TARS3

Summary

TARS3 (threonyl-tRNA synthetase 3, HGNC:24728) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 15q26.3, encoding Threonine–tRNA ligase 2, cytoplasmic (A2RTX5). Catalyzes the attachment of threonine to tRNA(Thr) in a two-step reaction: threonine is first activated by ATP to form Thr-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Thr).

Predicted to enable threonine-tRNA ligase activity. Predicted to be involved in threonyl-tRNA aminoacylation. Predicted to be located in cytoplasm and nucleus. Predicted to be active in mitochondrion.

Source: NCBI Gene 123283 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 140 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_152334

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:24728
Approved symbol	TARS3
Name	threonyl-tRNA synthetase 3
Location	15q26.3
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	FLJ25005, ThrRS-L
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000185418
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
Entrez	123283

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 19 — 14 protein_coding, 2 nonsense_mediated_decay, 2 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined, 1 retained_intron

ENST00000335968, ENST00000539112, ENST00000557811, ENST00000558533, ENST00000559492, ENST00000560150, ENST00000615656, ENST00000907978, ENST00000907979, ENST00000907980, ENST00000907981, ENST00000907982, ENST00000911609, ENST00000947768, ENST00000947769, ENST00000947770, ENST00000947771, ENST00000947772, ENST00000947773

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_152334 NM_152334

CCDS: CCDS10394

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000335968 — 19 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001295990	101701086	101701184
ENSE00001303704	101714840	101714963
ENSE00001303811	101702239	101702385
ENSE00001312103	101657785	101657857
ENSE00001324218	101721126	101721322
ENSE00001352874	101703859	101703937
ENSE00001352899	101723093	101723164
ENSE00001368541	101705683	101705747
ENSE00001373829	101711880	101712001
ENSE00001387081	101708793	101708910
ENSE00001876578	101724091	101724473
ENSE00001957517	101653596	101654730
ENSE00003482557	101675600	101675737
ENSE00003493619	101685896	101686062
ENSE00003512652	101671671	101671748
ENSE00003594310	101661712	101661816
ENSE00003626558	101684075	101684237
ENSE00003669552	101671486	101671586
ENSE00003686532	101656922	101657036

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 249 present calls, max score 95.83.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth ubiquitous, TPM avg 18.0943 / max 182.0954, expressed in 1789 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (2 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
151845	17.9534	1789
151844	0.1409	58

Top tissues by expression

255 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
corpus callosum	UBERON:0002336	95.83	gold quality
vastus lateralis	UBERON:0001379	95.13	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue of biceps brachii	UBERON:0004502	94.86	gold quality
biceps brachii	UBERON:0001507	94.84	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue of rectus abdominis	UBERON:0004511	94.73	gold quality
deltoid	UBERON:0001476	94.72	gold quality
quadriceps femoris	UBERON:0001377	94.43	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue	UBERON:0001134	94.26	gold quality
left ventricle myocardium	UBERON:0006566	94.04	gold quality
medial globus pallidus	UBERON:0002477	93.15	gold quality
sural nerve	UBERON:0015488	93.11	gold quality
gastrocnemius	UBERON:0001388	92.99	gold quality
muscle of leg	UBERON:0001383	92.96	gold quality
globus pallidus	UBERON:0001875	92.90	gold quality
hindlimb stylopod muscle	UBERON:0004252	92.90	gold quality
inferior vagus X ganglion	UBERON:0005363	92.85	gold quality
muscle tissue	UBERON:0002385	92.50	gold quality
C1 segment of cervical spinal cord	UBERON:0006469	92.23	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 46	UBERON:0006483	92.05	gold quality
calcaneal tendon	UBERON:0003701	91.78	gold quality
spinal cord	UBERON:0002240	91.70	gold quality
tibialis anterior	UBERON:0001385	91.12	gold quality
nucleus accumbens	UBERON:0001882	90.75	gold quality
lateral globus pallidus	UBERON:0002476	90.59	gold quality
substantia nigra	UBERON:0002038	90.52	gold quality
subthalamic nucleus	UBERON:0001906	90.50	gold quality
putamen	UBERON:0001874	90.45	gold quality
caudate nucleus	UBERON:0001873	90.44	gold quality
myocardium	UBERON:0002349	90.23	gold quality
cerebellar hemisphere	UBERON:0002245	90.19	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	6.00
E-ENAD-20	no	57.62

