999
5:69365440:T:C	N100D	0.999
5:69365451:G:T	A96E	0.999
5:69365478:G:T	P87H	0.999
5:69365520:A:G	L73S	0.999
5:69365526:A:T	V71E	0.999
5:69365529:T:A	D70V	0.999

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000831641 (5:69370747 G>T), RS1000973410 (5:69370684 T>G), RS1001053447 (5:69370924 T>C), RS1001289306 (5:69370536 C>T), RS1002070157 (5:69369875 C>A,G,T), RS1002176114 (5:69371338 T>C), RS1002362240 (5:69366244 G>A), RS1002688662 (5:69371389 A>G), RS1002734364 (5:69365900 T>A), RS1003030835 (5:69368738 TAA>T,TAAA), RS1003772324 (5:69367579 CAAGAT>C), RS1004494246 (5:69367927 G>A), RS1004614402 (5:69368160 CAT>C), RS1005337696 (5:69364350 AT>A,ATT), RS1005781760 (5:69364569 T>C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:600822 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
schizophrenia	No Known Disease Relationship	Unknown

Mondo (1): schizophrenia (MONDO:0005090)

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

0 associations (top):

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (1): CHEMBL5725078 (SINGLE PROTEIN)

Molecules with ChEMBL bioactivity

1 molecules (phase ≥1), by development phase (incl. off-target/promiscuous compounds). Patent mentions across the top 20 by phase: 1,538 (via chembl_molecule»patent_compound — counts attach to the compound, not the gene–compound relationship, so off-target/promiscuous molecules can dominate).

Molecule	Name	Phase	Patents
CHEMBL1232461	MOLIBRESIB	2	1,538

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

ChEMBL bioactivities

1 potent at pChembl≥5 of 1 total, top 1 by pChembl (potency: 10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM).

pChembl	Type	Value	Unit	Molecule
6.31	IC50	490	nM	MOLIBRESIB

PubChem BioAssay actives

1 with measured affinity, of 6 total; 1 most potent distinct compounds. Largely complementary to BindingDB; screening values are coarse (µM, 4 dp), so sub-nM hits tie at the floor.

Compound	Assay	Type	Value	Unit
2-[(4S)-6-(4-chlorophenyl)-8-methoxy-1-methyl-4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepin-4-yl]-N-ethylacetamide	2178525: Inhibition of TAF9 (unknown origin) incubated for 1 hr by colloidal coomassie staining based LC-MS/MS analysis	ic50	0.4900	uM

CTD chemical–gene interactions

30 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Fulvestrant	decreases expression, increases expression	2
Estradiol	increases expression	2
Valproic Acid	affects expression, decreases methylation	2
Raloxifene Hydrochloride	decreases expression, increases expression	2
FR900359	increases phosphorylation	1
TAK-243	increases sumoylation	1
dicrotophos	decreases expression	1
methylmercuric chloride	increases expression	1
triphenyl phosphate	affects expression	1
bisphenol A	affects expression	1
afimoxifene	decreases expression	1
sodium arsenite	increases expression	1
cobaltous chloride	increases expression	1
deguelin	increases expression	1
GW 7604	increases expression	1
thifluzamide	increases expression	1
pyrachlostrobin	increases expression	1
picoxystrobin	increases expression	1
(+)-JQ1 compound	increases expression	1
PCI 5002	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Resveratrol	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Antimycin A	increases expression	1
Caffeine	affects phosphorylation	1
Doxorubicin	decreases expression	1
Plant Extracts	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Quercetin	increases expression	1
Rotenone	increases expression	1
Thimerosal	increases expression	1
Zinc	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Aflatoxin B1	increases methylation	1

ChEMBL screening assays

6 unique, capped per target: 6 binding

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL5697255	Binding	Inhibition of TAF9 (unknown origin) assessed as fold change at 10 uM incubated for 1 hr by colloidal coomassie staining based LC-MS/MS analysis	Inhibition of BET recruitment to chromatin as an effective treatment for MLL-fusion leukaemia. — Nature

