TG

Summary

TG (thyroglobulin, HGNC:11764) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 8q24.22, encoding Thyroglobulin (P01266). Acts as a substrate for the production of iodinated thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).

Thyroglobulin (Tg) is a glycoprotein homodimer produced predominantly by the thryroid gland. It acts as a substrate for the synthesis of thyroxine and triiodothyronine as well as the storage of the inactive forms of thyroid hormone and iodine. Thyroglobulin is secreted from the endoplasmic reticulum to its site of iodination, and subsequent thyroxine biosynthesis, in the follicular lumen. Mutations in this gene cause thyroid dyshormonogenesis, manifested as goiter, and are associated with moderate to severe congenital hypothyroidism. Polymorphisms in this gene are associated with susceptibility to autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) such as Graves disease and Hashimoto thryoiditis.

Source: NCBI Gene 7038 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): thyroid dyshormonogenesis 3 (Strong, GenCC) — +2 more curated relationships
• GWAS associations: 17
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 2,166 total — 146 pathogenic, 84 likely-pathogenic
• Phenotypes (HPO): 35
• MANE Select transcript: NM_003235

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:11764
Approved symbol	TG
Name	thyroglobulin
Location	8q24.22
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	TGN, AITD3
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000042832
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	188450
Entrez	7038

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 20 — 7 protein_coding, 6 retained_intron, 4 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined, 3 nonsense_mediated_decay

ENST00000220616, ENST00000518058, ENST00000518097, ENST00000518108, ENST00000518505, ENST00000519178, ENST00000519294, ENST00000519543, ENST00000520089, ENST00000520197, ENST00000520769, ENST00000521107, ENST00000522523, ENST00000522691, ENST00000522797, ENST00000522809, ENST00000522996, ENST00000523756, ENST00000523901, ENST00000524151

RefSeq mRNA: 1 — MANE Select: NM_003235 NM_003235

CCDS: CCDS34944

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000220616 — 48 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000333665	132897649	132897786
ENSE00000333729	132898798	132898910
ENSE00000703750	132868115	132868223
ENSE00000703754	132881863	132881969
ENSE00000703759	132882814	132882999
ENSE00000703769	132886448	132887548
ENSE00000703784	132893690	132893929
ENSE00000887842	132887984	132888568
ENSE00001167756	132901353	132901553
ENSE00001167767	132900237	132900339
ENSE00002135628	132866958	132867067
ENSE00003467202	132966560	132966697
ENSE00003473885	132983350	132983412
ENSE00003475987	132967794	132967970
ENSE00003477063	132873062	132873221
ENSE00003477521	132908186	132908340
ENSE00003479079	132972598	132972741
ENSE00003486198	132969458	132969569
ENSE00003499110	133096206	133096373
ENSE00003499877	133019602	133019695
ENSE00003501831	132869729	132869826
ENSE00003508458	132933561	132933676
ENSE00003530030	133021991	133022150
ENSE00003533709	133017778	133017997
ENSE00003536270	132941351	132941542
ENSE00003541116	133011901	133012035
ENSE00003545272	132898169	132898246
ENSE00003546779	132971794	132971873
ENSE00003554701	133113422	133113603
ENSE00003561110	133095044	133095208
ENSE00003565803	133029821	133030023
ENSE00003565900	132961008	132961073
ENSE00003569090	133116609	133116716
ENSE00003570450	132948776	132948943
ENSE00003573586	132911377	132911533
ENSE00003582256	133133470	133133660
ENSE00003587254	132882469	132882612
ENSE00003600224	132913047	132913265
ENSE00003617644	132871348	132871551
ENSE00003622963	132923338	132923508
ENSE00003650099	132919376	132919525
ENSE00003652559	132935756	132935864
ENSE00003663118	133134676	133134899
ENSE00003663641	132962994	132963074
ENSE00003680461	132929076	132929192
ENSE00003683387	133013600	133013764
ENSE00003693081	133131812	133131946
ENSE00003787596	132906688	132906900

