TAS2R16

Summary

TAS2R16 (taste 2 receptor member 16, HGNC:14921) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 7q31.32, encoding Taste receptor type 2 member 16 (Q9NYV7). Gustducin-coupled receptor implicated in the perception of bitter compounds in the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract.

This gene encodes a member of a family of candidate taste receptors that are members of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily. These family members are specifically expressed by taste receptor cells of the tongue and palate epithelia. Each of these apparently intronless genes encodes a 7-transmembrane receptor protein, functioning as a bitter taste receptor. This gene is clustered with another 3 candidate taste receptor genes in chromosome 7 and is genetically linked to loci that influence bitter perception.

Source: NCBI Gene 50833 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 39 total
• Phenotypes (HPO): 2
• Druggable target: yes — 1 molecules with ChEMBL bioactivity
• MANE Select transcript: NM_016945

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:14921
Approved symbol	TAS2R16
Name	taste 2 receptor member 16
Location	7q31.32
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	T2R16
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000128519
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	604867
Entrez	50833

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 1 — 1 protein_coding

ENST00000249284

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_016945 NM_016945

CCDS: CCDS5785

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000249284 — 1 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000882036	122994704	122995700

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth tissue_specific, 4 present calls, max score 60.66.

Top tissues by expression

264 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
tibialis anterior	UBERON:0001385	60.66	silver quality
pancreatic ductal cell	CL:0002079	58.71	silver quality
ileal mucosa	UBERON:0000331	57.13	silver quality
decidua	UBERON:0002450	56.55	gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	54.38	gold quality
deltoid	UBERON:0001476	53.11	silver quality
hair follicle	UBERON:0002073	52.43	gold quality
epithelial cell of pancreas	CL:0000083	50.97	gold quality
quadriceps femoris	UBERON:0001377	49.41	gold quality
Brodmann (1909) area 46	UBERON:0006483	49.30	gold quality
cervix squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006922	49.20	gold quality
olfactory bulb	UBERON:0002264	48.92	gold quality
myocardium	UBERON:0002349	48.87	gold quality
type B pancreatic cell	CL:0000169	48.83	gold quality
cardiac muscle of right atrium	UBERON:0003379	48.55	gold quality
CA1 field of hippocampus	UBERON:0003881	48.50	gold quality
vastus lateralis	UBERON:0001379	48.25	gold quality
left ventricle myocardium	UBERON:0006566	48.24	gold quality
orbitofrontal cortex	UBERON:0004167	48.20	gold quality
upper arm skin	UBERON:0004263	48.06	gold quality
cervix epithelium	UBERON:0004801	48.04	gold quality
oviduct epithelium	UBERON:0004804	48.00	gold quality
tongue squamous epithelium	UBERON:0006919	47.92	gold quality
mucosa of urinary bladder	UBERON:0001259	47.80	gold quality
metanephric glomerulus	UBERON:0004736	47.45	gold quality
thymus	UBERON:0002370	47.42	gold quality
kidney epithelium	UBERON:0004819	47.39	gold quality
nephron tubule	UBERON:0001231	47.30	gold quality
diaphragm	UBERON:0001103	47.05	gold quality
gluteal muscle	UBERON:0002000	47.03	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 0.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	no	2.14

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): CEBPB

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 16)

• TAS2R16 is present in taste receptor cells on the tongue and is activated by bitter beta-glucopyranosides, and mediates bitter taste (PMID:12379855)
• Functional variant in a bitter-taste receptor (hTAS2R16) influences risk of alcohol dependence, especially in African-Americans. (PMID:16385453)
• Functional variants in both TAS2R16 and TAS2R38 correlate with alcohol consumption in African-American families. (PMID:17250611)
• molecular interaction between hTAS2R16 and beta-D-glucopyranoside (PMID:20605788)
• TAS2R16 is responsible for the bitterness of gentiobiose. (PMID:20965151)
• The authors discuss the association between the TAS2R16 gene and the evolution of bitter taste receptors in different populations. (PMID:21740153)
• Bitter taste receptor polymorphisms in TAS2R16 may be associated with human aging (PMID:23133589)
• Results showed that individuals with at least one derived T-allele at polymorphic site 516 have a higher sensitivity to salicin bitterness compared with individuals homozygous for the ancestral G-allele. (PMID:24177185)
• No significant association between rs702424 alleles and salicin bitter taste recognition, implying that this site does not contribute to salicin phenotypic variance. (PMID:24785689)
• Principal component analysis of binding energies for single-point mutants of hT2R16 bound to an agonist correlate with experimental mutant cell response. (PMID:25393978)
• genetic association studies in populations in Northern Europe, Maghreb, and Sri Lanka: Data suggest that SNPs in TAS2R50 (rs1376251), TRPM5 (rs800345), and TAS2R16 (rs860170) are associated with cultural food preferences; TAS2R16 (rs860170) strongly differentiates populations and is associated to salicin bitterness perception. (TRPM5 = transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 5) (PMID:28366770)
• We did not find any statistically significant association between risk of developing sporadic colorectal cancer and selected single nucleotide polymorphisms. However, after stratification by histology (colon vs. rectum) we found that rs1525489 was associated with increased risk of rectal cancer with a (Ptrend of = 0.0071). (PMID:28915899)
• Dual binding mode of ““bitter sugars”” to their human bitter taste receptor target. (PMID:31186454)
• Suppression of hTAS2R16 Signaling by Umami Substances. (PMID:32987926)
• TAS2R16 Activation Suppresses LPS-Induced Cytokine Expression in Human Gingival Fibroblasts. (PMID:34975834)
• Association of TAS2R16 gene (rs860170, rs978739, rs1357949) polymorphisms and TAS2R16 serum levels in patients with age-related macular degeneration. (PMID:38111140)

