TEX19

Summary

TEX19 (testis expressed 19, HGNC:33802) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 17q25.3, encoding Testis-expressed protein 19 (Q8NA77). Required during spermatogenesis and placenta development, participating in the repression of retrotransposable elements and prevent their mobilization.

Predicted to enable piRNA binding activity. Involved in transposable element silencing. Predicted to be active in cytoplasm and nucleus.

Source: NCBI Gene 400629 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 16 total
• MANE Select transcript: NM_207459

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:33802
Approved symbol	TEX19
Name	testis expressed 19
Location	17q25.3
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	FLJ35767
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000182459
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	615647
Entrez	400629

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 1 — 1 protein_coding

ENST00000333437

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_207459 NM_207459

CCDS: CCDS11809

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000333437 — 2 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00001290875	82361880	82363775
ENSE00001330150	82359247	82359285

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth broad, 21 present calls, max score 93.63.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 0.7286 / max 237.3907, expressed in 148 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (1 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
163502	0.7286	148

Top tissues by expression

236 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
secondary oocyte	CL:0000655	93.63	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	93.35	gold quality
right testis	UBERON:0004534	90.16	gold quality
oocyte	CL:0000023	89.18	gold quality
left testis	UBERON:0004533	87.44	gold quality
testis	UBERON:0000473	85.00	gold quality
tibialis anterior	UBERON:0001385	70.61	silver quality
adult organism	UBERON:0007023	69.79	gold quality
epithelial cell of pancreas	CL:0000083	66.76	gold quality
pancreatic ductal cell	CL:0002079	63.94	silver quality
primordial germ cell in gonad	CL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:0000991	63.54	gold quality
amniotic fluid	UBERON:0000173	60.78	gold quality
ileal mucosa	UBERON:0000331	59.25	gold quality
buccal mucosa cell	CL:0002336	58.03	gold quality
deltoid	UBERON:0001476	57.84	gold quality
skin of hip	UBERON:0001554	56.47	silver quality
endothelial cell	CL:0000115	54.64	gold quality
cardiac muscle of right atrium	UBERON:0003379	54.34	gold quality
left ventricle myocardium	UBERON:0006566	54.23	gold quality
kidney epithelium	UBERON:0004819	53.93	gold quality
upper arm skin	UBERON:0004263	53.52	gold quality
upper leg skin	UBERON:0004262	50.92	silver quality
myocardium	UBERON:0002349	50.25	gold quality
quadriceps femoris	UBERON:0001377	49.75	gold quality
vastus lateralis	UBERON:0001379	47.55	gold quality
nasal cavity epithelium	UBERON:0005384	47.03	gold quality
layer of synovial tissue	UBERON:0007616	45.32	gold quality
muscle tissue	UBERON:0002385	44.05	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue	UBERON:0001134	43.57	gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue of rectus abdominis	UBERON:0004511	43.37	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-GEOD-124263	yes	1321.38
E-ANND-3	no	1.48

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

52 targeting TEX19, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-4267	99.96	66.53	2368
HSA-MIR-548AJ-3P	99.96	73.38	5345
HSA-MIR-548X-3P	99.96	73.38	5345
HSA-MIR-548J-3P	99.94	72.61	4881
HSA-MIR-548AE-3P	99.93	72.66	4867
HSA-MIR-548AH-3P	99.93	72.54	4872
HSA-MIR-548AM-3P	99.93	72.54	4872
HSA-MIR-548AQ-3P	99.93	72.66	4867
HSA-MIR-497-5P	99.92	71.83	2674
HSA-MIR-15B-5P	99.90	72.78	2798
HSA-MIR-15A-5P	99.90	72.80	2787
HSA-MIR-16-5P	99.90	72.80	2780
HSA-MIR-195-5P	99.90	72.81	2805
HSA-MIR-424-5P	99.89	71.90	2641
HSA-MIR-6838-5P	99.89	71.94	2690
HSA-MIR-548D-3P	99.87	70.67	4362
HSA-MIR-548BB-3P	99.86	70.58	4354
HSA-MIR-221-5P	99.86	65.45	1052
HSA-MIR-8073	99.86	65.21	1118
HSA-MIR-548AC	99.84	70.77	4351
HSA-MIR-548H-3P	99.84	70.80	4349
HSA-MIR-548Z	99.84	70.80	4349
HSA-MIR-4319	99.76	69.83	2586
HSA-MIR-1825	99.72	68.11	1089
HSA-MIR-4530	99.69	66.47	1509
HSA-MIR-10394-5P	99.65	66.83	1852
HSA-MIR-1205	99.65	66.76	1826
HSA-MIR-6132	99.60	65.83	1554
HSA-MIR-6836-5P	99.60	65.62	1538
HSA-MIR-4649-3P	99.56	66.90	1783