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 169 present calls, max score 99.99.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth tissue_specific, TPM avg 37.0598 / max 28978.6635, expressed in 102 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (50 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
90839	36.2394	21
91103	0.0852	53
90872	0.0597	3
91102	0.0557	35
90871	0.0521	6
90870	0.0475	11
91149	0.0372	3
91054	0.0302	3
90984	0.0285	3
91051	0.0278	3

Top tissues by expression

291 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
right lobe of thyroid gland	UBERON:0001119	99.99	gold quality
left lobe of thyroid gland	UBERON:0001120	99.99	gold quality
thyroid gland	UBERON:0002046	99.99	gold quality
apex of heart	UBERON:0002098	90.36	gold quality
skin of leg	UBERON:0001511	84.36	gold quality
skin of abdomen	UBERON:0001416	82.99	gold quality
right adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035827	82.76	gold quality
amygdala	UBERON:0001876	80.96	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	80.67	silver quality
right lobe of liver	UBERON:0001114	80.66	gold quality
heart left ventricle	UBERON:0002084	80.32	gold quality
zone of skin	UBERON:0000014	80.04	gold quality
right adrenal gland	UBERON:0001233	79.96	gold quality
cardiac ventricle	UBERON:0002082	79.69	gold quality
upper lobe of left lung	UBERON:0008952	79.35	gold quality
gastrocnemius	UBERON:0001388	78.90	gold quality
minor salivary gland	UBERON:0001830	78.41	gold quality
left adrenal gland	UBERON:0001234	77.74	gold quality
right atrium auricular region	UBERON:0006631	77.49	gold quality
adenohypophysis	UBERON:0002196	77.48	gold quality
left adrenal gland cortex	UBERON:0035825	77.30	gold quality
granulocyte	CL:0000094	77.24	gold quality
esophagogastric junction muscularis propria	UBERON:0035841	77.23	gold quality
adrenal cortex	UBERON:0001235	77.05	gold quality
lymph node	UBERON:0000029	77.04	gold quality
upper lobe of lung	UBERON:0008948	76.50	gold quality
cardiac atrium	UBERON:0002081	76.34	gold quality
saliva-secreting gland	UBERON:0001044	76.24	gold quality
adrenal gland	UBERON:0002369	76.18	gold quality
tibial artery	UBERON:0007610	76.10	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	6.57

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): AIRE, APEX1, ATF6, CREB1, ESR1, FOXE1, HHEX, HOXB3, ID2, IRF1, KCNIP3, MAZ, MEF2A, MITF, NFIC, NFKB, NKX2-1, NR4A1, PAX6, PAX8, PPARG, RUNX2, SSRP1, TBXT, TCF4, TTF1

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

7 targeting TG, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-3150A-3P	99.76	64.44	1640
HSA-MIR-6763-5P	99.76	64.68	1767
HSA-MIR-1303	99.65	69.77	1662
HSA-MIR-3123	99.47	67.15	2693
HSA-MIR-939-5P	97.10	65.80	1579
HSA-MIR-1343-5P	96.48	66.06	1506
HSA-MIR-3935	96.33	66.79	797

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 40)