Cross-species orthologs

4 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	tas2r200.2	ENSDARG00000074066
danio_rerio	tas2r200.1	ENSDARG00000079880
mus_musculus	Tas2r118	ENSMUSG00000043865
rattus_norvegicus	Tas2r118	ENSRNOG00000021799

Paralogs (23): TAS2R8 (ENSG00000121314), TAS2R10 (ENSG00000121318), TAS2R7 (ENSG00000121377), TAS2R9 (ENSG00000121381), TAS2R3 (ENSG00000127362), TAS2R4 (ENSG00000127364), TAS2R5 (ENSG00000127366), TAS2R1 (ENSG00000169777), TAS2R60 (ENSG00000185899), TAS2R42 (ENSG00000186136), TAS2R19 (ENSG00000212124), TAS2R50 (ENSG00000212126), TAS2R14 (ENSG00000212127), TAS2R13 (ENSG00000212128), TAS2R41 (ENSG00000221855), TAS2R40 (ENSG00000221937), TAS2R46 (ENSG00000226761), TAS2R39 (ENSG00000236398), TAS2R43 (ENSG00000255374), TAS2R20 (ENSG00000255837), TAS2R30 (ENSG00000256188), TAS2R31 (ENSG00000256436), TAS2R38 (ENSG00000257138)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Taste receptor type 2 member 16 — Q9NYV7 (reviewed: Q9NYV7)

All UniProt accessions (2): Q9NYV7, A0A8E5KFD5

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Gustducin-coupled receptor implicated in the perception of bitter compounds in the oral cavity and the gastrointestinal tract. Signals through PLCB2 and the calcium-regulated cation channel TRPM5.

Subunit / interactions. Interacts with RTP3 and RTP4.

Subcellular location. Cell membrane.

Tissue specificity. Expressed in a subset of gustducin-positive taste receptor cells of the tongue. Expressed in circumvallate papillae and testis.

Polymorphism. Genetic variation in TAS2R16 influences sensitivity to beta-glucopyranoside tasting (BGLPT) [MIM:617956]. Variant Asn-172 results in greater receptor activation in response to bitter beta-glucopyranoside compounds including salicin, arbutin and amygdalin compared to Lys-172. Variant Lys-172 may influence risk of alcohol dependence.

Miscellaneous. Several bitter taste receptors are expressed in a single taste receptor cell. Confers bitter perception of salicin to non-taster mice.

Similarity. Belongs to the G-protein coupled receptor T2R family.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_058641* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR007960	TAS2R	Family

Pfam: PF05296

UniProt features (29 total): sequence variant 11, topological domain 8, transmembrane region 7, glycosylation site 2, chain 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

4 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
9K6L	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.77
9KPD	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	2.84
9KPF	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.15
9KPE	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.35

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q9NYV7-F1	82.55	0.30

Antibody-complex structures (SAbDab): 4 — 9K6L, 9KPD, 9KPE, 9KPF

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Glycosylation sites (2): 80, 163

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

9 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-418594	G alpha (i) signalling events
R-HSA-420499	Class C/3 (Metabotropic glutamate/pheromone receptors)
R-HSA-9717207	Sensory perception of sweet, bitter, and umami (glutamate) taste
R-HSA-162582	Signal Transduction
R-HSA-372790	Signaling by GPCR
R-HSA-388396	GPCR downstream signalling
R-HSA-500792	GPCR ligand binding
R-HSA-9709957	Sensory Perception
R-HSA-9717189	Sensory perception of taste