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

40 targeting TARS3, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-450A-1-3P	100.00	69.33	1837
HSA-MIR-4282	99.99	75.36	6408
HSA-MIR-3692-3P	99.98	70.27	2139
HSA-MIR-145-5P	99.92	71.13	1836
HSA-MIR-5195-3P	99.92	70.92	1877
HSA-MIR-454-3P	99.91	74.01	1925
HSA-MIR-130A-3P	99.90	73.31	1861
HSA-MIR-130B-3P	99.90	73.27	1850
HSA-MIR-301A-3P	99.90	73.15	1839
HSA-MIR-301B-3P	99.90	73.19	1836
HSA-MIR-3666	99.90	73.24	1833
HSA-MIR-4295	99.90	73.11	1838
HSA-MIR-4302	99.89	67.94	1187
HSA-MIR-30A-3P	99.87	69.74	2928
HSA-MIR-30D-3P	99.87	69.92	2917
HSA-MIR-30E-3P	99.87	69.68	2942
HSA-MIR-12119	99.87	68.35	1653
HSA-MIR-579-3P	99.86	71.66	3628
HSA-MIR-664B-3P	99.84	71.65	3590
HSA-MIR-7856-5P	99.75	69.99	2901
HSA-MIR-548O-3P	99.74	69.30	2228
HSA-MIR-494-3P	99.70	71.45	2795
HSA-MIR-3158-5P	99.65	67.51	1763
HSA-MIR-4261	99.59	70.30	3415
HSA-MIR-4672	99.50	71.58	2893
HSA-MIR-580-5P	99.28	70.94	1776
HSA-MIR-4667-3P	99.26	65.45	1608
HSA-MIR-5690	99.25	67.58	1012
HSA-MIR-664A-3P	99.22	71.08	2696
HSA-MIR-1257	98.97	68.02	1133

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 3)

• TARSL2 is potentially a new component of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase core-complex (PMID:24312579)
• Newly acquired N-terminal extension targets threonyl-tRNA synthetase-like protein into the multiple tRNA synthetase complex. (PMID:31287872)
• miR-720 is a key regulator of glioma migration and invasion by controlling TARSL2 expression. (PMID:34024034)

Cross-species orthologs

5 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio		ENSDARG00000075385
mus_musculus	Tars3	ENSMUSG00000030515
rattus_norvegicus	Tars3	ENSRNOG00000024460
drosophila_melanogaster	ThrRS	FBGN0027081
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00006617

Paralogs (4): TARS1 (ENSG00000113407), TARS2 (ENSG00000143374), MRPL39 (ENSG00000154719), PARS2 (ENSG00000162396)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Threonine–tRNA ligase 2, cytoplasmic — A2RTX5 (reviewed: A2RTX5)

Alternative names: Threonyl-tRNA synthetase, Threonyl-tRNA synthetase protein 3

All UniProt accessions (3): A2RTX5, B7ZLP8, H0YKB9

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Catalyzes the attachment of threonine to tRNA(Thr) in a two-step reaction: threonine is first activated by ATP to form Thr-AMP and then transferred to the acceptor end of tRNA(Thr). Also edits incorrectly charged tRNA(Thr) via its editing domain, at the post-transfer stage.

Subunit / interactions. May be a component of the multisynthetase complex (MSC), a large multi-subunit complex which contains at least eight different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases plus three auxillary subunits AIMP1, AIMP2 and EEF1E1. Interacts with the MSC components EPRS1, AIMP1, AIMP2 and KARS1.

Subcellular location. Cytoplasm. Nucleus.