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 6)

• Tex19 is a mammalian-specific protein duplicated in mouse and rat, renamed Tex19.1 and Tex19.2, whereas only one form is found in human. (PMID:18096721)
• TEX19 is a target gene of the BACH1 transcription factor according to ChIP-seq analysis in HEK 293 cells. (PMID:21555518)
• TEX19 expression in normal tissue is restricted to human testis. TEX19 mRNA expression was detected in 60 % of bladder cancer samples, whereas 58.20 % were positive for TEXT19 protein expression. Compared to low-grade tumors, TEX19 exhibited increased expression in high-grade tumors, from 53.69 to 77.14 %, respectively. TEX19 was also expressed in all six bladder cancer cell lines. (PMID:26695143)
• TEX19 is required to drive cell proliferation in a range of cancer cell types, possibly mediated via an oncogenic transcript regulation mechanism. TEX19 expression is linked to a poor prognosis for some cancers and collectively these findings indicate that not only can TEX19 expression serve as a novel cancer biomarker (PMID:28446200)
• High TEX19 expression is associated with ovarian carcinoma progression. (PMID:31843525)
• In silico modeling of the interaction between TEX19 and LIRE1, and analysis of TEX19 gene missense SNPs. (PMID:34036740)

Cross-species orthologs

4 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
mus_musculus	Tex19.1	ENSMUSG00000039329
mus_musculus	Tex19.2	ENSMUSG00000039337
rattus_norvegicus	Tex19.1	ENSRNOG00000036670
rattus_norvegicus	Tex19.2	ENSRNOG00000036671

Protein

Protein identifiers

Testis-expressed protein 19 — Q8NA77 (reviewed: Q8NA77)

All UniProt accessions (1): Q8NA77

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Required during spermatogenesis and placenta development, participating in the repression of retrotransposable elements and prevent their mobilization. Collaborates with the Piwi-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathway, which mediates the repression of transposable elements during meiosis by forming complexes composed of piRNAs and Piwi proteins. Interacts with Piwi proteins and directly binds piRNAs, a class of 24 to 30 nucleotide RNAs that are generated by a Dicer-independent mechanism and are primarily derived from transposons and other repeated sequence elements. Also during spermatogenesis, promotes, with UBR2, SPO11-dependent recombination foci to accumulate and drive robust homologous chromosome synapsis. Interacts with LINE-1 retrotransposon encoded LIRE1, stimulates LIRE1 polyubiquitination, mediated by UBR2, and degradation, inhibiting LINE-1 retrotransposon mobilization.

Subunit / interactions. Interacts with UBR2; does not lead to TEX19 degradation and stabilizes it. Interacts with piRNA-associated proteins DDX4, EDC4, MAEL, PIWIL1, PIWIL2, RANBP9 and TDRD6. Interacts with L1RE1.

Subcellular location. Cytoplasm.

Tissue specificity. Expressed in testis. Expressed in undifferentiated embryonic stem cells.

Induction. Down-regulated by gonadotropin suppression sufficient to cause marked suppression of spermatogenesis and additionally progestogen treatment.

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_997342* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR029093	TEX19	Family

Pfam: PF15553

UniProt features (5 total): region of interest 3, chain 1, compositionally biased region 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q8NA77-F1	57.40	0.00

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 81 (showing top): AP1_01, GOBP_MALE_GAMETE_GENERATION, GOBP_ORGANELLE_FISSION, GOBP_REPRODUCTIVE_SYSTEM_DEVELOPMENT, TGANTCA_AP1_C, GARCIA_TARGETS_OF_FLI1_AND_DAX1_DN, NRF2_Q4, GOBP_SEX_DIFFERENTIATION, GOBP_DEVELOPMENTAL_PROCESS_INVOLVED_IN_REPRODUCTION, GOBP_MEIOTIC_CELL_CYCLE_PROCESS, GOBP_PLACENTA_DEVELOPMENT, NIKOLSKY_BREAST_CANCER_17Q21_Q25_AMPLICON, NFE2_01, GOBP_MALE_SEX_DIFFERENTIATION, GOBP_DEVELOPMENT_OF_PRIMARY_SEXUAL_CHARACTERISTICS