MSigDB gene sets: 43 (showing top): GOCC_CELL_SURFACE, GOBP_SENSORY_PERCEPTION_OF_CHEMICAL_STIMULUS, GOCC_TRANS_GOLGI_NETWORK, GOBP_DETECTION_OF_CHEMICAL_STIMULUS_INVOLVED_IN_SENSORY_PERCEPTION_OF_TASTE, GOBP_SENSORY_PERCEPTION_OF_TASTE, BLALOCK_ALZHEIMERS_DISEASE_UP, GOBP_DETECTION_OF_STIMULUS, GOBP_SENSORY_PERCEPTION, SHEN_SMARCA2_TARGETS_DN, GOCC_SIDE_OF_MEMBRANE, GOCC_ORGANELLE_SUBCOMPARTMENT, chr7q31, GOMF_TRANSMEMBRANE_SIGNALING_RECEPTOR_ACTIVITY, GOMF_BITTER_TASTE_RECEPTOR_ACTIVITY, GOMF_TASTE_RECEPTOR_ACTIVITY

GO Biological Process (4): detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of bitter taste (GO:0001580), G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway (GO:0007186), signal transduction (GO:0007165), sensory perception of taste (GO:0050909)

GO Molecular Function (3): G protein-coupled receptor activity (GO:0004930), bitter taste receptor activity (GO:0033038), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (5): endoplasmic reticulum (GO:0005783), trans-Golgi network (GO:0005802), plasma membrane (GO:0005886), external side of plasma membrane (GO:0009897), membrane (GO:0016020)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-6 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Signaling by GPCR	2
GPCR downstream signalling	1
GPCR ligand binding	1
Sensory perception of taste	1
Signal Transduction	1
Sensory Perception	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of taste	1
sensory perception of bitter taste	1
G protein-coupled receptor activity	1
signal transduction	1
cell communication	1
cellular process	1
signaling	1
regulation of cellular process	1
cellular response to stimulus	1
sensory perception of chemical stimulus	1
transmembrane signaling receptor activity	1
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	1
detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of bitter taste	1
taste receptor activity	1
binding	1
cytoplasm	1
endomembrane system	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1
Golgi apparatus subcompartment	1
membrane	1
cell periphery	1
plasma membrane	1
cell surface	1
side of membrane	1
cellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

550 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
TAS2R16	TAS2R38	P59533	939
TAS2R16	GNAT3	A8MTJ3	758
TAS2R16	ADH7	P40394	726
TAS2R16	CHRM2	P08172	719
TAS2R16	ANKK1	Q8NFD2	677
TAS2R16	TAS1R1	Q7RTX1	667
TAS2R16	TAS1R3	Q7RTX0	615
TAS2R16	ADH1A	P07327	590
TAS2R16	SSTR3	P32745	575
TAS2R16	ADH6	P28332	569
TAS2R16	GABRA6	Q16445	549
TAS2R16	NRXN3	Q9Y4C0	549
TAS2R16	ADH1B	P00325	548
TAS2R16	TAS1R2	Q8TE23	535
TAS2R16	ADH5	P11766	511

IntAct

0 interactions, top by confidence:

ESM2 similar proteins: P59529, P59533, P59534, P59535, P59551, Q645S2, Q645S5, Q645U1, Q645U4, Q645U5, Q645U6, Q645Y4, Q645Y7, Q645Y8, Q645Y9, Q645Z0, Q646A4, Q646A5, Q646A9, Q646B0, Q646B1, Q646B3, Q646C8, Q646D0, Q646D1, Q646D3, Q646D4, Q646E7, Q646F0, Q646F1, Q646F2, Q67ER9, Q67ES2, Q67ES3, Q67ES7, Q67ET0, Q67ET2, Q697L2, Q697L3, Q697L4

Diamond homologs: P59529, P59536, P59551, Q5Y4Z0, Q645S2, Q645U1, Q645U2, Q645U6, Q645U7, Q645Y3, Q645Y4, Q645Z0, Q646A5, Q646B2, Q646B3, Q646C7, Q646D0, Q646D1, Q646E7, Q646E8, Q646F1, Q646F3, Q646G6, Q67ES2, Q67ES3, Q67ES7, Q7M720, Q7TQA7, Q7TQA9, Q7TQB0, Q7TQB9, Q9JKE7, Q9JKF0, Q9JKT7, Q9JKU0, Q9NYV7, P59530, P59532, P59534, P59537

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

39 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	37
Likely benign	0
Benign	2