• a major locus for familial congenital hypothyroidism. (PMID:11935320)
• evaluated Tg content in the thyroid and in the serum of 108 patients suffering from benign or malignant thyroid disorders (PMID:12022704)
• Amplification generates two fragments of 3.5 and 5.0 kb that correspond to the exclusion or inclusion of a 1464-bp segment, respectively. (PMID:12804099)
• These findings demonstrate that papillary thyroid carcinoma cells synthesize unique post-translationally modified thyroglobulin and transferrin variants in situ. (PMID:12819023)
• No differences in allele frequencies were observed between autoimmune thyroid disease cases and controls for D8S284 variant (PMID:14557492)
• the native structure of the AChE region of thyroglobulin functions as a dimerization domain facilitating intracellular transport of Tg to the site of thyroid hormonogenesis (PMID:14764582)
• The rise in Tg with TSH and the reduction in Tg with L-T(4) provide evidence of target tissue response to TSH and further confirm the TSH rise as physiologically significant. (PMID:15070908)
• Hypothyroidism during type I interferon therapy may be related to an abnormal expression and function of key proteins involved in iodine uptake and organification. (PMID:15562032)
• Location and volume of metastases influence basal Tg, but not its responsiveness to rhTSH, whereas the histological type of carcinoma influences both basal Tg and responsiveness to rhTSH. (PMID:15579752)
• At this stage, we cannot exclude the Tg region as harboring a susceptibility locus for autoimmune thyroid disease. (PMID:15579800)
• a new case of congenital goiter and hypothyroidism caused by a p.R277X mutation in the TG gene (PMID:15769978)
• Clinical value of a differential response of thyroglobulin (Tg) concentration after recombinant human thyrotropin in thyroid paxpillary adenocarcinoma after thyroidectomy. (PMID:15785246)
• Thyroglobulin assays are immunoassays that may be hampered by autoantibodies directed against Tg. To avoid this problem some authors advocated the use of mRNA extraction and RT-PCR amplification. (PMID:16230285)
• pendrin and thyroglobulin are downstream targets in vivo of TTF-1, whose action is a prime factor in controlling thyroid differentiation in vivo (PMID:16260629)
• The alternative splicing of the TG gene described in this article constitutes a new case of nonsense-associated alternative splicing. (PMID:16271015)
• Aberrant splicing occurs as a result of a mutation, which causes fusion of exons 4 and 6, resulting in the frame shift at codon position 141 and a premature stop codon at position 147. (PMID:16403815)
• A heterozygous mutation in TG resulted in congenital goitrous hypothyroidism with high serum triiodothyronine levels. (PMID:16477365)
• results may suggest interaction between the DRbeta1 chain R genotype & thyroglobulin CC genotype in conferring susceptibility to Graves disease; these results, if confirmed, may imply that these variants interact biologically to increase the odds of GD (PMID:16646680)
• molecular mechanism of regulation of the hormonogenic efficiency and of the T4/T3 ratio in hTg (PMID:16679516)
• Increased diodinase activity in the thyroid gland is responsible for the higher serum-free levels in patients with defective thyroglobin transport. (PMID:17244789)
• Combined use of serum Tg levels measured just before before thyroid cancer thyroidecatomy an indicator of success, when combined wiwth I131 treaatment. (PMID:17278897)
• TT (exon 33) genotype frequency in Graves disease patients significantly higher than the controls (PMID:17526951)
• We report three patients with congenital hypothyroidism with goitre caused by two compound heterozygous mutations, p.C164Y/p.L234fsX237 and p.R277X/p.A2215D, and one homozygous mutation, p.R277X, in the TG gene. (PMID:17532758)
• study showed Taiwanese patients with the C/C genotype of E33SNP, smoking, ophthalmopathy & positive TSH-receptor antibodies at the end of the treatment were more likely to have a relapse of Graves’ hyperthyroidism after antithyroid medication is withdrawn (PMID:17550957)
• We have identified the thyroglobulin gene in females with autoimmune thyroid diseases. (PMID:17644307)
• expression level of thyroglobulin mRNA in the anaplastic thyroid carcinoma tissue and cell lines was <10(2) times higher than that in the differentiated thyroid carcinomas. (PMID:17671725)
• Papillary thyroid cancers Papillary thyroid cancers with no 131I uptake had slightly reduced NIS, significantly reduced thyroglobulin,thyroperoxidase and pendrin and significantly increased GLUT-1 gene expression levels. (PMID:17854396)
• There is no systematic variation during the menstrual cycle in autoantibodies against thyroid peroxidase, thyroglobulin, and thyrotropin receptor (PMID:17902201)
• analysis of the recurrence of the p.R277X/p.R1511X compound heterozygous mutation in the TG gene in two unrelated families (one Argentinian and another Brazilian) with congenital hypothyroidism, goiter and impairment of TG synthesis (PMID:17911408)
• Tg and TgAb negativity at the time of ablation is not a predictive determinant for future recurrent status. (PMID:18166820)
• levels of thyroglobulin (Tg) mRNA in the TSH-stimulated lymphocytes were noticeably increased in subjects with thyroid disease suggesting an interesting relationship between production of Tg antigen in peripheral blood and autoimmunity in thyroid disease (PMID:18243140)
• connection between infection of H. pylori and the occurrence of anti-TPO autoantibodies representing thyroid autoimmunity and gastric parietal cells autoantibodies representing the thyrogastric syndrome (PMID:18271683)
• three single nucleotide polymorphisms were identified within the Tg gene (PMID:18385936)
• peptides from autoantigens are also associated to HLA-DR in vivo and therefore may well be involved in the maintenance and the regulation of the autoimmune response (PMID:18566446)
• There is an association of the IVS30+G>T mutation of the thyroglobulin gene with hypothyroidism. (PMID:18631008)
• Elevated thyroglobulin levels post surgery are associated with disease recurrence in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PMID:18636294)
• analysis of family data did not show linkage of the thyroglobulin gene with autoimmune thyroid diseases nor did analysis of case-control data show association of Tgms2 or SNPs with Graves’ disease (PMID:18656705)
• the frequencies of genotypes in the TG gene E10, E12, and E33 SNPs were not found to be significantly different in Grave disease patients who developed GD when aged over 40 years when compared with those aged below 40 years (PMID:18755875)
• existence of four single nucleotide polymorphisms among Han Chinese, one SNP haplotype with Hashimoto thyroiditis suggests that TG may be a susceptibility gene (PMID:19034705)
• The population living in two areas was exposed to consequences of severe and moderate iodine deficiency (PMID:19194833)