Similarity. Belongs to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
A2RTX5-1	1	yes
A2RTX5-2	2

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_689547* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR002314	aa-tRNA-synt_IIb	Domain
IPR002320	Thr-tRNA-ligase_IIa	Family
IPR004095	TGS	Domain
IPR004154	Anticodon-bd	Domain
IPR006195	aa-tRNA-synth_II	Domain
IPR012675	Beta-grasp_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR012676	TGS-like	Homologous_superfamily
IPR012947	tRNA_SAD	Domain
IPR018163	Thr/Ala-tRNA-synth_IIc_edit	Homologous_superfamily
IPR033728	ThrRS_core	Domain
IPR036621	Anticodon-bd_dom_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR045864	aa-tRNA-synth_II/BPL/LPL	Homologous_superfamily
IPR047246	ThrRS_anticodon	Domain

Pfam: PF00587, PF02824, PF03129, PF07973

Catalyzed reactions (Rhea), 1 shown:

• tRNA(Thr) + L-threonine + ATP = L-threonyl-tRNA(Thr) + AMP + diphosphate + H(+) (RHEA:24624)

UniProt features (18 total): sequence conflict 6, modified residue 2, coiled-coil region 2, compositionally biased region 2, initiator methionine 1, chain 1, splice variant 1, domain 1, region of interest 1, short sequence motif 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-A2RTX5-F1	87.91	0.72

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Post-translational modifications (2): 453, 2

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 79 (showing top): GSE45365_CD8A_DC_VS_CD11B_DC_IFNAR_KO_MCMV_INFECTION_UP, GSE18804_SPLEEN_MACROPHAGE_VS_COLON_TUMORAL_MACROPHAGE_DN, GOBP_AMINO_ACID_ACTIVATION, GOBP_TRNA_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_TRANSLATION, NIKOLSKY_BREAST_CANCER_15Q26_AMPLICON, KEGG_AMINOACYL_TRNA_BIOSYNTHESIS, BASAKI_YBX1_TARGETS_DN, RODRIGUES_THYROID_CARCINOMA_POORLY_DIFFERENTIATED_DN, HNF4ALPHA_Q6, chr15q26, GOMF_LIGASE_ACTIVITY_FORMING_CARBON_OXYGEN_BONDS, GOMF_ADENYL_NUCLEOTIDE_BINDING, CHYLA_CBFA2T3_TARGETS_DN, GOMF_CATALYTIC_ACTIVITY_ACTING_ON_RNA

GO Biological Process (4): threonyl-tRNA aminoacylation (GO:0006435), translation (GO:0006412), tRNA aminoacylation for protein translation (GO:0006418), tRNA aminoacylation (GO:0043039)

GO Molecular Function (6): threonine-tRNA ligase activity (GO:0004829), ATP binding (GO:0005524), nucleotide binding (GO:0000166), aminoacyl-tRNA ligase activity (GO:0004812), protein binding (GO:0005515), ligase activity (GO:0016874)

GO Cellular Component (2): nucleus (GO:0005634), cytoplasm (GO:0005737)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
tRNA aminoacylation for protein translation	1
peptidyltransferase activity	1
translational initiation	1
translational elongation	1
translational termination	1
macromolecule biosynthetic process	1
protein metabolic process	1
protein biosynthetic process	1
translation	1
tRNA aminoacylation	1
tRNA metabolic process	1
amino acid activation	1
aminoacyl-tRNA ligase activity	1
adenyl ribonucleotide binding	1
purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding	1
nucleoside phosphate binding	1
heterocyclic compound binding	1
ligase activity, forming carbon-oxygen bonds	1
catalytic activity, acting on a tRNA	1
binding	1
catalytic activity	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1
cellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1730 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
TARS3	LARS2	Q15031	978
TARS3	LARS1	Q9P2J5	972
TARS3	AARS1	P49588	895
TARS3	IARS2	Q9NSE4	880
TARS3	NARS1	O43776	873
TARS3	NARS2	Q96I59	873
TARS3	EPRS1	P07814	862
TARS3	IARS1	P41252	856
TARS3	VARS1	P26640	845
TARS3	HARS1	P12081	828
TARS3	PARS2	Q7L3T8	827
TARS3	GARS1	P41250	826
TARS3	AARS2	Q5JTZ9	821
TARS3	HARS2	P49590	820
TARS3	SARS1	P49591	820