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

397 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
7:122995107:ATACT:A	acceptor_gain	0.7700
7:122995655:T:A	donor_gain	0.6900
7:122994977:T:A	donor_gain	0.6700
7:122995354:C:CT	acceptor_gain	0.6600
7:122994956:T:TA	donor_gain	0.6300
7:122994808:A:T	acceptor_gain	0.6200
7:122994958:A:AC	donor_gain	0.6200
7:122994958:AGGG:A	donor_gain	0.6200
7:122995280:TCA:T	acceptor_gain	0.6200
7:122995109:ACT:A	acceptor_gain	0.6100
7:122995587:AAG:A	donor_gain	0.6100
7:122994807:C:CT	acceptor_gain	0.5900
7:122995106:GATAC:G	acceptor_gain	0.5900
7:122995454:A:AC	donor_gain	0.5900
7:122995455:C:CC	donor_gain	0.5900
7:122995587:A:AC	donor_gain	0.5900
7:122995056:C:CT	acceptor_gain	0.5800
7:122995108:TACTG:T	acceptor_gain	0.5800
7:122995066:A:C	acceptor_gain	0.5700
7:122995135:G:C	donor_gain	0.5700
7:122995631:T:C	donor_gain	0.5700
7:122995635:T:A	donor_gain	0.5700
7:122994981:G:A	donor_gain	0.5600
7:122995274:TC:T	donor_gain	0.5600
7:122995275:CC:C	donor_gain	0.5600
7:122995355:A:T	acceptor_gain	0.5600
7:122995092:ATGAG:A	donor_gain	0.5500
7:122995585:TCAAG:T	donor_gain	0.5500
7:122995586:CAAGC:C	donor_gain	0.5500
7:122995587:AAGCA:A	donor_gain	0.5500

AlphaMissense

1927 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
7:122995344:G:C	S97R	0.892
7:122995344:G:T	S97R	0.892
7:122995346:T:G	S97R	0.892
7:122994927:A:C	F236L	0.838
7:122994927:A:T	F236L	0.838
7:122994929:A:G	F236L	0.838
7:122995482:G:C	S51R	0.823
7:122995482:G:T	S51R	0.823
7:122995484:T:G	S51R	0.823
7:122995059:G:C	F192L	0.804
7:122995059:G:T	F192L	0.804
7:122995061:A:G	F192L	0.804
7:122995560:G:C	S25R	0.796
7:122995560:G:T	S25R	0.796
7:122995562:T:G	S25R	0.796
7:122995374:A:C	F87L	0.771
7:122995374:A:T	F87L	0.771
7:122995376:A:G	F87L	0.771
7:122995356:G:C	F93L	0.764
7:122995356:G:T	F93L	0.764
7:122995358:A:G	F93L	0.764
7:122995557:G:C	S26R	0.742
7:122995557:G:T	S26R	0.742
7:122995559:T:G	S26R	0.742
7:122995290:A:C	F115L	0.729
7:122995290:A:T	F115L	0.729
7:122995292:A:G	F115L	0.729
7:122995068:G:C	F189L	0.723
7:122995068:G:T	F189L	0.723
7:122995070:A:G	F189L	0.723

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000312684 (7:122996053 G>A), RS1000428852 (7:122996358 C>T), RS1000644068 (7:122997675 T>A), RS1002117094 (7:122995318 T>C), RS1003987559 (7:122996783 C>A), RS1004275947 (7:122996424 G>T), RS1006692683 (7:122997561 T>C), RS1008020443 (7:122996363 C>T), RS1008360858 (7:122996073 T>C), RS1008537221 (7:122997602 C>G), RS1010779455 (7:122996642 C>T), RS1011877165 (7:122994578 G>A), RS1014542922 (7:122997373 A>G), RS1014632527 (7:122997105 A>G), RS1014844821 (7:122996718 C>T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:604867 | disease phenotypes: MIM:103780

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (1): alcohol dependence (MONDO:0007079)

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

2 total (2 of 2 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0001426	Non-Mendelian inheritance
HP:0030955	Addictive alcohol use

GWAS associations

0 associations (top):

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: yes

ChEMBL targets (1): CHEMBL3309106 (SINGLE PROTEIN)

Molecules with ChEMBL bioactivity

1 molecules (phase ≥1), by development phase (incl. off-target/promiscuous compounds). Patent mentions across the top 20 by phase: 40,234 (via chembl_molecule»patent_compound — counts attach to the compound, not the gene–compound relationship, so off-target/promiscuous molecules can dominate).

Molecule	Name	Phase	Patents
CHEMBL434	ISOPROTERENOL	4	40,234

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

PharmGKB clinical annotations

1 annotations.

Variant	Type	Level	Drugs	Phenotypes
rs846664	Toxicity	3	ethanol	Alcohol abuse

PharmGKB variants

4 variants.