Cross-species orthologs

25 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	tg	ENSDARG00000020084
mus_musculus	Tg	ENSMUSG00000053469
rattus_norvegicus	Tg	ENSRNOG00000006104
drosophila_melanogaster	Est-6	FBGN0000592
drosophila_melanogaster	Est-P	FBGN0000594
drosophila_melanogaster	Glt	FBGN0001114
drosophila_melanogaster	Jhe	FBGN0010052
drosophila_melanogaster	alpha-Est1	FBGN0015568
drosophila_melanogaster	alpha-Est10	FBGN0015569
drosophila_melanogaster	alpha-Est2	FBGN0015570
drosophila_melanogaster	alpha-Est3	FBGN0015571
drosophila_melanogaster	alpha-Est4	FBGN0015572
drosophila_melanogaster	alpha-Est6	FBGN0015574
drosophila_melanogaster	alpha-Est7	FBGN0015575
drosophila_melanogaster	alpha-Est8	FBGN0015576
drosophila_melanogaster	alpha-Est9	FBGN0015577
drosophila_melanogaster	CG4757	FBGN0027584
drosophila_melanogaster	CG9287	FBGN0032057
drosophila_melanogaster	CG9289	FBGN0032058
drosophila_melanogaster	CG3841	FBGN0032131
drosophila_melanogaster	CG4382	FBGN0032132
drosophila_melanogaster	Jhedup	FBGN0034076
drosophila_melanogaster	gas	FBGN0034736
drosophila_melanogaster	alpha-Est5	FBGN0261393
caenorhabditis_elegans		WBGENE00000035