GO Biological Process (8): placenta development (GO:0001890), reciprocal meiotic recombination (GO:0007131), male meiotic nuclear division (GO:0007140), spermatogenesis (GO:0007283), male gonad development (GO:0008584), transposable element silencing (GO:0010526), cell differentiation (GO:0030154), meiotic cell cycle (GO:0051321)

GO Molecular Function (2): piRNA binding (GO:0034584), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (2): nucleus (GO:0005634), cytoplasm (GO:0005737)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
male gamete generation	2
meiotic nuclear division	2
animal organ development	1
meiosis I	1
reciprocal homologous recombination	1
meiotic cell cycle process	1
meiotic cell cycle	1
developmental process involved in reproduction	1
gonad development	1
development of primary male sexual characteristics	1
negative regulation of gene expression	1
retrotransposition	1
cellular developmental process	1
cell cycle	1
sexual reproduction	1
reproductive process	1
regulatory RNA binding	1
binding	1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1
cellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

452 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
TEX19	TEX48	A0A1B0GUV7	571
TEX19	SECTM1	Q8WVN6	462
TEX19	TEX9	Q8N6V9	447
TEX19	UTS2R	Q9UKP6	438
TEX19	TEX22	C9J3V5	433
TEX19	TEX11	Q8IYF3	426
TEX19	SYCP1	Q15431	421
TEX19	C5orf47	Q569G3	419
TEX19	RAD21L1	Q9H4I0	417
TEX19	HORMAD1	Q86X24	415
TEX19	SMC1B	Q8NDV3	408
TEX19	KRT33B	Q14525	403
TEX19	CCDC185	Q8N715	402
TEX19	ZNF664	Q8N3J9	398
TEX19	TEX26	Q8N6G2	398

IntAct

26 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
TEX19	ZNF490	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
ZNF648	TEX19	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
GRN	TEX19	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
TEX19	WFS1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
TEX19	KIF1B	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
TEX19	RNF11	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
ATXN3	TEX19	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.560
TEX19	ZNF316	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
TEX19	FYN	psi-mi:“MI:0914”(association)	0.350
TRIM63	TEX19	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
TRIM55	TEX19	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
ZNF490	TEX19	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
ZNF648	TEX19	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000

BioGRID (53): TEX19 (Two-hybrid), ZNF490 (Two-hybrid), TEX19 (Affinity Capture-MS), TEX19 (Two-hybrid), TEX19 (Two-hybrid), TEX19 (Negative Genetic), UBB (Affinity Capture-MS), TRPT1 (Affinity Capture-MS), ZNF561 (Affinity Capture-MS), RREB1 (Affinity Capture-MS), RCOR1 (Affinity Capture-MS), SALL1 (Affinity Capture-MS), SALL2 (Affinity Capture-MS), ZNF195 (Affinity Capture-MS), TRIP6 (Affinity Capture-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A1L8I316, A0A1W2PR82, A0A286YDK6, A5PJD3, A6H7B4, A6NEV1, A6NGY1, A6NHS1, A6QP24, A8MUA0, A8MUI8, A8MV72, A8MX80, A8MYA2, D3ZAQ5, O60393, P0C1T1, P0DL12, P43359, Q0KK55, Q0VD86, Q1RN00, Q32LI3, Q3UN58, Q3ZCQ2, Q5M831, Q5M844, Q66H53, Q68US1, Q6AYA8, Q6DIA7, Q6K1E7, Q6PE65, Q6ZW13, Q80VY2, Q8BII1, Q8IY42, Q8N9G6, Q8NA77, Q8TDR4

Diamond homologs: Q5XHY3, Q8NA77, Q99MV2, Q9D5S1

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

16 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	0
Likely pathogenic	0
Uncertain significance	15
Likely benign	0
Benign	1

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (0)