IntAct

80 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
TARS1	TARS3	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.720
TARS3	TARS1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.720
	TARS3	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
TARS3		psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
TARS3	TP53BP2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
TARS3	ATF4	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
TARS3	ECSIT	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
TARS3	ARPC3	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
TARS3	LGALS14	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
TARS3	TARS2	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
ALDH3B1	UBA6	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
SDCBP	TARS3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.530
Spred2	TARS3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
Sart3	TARS3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
THOC1	TARS3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
MYH7	TARS3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
SLAIN2	TARS3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
CCNB1	TARS3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
MYC	TARS3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
Tmed10	TARS3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
ETAA1	TARS3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
NCBP2	TARS3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
JUN	TPM3	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350

BioGRID (84): TARSL2 (Two-hybrid), TARSL2 (Affinity Capture-MS), TARSL2 (Affinity Capture-MS), TARSL2 (Affinity Capture-MS), TARSL2 (Affinity Capture-MS), TARSL2 (Affinity Capture-MS), AARS (Co-fractionation), FARSB (Co-fractionation), GARS (Co-fractionation), TARSL2 (Co-fractionation), TARSL2 (Co-fractionation), TARSL2 (Affinity Capture-MS), TARSL2 (Affinity Capture-MS), TARSL2 (Affinity Capture-MS), TARSL2 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0AVT1, A1L1C5, A1L259, A2RTX5, A3KMX8, A5PJD0, A6H630, A6NGE7, B8ZXI1, O60678, O70467, O75879, P32455, P32456, Q0V9S0, Q0ZDF7, Q22017, Q283N4, Q2KHV5, Q4R526, Q4R646, Q58EM4, Q5D1D6, Q5R998, Q5RBE1, Q5ZIE6, Q61107, Q68EH8, Q6AXB1, Q6AYT5, Q6DJ95, Q6DJA3, Q6ING7, Q6NTW6, Q6PA41, Q6ZN66, Q7SXP2, Q7T010, Q8BIJ6, Q8BLY2

Diamond homologs: A0PZN1, A1ARE5, A1U2C3, A1V3R3, A1WU53, A2BQ78, A2C155, A2RTX5, A2S2N6, A3DET1, A3MJT8, A3N8T1, A3NUI4, A3PBX1, A4G619, A4J4Y7, A5EVK6, A5I6L8, A5IJ45, A5N258, A6QNM8, A7FY87, A7GI05, A8F8Q8, A8G3W3, A9A078, A9ABF9, A9BHF0, B0B8F5, B0BA34, B0S169, B1IMV3, B1L0T7, B1L7W6, B2A5P2, B4UAM8, B7XIA1, B8FN26, B8J4E4, B8J823

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Enriched among interaction partners

Reactome pathways and GO biological processes over-represented among this gene’s 59 IntAct physical interaction partners (hypergeometric vs the genome-wide background, BH-FDR, gene-set size 15–500, ranked by fold). A functional readout of the neighbourhood — distinct from this gene’s own memberships above, and biased toward well-studied / hub proteins, so read it as themes rather than proof.