Paralogs (13): ACHE (ENSG00000087085), BCHE (ENSG00000114200), NLGN4X (ENSG00000146938), CES5A (ENSG00000159398), NLGN4Y (ENSG00000165246), NLGN1 (ENSG00000169760), NLGN2 (ENSG00000169992), CEL (ENSG00000170835), CES4A (ENSG00000172824), CES3 (ENSG00000172828), CES2 (ENSG00000172831), NLGN3 (ENSG00000196338), CES1 (ENSG00000198848)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Thyroglobulin — P01266 (reviewed: P01266)

All UniProt accessions (10): E5RG33, E7EVM0, P01266, H0YB42, H0YBC5, H0YBJ2, H0YBL4, H0YBQ6, H0YBR7, H0YBY1

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Acts as a substrate for the production of iodinated thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The synthesis of T3 and T4 involves iodination of selected tyrosine residues of TG/thyroglobulin followed by their oxidative coupling in the thyroid follicle lumen. Following TG re-internalization and lysosomal-mediated proteolysis, T3 and T4 are released from the polypeptide backbone leading to their secretion into the bloodstream. One dimer produces 7 thyroid hormone molecules.

Subunit / interactions. Monomer. Homodimer (via ChEL region); occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum and is required for export to the Golgi apparatus. Homooligomer; disulfide-linked; stored in this form in the thyroid follicle lumen.

Subcellular location. Secreted.

Tissue specificity. Specifically expressed in the thyroid gland.

Post-translational modifications. Iodinated on tyrosine residues by TPO. There are 4 pairs of iodinated tyrosines used for coupling: acceptor Tyr-24 is coupled to donor Tyr-149 or Tyr-234, acceptor Tyr-2573 is coupled to donor Tyr-2540, acceptor Tyr-2766 in monomer 1 is coupled to donor Tyr-2766 in monomer 2 and acceptor Tyr-1310 in monomer 1 is coupled to donor Tyr-108 in monomer 2. Sulfated tyrosines are desulfated during iodination. Undergoes sequential proteolysis by cathepsins to release thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) hormones. In the thyroid follicle lumen, cross-linked TG (storage form) is solubilized by limited proteolysis mediated by cathepsins CTSB and/or CTSL. Partially cleaved TG is further processed by CTSK/cathepsin K and/or CTSL resulting in the release of T4. Following endocytosis, further processing occurs leading to the release of T3 and more T4 hormones.

Disease relevance. Thyroid dyshormonogenesis 3 (TDH3) [MIM:274700] A disorder due to thyroid dyshormonogenesis, causing large goiters of elastic and soft consistency in the majority of patients. Although the degree of thyroid dysfunction varies considerably among patients with defective thyroglobulin synthesis, patients usually have a relatively high serum free triiodothyronine (T3) concentration with disproportionately low free tetraiodothyronine (T4) level. The maintenance of relatively high free T3 levels prevents profound tissue hypothyroidism except in brain and pituitary, which are dependent on T4 supply, resulting in neurologic and intellectual defects in some cases. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry. Autoimmune thyroid disease 3 (AITD3) [MIM:608175] A complex autoimmune disorder comprising two related diseases affecting the thyroid: Graves disease and Hashimoto thyroiditis. In both disorders, thyroid-reactive T-cells are formed and infiltrate the thyroid gland. In Graves disease, the majority of the T-cells undergo a Th2 differentiation and activate B-cells to produce antibodies against the TSH receptor, which stimulate the thyroid and cause clinical hyperthyroidism. In contrast, Hashimoto thyroiditis is characterized by Th1 switching of the thyroid-infiltrating T-cells, which induces apoptosis of thyroid follicular cells and clinical hypothyroidism. Disease susceptibility is associated with variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Domain organisation. The cholinesterase-like (ChEL) region is required for dimerization and export from the endoplasmic reticulum.