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

300 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00000374	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treatment for First-Episode Schizophrenia
NCT00001656	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Comparison of Clozapine vs Olanzapine in Childhood-Onset Psychotic Disorders
NCT00007774	PHASE4	COMPLETED	To Determine if Olanzapine is More Cost Effective Than Haloperidol for the Treatment of Schizophrenia
NCT00014001	PHASE4	COMPLETED	CATIE- Schizophrenia Trial
NCT00018668	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Antipsychotic Response in Schizophrenia
NCT00034801	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Olanzapine Versus Active Comparator in the Treatment of Depression in Patients With Schizophrenia
NCT00034905	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Comparison of Seroquel vs. Risperidone in Schizophrenia
NCT00036088	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Olanzapine Versus An Active Comparator in the Treatment of Schizophrenia
NCT00044187	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Assessment of a Weight-Gain Agent for the Treatment of Olanzapine-Associated Anti-Obesity Agent in Patients With Schizophrenia, Schizophreniform Disorder, Schizoaffective Disorder, and Bipolar I Disorder
NCT00044655	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Switching Medication to Treat Schizophrenia
NCT00048828	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treating Drug-Resistant Childhood Schizophrenia
NCT00053703	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treatment of Early Onset Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders (TEOSS)
NCT00056498	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Risperidone Treatment in Schizophrenia Patients Who Are Currently Taking Clozapine
NCT00061802	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety of Two Atypical Antipsychotics vs. Placebo in Patients With an Acute Exacerbation of Either Schizophrenia or Schizoaffective Disorder
NCT00080327	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Three Doses of Aripiprazole in Patients With Acute Schizophrenia
NCT00088049	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Olanzapine vs. Aripiprazole in the Treatment of Schizophrenia
NCT00090012	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Comparison of Continuing Olanzapine to Switching to Quetiapine in Overweight or Obese Patients With Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder
NCT00100776	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy of High Dose Olanzapine for the Treatment of Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder
NCT00103571	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Olanzapine Versus Aripiprazole in the Treatment of Acutely Ill Patients With Schizophrenia
NCT00108368	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Effects of Risperidone and Olanzapine on Thinking
NCT00114595	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Ethyl-Eicosapentaenoic Acid and Tardive Dyskinesia
NCT00130923	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Risperidone Long-acting Versus Oral Risperidone in Patients With Schizophrenia and Alcohol Use Disorder
NCT00137020	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Clinical Effect Of Cross Titration Of Antipsychotics With Ziprasidone In Schizophrenia Or Schizoaffective Disorder
NCT00140166	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treatment of Acute Schizophrenia With Vitamin Therapy
NCT00145847	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Naltrexone Treatment of Alcohol Abuse in Schizophrenia
NCT00148564	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Energy Homeostasis Under Treatment With Atypical Antipsychotics
NCT00156715	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy of Quetiapine in the Treatment of Patients With Schizophrenia and a Comorbid Substance Use Disorder
NCT00158223	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effectiveness of Pimozide in Augmenting the Effects of Clozapine in the Treatment of Schizophrenia
NCT00159081	PHASE4	COMPLETED	One Year Drug Treatment in First-Episode Schizophrenia
NCT00159120	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Maintenance Treatment vs. Stepwise Drug Discontinuation in First-Episode Schizophrenia
NCT00159133	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Prodrome-Based Early Intervention With Antipsychotics vs. Benzodiazepines in First-Episode Schizophrenia
NCT00159757	PHASE4	TERMINATED	12 Week Open, Non-Comparative Switch Study Of Oral Ziprazidone In Previously Treated Schizophrenic Patients
NCT00167817	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect of Switch to Aripiprazole on Health and Smoking Parameters in Patients With Schizophrenia: A Pilot Study
NCT00169026	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Alcoholism and Schizophrenia: Effects of Clozapine
NCT00169039	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Clozapine Versus Chlorpromazine for Treatment-Unresponsive Schizophrenia
NCT00169065	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effectiveness of Clozapine Versus Olanzapine for Treatment-resistant Schizophrenia
NCT00169091	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Clozapine Versus Haloperidol for Treating the First Episode of Schizophrenia
NCT00176423	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy Study of Galantamine for Cognitive Impairments in Schizophrenia
NCT00176436	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Atomoxetine for Treatment of Weight Gain in Olanzapine or Clozapine Patients
NCT00177008	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Aripiprazole for the Treatment of Schizophrenia With Co-Morbid Social Anxiety