Variant	Genes	Level	Score	#Clin annots	Drugs
rs846664	TAS2R16	3	1.50	1	ethanol
rs860170	TAS2R16		0.00	0
rs978739	TAS2R16		0.00	0
rs1204014	TAS2R16		0.00	0

GtoPdb / IUPHAR curated pharmacology

(IUPHAR/BPS Guide to Pharmacology — expert-curated)

Target class: gpcr — Taste 2 receptors

Most potent curated ligand interactions (6 total), top 6:

Ligand	Action	Affinity	Parameter
probenecid	Antagonist	3.53	pIC50
4-Nitrophenyl-β-D-mannopyranoside	Agonist	3.19	pEC50
Phenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside	Agonist	2.96	pEC50
salicin	Agonist	2.85	pEC50
beta-gentiobiose	Agonist	2.42	pEC50
D-(-)-Amygdalin	Agonist	1.7	pEC50

ChEMBL bioactivities

3 potent at pChembl≥5 of 3 total, top 3 by pChembl (potency: 10 = 0.1 nM, 6 = 1 µM).

pChembl	Type	Value	Unit	Molecule
8.31	EC50	4.9	nM	ISOPROTERENOL
6.68	EC50	210	nM	CHEMBL4105357
6.60	EC50	250	nM	CHEMBL4105357

CTD chemical–gene interactions

9 total (human), top 9 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
salicin	decreases reaction, increases activity	1
sodium arsenite	affects methylation	1
4-((diethylamino)sulfonyl)benzoic acid	decreases reaction, increases activity	1
CGP 52608	affects binding, increases reaction	1
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation, decreases methylation	1
Probenecid	affects binding, decreases activity, decreases reaction, increases activity	1
Valproic Acid	decreases methylation	1
Aflatoxin B1	decreases methylation	1
Asbestos, Crocidolite	affects expression	1

ChEMBL screening assays

56 unique, capped per target: 54 functional, 2 binding

Representative assays (with source publication via chembl_document):

Assay ID	Type	Description	Source paper
CHEMBL3361954	Binding	Agonist activity at human TAS2R16 expressed in U2OS cells by summary (Abse5) assay	Identification of diarylsulfonamides as agonists of the free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4/GPR120). — Bioorg Med Chem Lett
CHEMBL4346431	Functional	Antagonist activity at recombinant human TAS2R16 transiently expressed in HEK293T co-expressing Galpha16gust44 assessed as inhibition of salicin-induced intracellular calcium level by measuring remaining activity at 25 uM by fluo-4AM dye ba	Discovery and Development of S6821 and S7958 as Potent TAS2R8 Antagonists. — J Med Chem

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

300 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00000437	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Tobacco Dependence in Alcoholism Treatment (Nicotine Patch/Naltrexone)
NCT00000438	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Naltrexone Treatment for Alcoholism
NCT00000441	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Drug Therapy for Alcohol Detoxification
NCT00000442	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Naltrexone for Relapse Prevention
NCT00000444	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Timing of Smoking Intervention in Alcohol Treatment (Nicotine Patch)
NCT00000445	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Use of Naltrexone in a Clinical Setting
NCT00000447	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Behavioral/Drug Therapy for Alcohol-Nicotine Dependence (Naltrexone/Nicotine Patch)
NCT00000448	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Naltrexone Treatment for Alcoholic Women
NCT00000449	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Behavior and Naltrexone Treatment for Alcoholics
NCT00000450	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Naltrexone Maintenance Treatment of Alcoholism
NCT00000452	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Naltrexone Treatment of Alcohol Dependence
NCT00000454	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Smoking Cessation in Alcoholism Treatment
NCT00000455	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Naltrexone for Early Problem Drinkers
NCT00000456	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Behavioral Therapy Plus Naltrexone for Alcoholism
NCT00004551	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Behavioral Counseling for Alcohol Dependent Smokers (Nicotine Patch)
NCT00004554	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Sertraline for Alcohol Dependence and Depression
NCT00006203	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Naltrexone, Craving, and Drinking
NCT00006204	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Drug Treatment for Depressed Alcoholics (Naltrexone/Fluoxetine)
NCT00006449	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Post-Treatment Effects of Naltrexone
NCT00006489	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treatment for Alcoholism and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Naltrexone)
NCT00018824	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treating Alcohol Use In Older Adults With Depression
NCT00044434	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Bupropion as a Smoking Cessation Aid in Alcoholics
NCT00064844	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Combination Nicotine Replacement for Alcoholic Smokers
NCT00082199	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study of Aripiprazole in Subjects With Alcoholism
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