Similarity. Belongs to the type-B carboxylesterase/lipase family.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
P01266-1	1, Major	yes
P01266-2	2, Minor

RefSeq proteins (1): NP_003226* (*=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000716	Thyroglobulin_1	Domain
IPR002018	CarbesteraseB	Domain
IPR011641	Tyr-kin_ephrin_A/B_rcpt-like	Domain
IPR016324	Thyroglobulin	Family
IPR019819	Carboxylesterase_B_CS	Conserved_site
IPR029058	AB_hydrolase_fold	Homologous_superfamily
IPR036857	Thyroglobulin_1_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR052001	MHC-II_Gamma/Thyroglobulin	Family

Pfam: PF00086, PF00135, PF07699

UniProt features (420 total): strand 123, helix 68, disulfide bond 60, sequence variant 42, modified residue 36, turn 23, glycosylation site 21, domain 11, mutagenesis site 10, repeat 8, sequence conflict 8, site 4, region of interest 3, signal peptide 1, chain 1, splice variant 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

3 structures.

PDB	Method	Resolution (Å)
7B75	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.2
9I0O	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.36
6SCJ	ELECTRON MICROSCOPY	3.6

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

No AlphaFold model available for P01266 — AlphaFold DB does not currently provide models for proteins above ~3000 aa.

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Catalytic / active sites (4): 110 (not glycosylated); 496 (not glycosylated); 1869 (not glycosylated); 2122 (not glycosylated)

Post-translational modifications (36): 24, 24, 24, 24, 108, 149, 149, 234, 258, 704, 704, 704, 704, 785, 866, 866, 883, 992, 992, 1310 …

Disulfide bonds (60): 638–658, 662–687, 698–703, 705–726, 730–763, 774–898, 900–921, 925–1031, 1042–1049, 1051–1073, 1077–1108, 1126–1145, 1149–1169, 1181–1188, 1190–1210, 1215–1264, 1231–1245, 1306–1356, 1331–1347, 1440–1459 …

Glycosylation sites (21): 76, 110, 198, 484, 529, 748, 816, 947, 1220, 1348, 1349, 1365, 1716, 1774, 1869, 2013, 2122, 2250, 2295, 2582 …

Mutagenesis-validated functional residues (10):

Position	Phenotype
24	abolishes thyroxine (t4) production; when associated with f-1310, f-2573 and f-2766.
108	severe loss of thyroxine (t4) production; when associated with f-149 or f-234, and f-2540 and f-2766. abolishes thyroxin
149	severe loss of thyroxine (t4) production; when associated with f-108, f-2540 and f-2766. abolishes thyroxine (t4) produc
234	severe loss of thyroxine (t4) production; when associated with f-108, f-2540 and f-2766. abolishes thyroxine (t4) produc
1309	abolishes thyroxine (t4) production.
1310	abolishes thyroxine (t4) production; when associated with f-24, f-2573 and f-2766.
2540	severe loss of thyroxine (t4) production; when associated with f-149 or f-234, and f-108 and f-2766. abolishes thyroxine
2573	abolishes thyroxine (t4) production; when associated with f-24, f-1310 and f-2766.
2766	abolishes thyroxine (t4) production; when associated with f-24, f-1310 and f-2573.
2766	severe loss of thyroxine (t4) production; when associated with f-149 or f-234, and f-108 and f-2540. abolishes thyroxine

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 206 (showing top): GOBP_PHENOL_CONTAINING_COMPOUND_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_HORMONE_LEVELS, GOBP_INORGANIC_ANION_TRANSPORT, GOBP_THYROID_HORMONE_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_MYELINATION, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_NERVOUS_SYSTEM_DEVELOPMENT, MARTINEZ_RB1_TARGETS_UP, GOBP_ENSHEATHMENT_OF_NEURONS, KEGG_AUTOIMMUNE_THYROID_DISEASE, GOBP_HORMONE_BIOSYNTHETIC_PROCESS, CLIMENT_BREAST_CANCER_COPY_NUMBER_UP, GOBP_ENDOCRINE_SYSTEM_DEVELOPMENT, GOMF_SIGNALING_RECEPTOR_BINDING, GOBP_MODIFIED_AMINO_ACID_METABOLIC_PROCESS, GOBP_THYROID_GLAND_DEVELOPMENT