Reactome pathways:

Pathway	Partners	Fold	FDR
Cytosolic tRNA aminoacylation	7	76.9×	4e-10
tRNA Aminoacylation	8	57.1×	3e-10
Selenoamino acid metabolism	6	29.5×	4e-06
Transcriptional and post-translational regulation of MITF-M expression and activity	6	26.8×	6e-06
MITF-M-regulated melanocyte development	7	20.0×	4e-06
Translation	8	12.4×	1e-05
Metabolism of amino acids and derivatives	7	11.8×	9e-05
Transcriptional Regulation by TP53	6	9.3×	2e-03

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

140 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	112
Likely benign	5
Benign	2

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

3231 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
15:101654726:AACCA:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:101654727:ACCA:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:101654728:CCA:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:101654728:CCAC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:101654729:CA:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:101654729:CAC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:101654730:ACT:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
15:101654731:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:101654731:CT:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
15:101656937:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
15:101656938:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
15:101656941:AG:A	donor_gain	1.0000
15:101656942:G:C	donor_gain	1.0000
15:101657035:ACCTA:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
15:101657036:CCTAG:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
15:101657038:T:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
15:101661706:ACTT:A	donor_loss	1.0000
15:101661707:CTTA:C	donor_loss	1.0000
15:101661708:TTA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
15:101661709:T:TG	donor_loss	1.0000
15:101661710:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
15:101661710:A:C	donor_loss	1.0000
15:101661711:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
15:101661813:CTTA:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:101661817:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:101671669:A:AC	donor_gain	1.0000
15:101671670:C:CC	donor_gain	1.0000
15:101671749:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:101671750:T:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
15:101671751:T:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

5357 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
15:101661713:A:G	W691R	0.998
15:101661713:A:T	W691R	0.998
15:101661742:G:T	A681D	0.998
15:101661779:G:C	H669D	0.998
15:101671678:C:T	G620D	0.998
15:101675617:A:G	W591R	0.998
15:101675617:A:T	W591R	0.998
15:101684107:C:G	D540H	0.998
15:101684163:C:G	R521T	0.998
15:101685919:T:A	K488N	0.998
15:101685919:T:G	K488N	0.998
15:101685999:A:G	W462R	0.998
15:101685999:A:T	W462R	0.998
15:101701152:A:C	S418R	0.998
15:101701152:A:T	S418R	0.998
15:101701154:T:G	S418R	0.998
15:101702327:C:T	G378E	0.998
15:101711984:A:C	S236R	0.998
15:101711984:A:T	S236R	0.998
15:101711986:T:G	S236R	0.998
15:101661763:C:T	G674E	0.997
15:101661775:C:G	R670P	0.997
15:101671683:A:C	F618L	0.997
15:101671683:A:T	F618L	0.997
15:101671685:A:G	F618L	0.997
15:101671744:A:G	L598P	0.997
15:101675615:C:A	W591C	0.997
15:101675615:C:G	W591C	0.997
15:101684101:C:G	A542P	0.997
15:101684114:G:C	F537L	0.997

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000009398 (15:101726213 A>C), RS1000023609 (15:101716015 T>C), RS1000034446 (15:101716104 C>T), RS1000072527 (15:101715787 C>A,T), RS1000122567 (15:101715051 T>TG), RS1000152346 (15:101672996 GAGGACACAGGAC>G), RS1000163603 (15:101693751 C>T), RS1000218990 (15:101720947 C>T), RS1000243241 (15:101675804 T>C), RS1000318406 (15:101699267 C>T), RS1000351929 (15:101669843 T>C), RS1000367903 (15:101710388 G>A), RS1000474860 (15:101704841 C>G), RS1000529999 (15:101673990 C>T), RS1000532754 (15:101678978 G>A)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene `` | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

0 associations (top):

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

21 total (human), top 21 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
bisphenol A	increases methylation, decreases expression	2
trichostatin A	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	2
(+)-JQ1 compound	increases expression	2
Cadmium Chloride	increases abundance, increases expression, decreases expression	2
dicrotophos	decreases expression	1
sodium arsenite	increases expression	1
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
abrine	decreases expression	1
dorsomorphin	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
jinfukang	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Acetaminophen	increases expression	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation, increases methylation	1
Cadmium	increases abundance, increases expression	1
Cisplatin	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
Estradiol	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Formaldehyde	increases expression	1
Methyl Methanesulfonate	increases expression	1
Tretinoin	decreases expression	1
Okadaic Acid	increases expression	1
Copper Sulfate	decreases expression	1
Particulate Matter	increases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.