SpliceAI

180 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
17:82361875:TCCA:T	acceptor_loss	1.0000
17:82361877:CAG:C	acceptor_loss	1.0000
17:82361878:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:82361878:AG:A	acceptor_loss	1.0000
17:82361879:G:GC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:82361879:GC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:82361879:GCT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:82361879:GCTC:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:82361879:GCTCT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
17:82359281:GGATG:G	donor_gain	0.9800
17:82359282:G:GT	donor_gain	0.9800
17:82359283:A:T	donor_gain	0.9800
17:82361869:T:TA	acceptor_gain	0.9800
17:82359315:G:GT	donor_gain	0.9600
17:82361875:TCCAG:T	acceptor_gain	0.9500
17:82361876:CCAGC:C	acceptor_gain	0.9500
17:82359301:G:GT	donor_gain	0.9400
17:82361877:CAGC:C	acceptor_gain	0.9300
17:82361878:AGCTC:A	acceptor_gain	0.9300
17:82359283:ATGGT:A	donor_loss	0.9100
17:82359286:G:C	donor_loss	0.9100
17:82359286:G:GG	donor_gain	0.9100
17:82359287:T:C	donor_loss	0.9100
17:82359288:GAGA:G	donor_loss	0.9000
17:82359282:GATG:G	donor_gain	0.8900
17:82359290:G:C	donor_loss	0.8900
17:82361879:G:T	acceptor_gain	0.8900
17:82361877:CA:C	acceptor_gain	0.8800
17:82359342:CTGG:C	donor_gain	0.8700
17:82361878:A:C	acceptor_gain	0.8600

AlphaMissense

1073 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
17:82362253:T:C	F35L	0.973
17:82362255:C:A	F35L	0.973
17:82362255:C:G	F35L	0.973
17:82362211:T:A	W21R	0.968
17:82362211:T:C	W21R	0.968
17:82362250:T:C	C34R	0.966
17:82362252:C:G	C34W	0.966
17:82362213:G:C	W21C	0.963
17:82362213:G:T	W21C	0.963
17:82362259:T:C	C37R	0.956
17:82362261:C:G	C37W	0.956
17:82362263:T:C	F38S	0.946
17:82362274:T:C	F42L	0.946
17:82362276:T:A	F42L	0.946
17:82362276:T:G	F42L	0.946
17:82362262:T:C	F38L	0.945
17:82362264:C:A	F38L	0.945
17:82362264:C:G	F38L	0.945
17:82362573:G:C	W141C	0.942
17:82362573:G:T	W141C	0.942
17:82362254:T:C	F35S	0.940
17:82362260:G:A	C37Y	0.939
17:82362251:G:A	C34Y	0.934
17:82362254:T:G	F35C	0.932
17:82362250:T:A	C34S	0.929
17:82362251:G:C	C34S	0.929
17:82362154:T:C	C2R	0.928
17:82362260:G:T	C37F	0.927
17:82362259:T:A	C37S	0.926
17:82362260:G:C	C37S	0.926

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000205848 (17:82358780 TAG>T), RS1000249427 (17:82364081 T>C), RS1000392760 (17:82361968 C>T), RS1002003581 (17:82361575 T>A,C), RS1002380841 (17:82359369 G>A,C), RS1002646936 (17:82358020 C>A,G,T), RS1004052278 (17:82359024 C>A,T), RS1006299596 (17:82363318 G>A), RS1006748778 (17:82363811 G>T), RS1006779632 (17:82364195 C>T), RS1007570703 (17:82363389 A>G), RS1008654121 (17:82357291 G>A), RS1009011494 (17:82359943 C>A,T), RS1010270964 (17:82363733 A>G), RS1010897110 (17:82362813 C>G)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:615647 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

Mondo (0):

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

0 total (0 of 0 shown, HPO-id order):

GWAS associations

0 associations (top):

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

41 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Valproic Acid	affects expression, increases expression, increases methylation	3
S-(1,2-dichlorovinyl)cysteine	affects response to substance, increases expression, affects cotreatment	2
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation, increases expression, increases methylation	2
Silver	increases expression	2
Cadmium Chloride	increases abundance, increases expression	2
p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid	affects cotreatment, increases expression	2
aristolochic acid I	increases expression	1
testosterone enanthate	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
propionaldehyde	increases expression	1
bisphenol A	increases expression	1
trichostatin A	increases expression	1
2-butenal	increases expression	1
tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate	affects expression	1
sodium arsenite	increases expression	1
butyraldehyde	increases expression	1
9,10-dihydro-9,10-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene	increases expression	1
mercuric bromide	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
gallium arsenide	increases expression	1
pentanal	increases expression	1
cetrorelix	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide	increases expression, affects cotreatment	1
dorsomorphin	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
NSC 689534	affects binding, increases expression	1
NSC668394	increases expression	1
Temozolomide	increases expression	1
Leflunomide	increases expression	1
Aldehydes	increases expression	1
Atrazine	increases expression	1
Cadmium	increases abundance, increases expression	1
Copper	affects binding, increases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.