GO Biological Process (7): thyroid hormone generation (GO:0006590), signal transduction (GO:0007165), iodide transport (GO:0015705), thyroid gland development (GO:0030878), regulation of myelination (GO:0031641), hormone biosynthetic process (GO:0042446), thyroid hormone metabolic process (GO:0042403)

GO Molecular Function (3): hormone activity (GO:0005179), identical protein binding (GO:0042802), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (2): extracellular region (GO:0005576), obsolete extracellular space (GO:0005615)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
regulation of cellular process	2
hormone metabolic process	2
thyroid hormone metabolic process	1
cell communication	1
cellular process	1
signaling	1
cellular response to stimulus	1
monoatomic anion transport	1
inorganic anion transport	1
endocrine system development	1
gland development	1
myelination	1
regulation of nervous system development	1
biosynthetic process	1
modified amino acid metabolic process	1
phenol-containing compound metabolic process	1
receptor ligand activity	1
protein binding	1
binding	1
cellular anatomical structure	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

1476 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
TG	TPO	P07202	986
TG	MB	P02144	973
TG	TSHR	P16473	972
TG	SLC5A5	Q92911	970
TG	PAX8	Q06710	932
TG	NKX2-1	P43699	923
TG	ALB	P02768	909
TG	SLC26A4	O43511	896
TG	FOXE1	O00358	857
TG	C6orf15	Q6UXA7	817
TG	BRAF	P15056	750
TG	PXDNL	A1KZ92	749
TG	PXDN	Q92626	749
TG	DIO2	Q92813	748
TG	DUOXA2	Q1HG44	740

IntAct

8 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
SORT1	TG	psi-mi:“MI:0407”(direct interaction)	0.540
SORT1	TG	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.540
Sort1	TG	psi-mi:“MI:0403”(colocalization)	0.370
carB	TG	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000
	TG	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000

BioGRID (9): TG (Reconstituted Complex), TG (Reconstituted Complex), TG (Affinity Capture-MS), TG (Reconstituted Complex), TG (Reconstituted Complex), TG (Reconstituted Complex), S (Reconstituted Complex), TG (Affinity Capture-MS), TG (Protein-peptide)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A1D0BN92, A8X481, A8X9H4, A8Y181, A9CB89, B3A0Q7, B3A0R3, B3A0R4, B3EX01, B4G532, B4II56, B4R1Q2, C8UFK8, G2XDH0, H2A0M0, O16883, O36359, O45599, P01266, P04671, P06651, P0CU47, P0CV33, P11450, P11841, P21250, P23117, P23118, P34402, P46504, P86858, P89679, P98159, Q09255, Q09624, Q17308, Q19948, Q23971, Q27384, Q299E6

Diamond homologs: A0A060S684, A0A0E4AET8, A0A443HK52, D4ASH1, D4AZ78, D4B1N9, I1RDA9, I6Y9F7, O08710, O16168, O16169, O16170, O16171, O16172, O46421, O62760, O62761, P01266, P01267, P04058, P06882, P07692, P08171, P10959, P12337, P12992, P16303, P16854, P17573, P18142, P20261, P21836, P21837, P21927, P22394, P23795, P25725, P25726, P30122, P32749

SIGNOR signaling

5 interactions.

A	Effect	B	Mechanism
PAX8	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	TG	“transcriptional regulation”
TPO	“up-regulates activity”	TG	“catalytic activity”
TG	up-regulates	Thyroid_hormonogenesis
TG	up-regulates	Colloid
APEX1	“up-regulates quantity by expression”	TG	“transcriptional regulation”

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

2166 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	146
Likely pathogenic	84
Uncertain significance	531
Likely benign	1097
Benign	107

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (30)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
1028102	NM_003235.5(TG):c.8055G>A (p.Trp2685Ter)	Pathogenic
1071384	NC_000008.10:g.(?133141509)(134296554_?)del	Pathogenic
1073984	NM_003235.5(TG):c.7396dup (p.Gln2466fs)	Pathogenic
12689	NM_003235.5(TG):c.275-3C>G	Pathogenic
12691	NM_003235.5(TG):c.4588C>T (p.Arg1530Ter)	Pathogenic
12693	NM_003235.5(TG):c.3733T>C (p.Cys1245Arg)	Pathogenic
12694	NM_003235.5(TG):c.5986T>A (p.Cys1996Ser)	Pathogenic
12695	NM_003235.5(TG):c.886C>T (p.Arg296Ter)	Pathogenic
12699	NM_003235.5(TG):c.1143del (p.Tyr382fs)	Pathogenic
12700	NM_003235.5(TG):c.6725G>A (p.Arg2242His)	Pathogenic
12701	NM_003235.5(TG):c.6200-1G>C	Pathogenic
12702	NM_003235.5(TG):c.3229T>C (p.Cys1077Arg)	Pathogenic
12706	NM_003235.5(TG):c.638+1G>A	Pathogenic
1323687	NM_003235.5(TG):c.6397+2T>A	Pathogenic
1802151	NM_003235.5(TG):c.6610del (p.Ser2204fs)	Pathogenic
1803164	NM_003235.5(TG):c.6185G>A (p.Trp2062Ter)	Pathogenic
2499079	NM_003235.5(TG):c.4159+1G>A	Pathogenic
2627370	NM_003235.5(TG):c.7006C>T (p.Arg2336Ter)	Pathogenic
2693666	NM_003235.5(TG):c.3566G>A (p.Trp1189Ter)	Pathogenic
2694831	NM_003235.5(TG):c.7919_7920del (p.Ala2639_Tyr2640insTer)	Pathogenic
2696424	NM_003235.5(TG):c.2866_2867del (p.Ser956fs)	Pathogenic
2703225	NM_003235.5(TG):c.4463T>A (p.Leu1488Ter)	Pathogenic
2710114	NM_003235.5(TG):c.6114_6115insGC (p.Asn2039fs)	Pathogenic
2710348	NM_003235.5(TG):c.3612dup (p.Gly1205fs)	Pathogenic
2711228	NM_003235.5(TG):c.2566C>T (p.Gln856Ter)	Pathogenic
2713686	NM_003235.5(TG):c.416G>A (p.Trp139Ter)	Pathogenic
2721461	NM_003235.5(TG):c.8119C>T (p.Arg2707Ter)	Pathogenic
2732212	NM_003235.5(TG):c.7111C>T (p.Arg2371Ter)	Pathogenic
2735213	NM_003235.5(TG):c.274+2T>G	Pathogenic
2735215	NM_003235.5(TG):c.1348del (p.Ser450fs)	Pathogenic

SpliceAI

10680 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
8:132867064:TTCGG:T	donor_loss	1.0000
8:132867065:TCGG:T	donor_loss	1.0000
8:132867067:GGTA:G	donor_loss	1.0000
8:132867068:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
8:132867069:TAAG:T	donor_loss	1.0000
8:132868113:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:132868114:G:GG	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:132868114:GA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:132868224:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
8:132868229:GCT:G	donor_gain	1.0000
8:132869822:GGCTT:G	donor_gain	1.0000
8:132869823:GCTTG:G	donor_gain	1.0000
8:132871547:GCGAT:G	donor_gain	1.0000
8:132882610:GAT:G	donor_gain	1.0000
8:132882611:AT:A	donor_gain	1.0000
8:132882612:TGTA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
8:132882613:G:GA	donor_loss	1.0000
8:132882613:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
8:132882614:T:TC	donor_loss	1.0000
8:132882983:G:T	donor_gain	1.0000
8:132893925:GTCTA:G	donor_gain	1.0000
8:132893930:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
8:132897640:T:TA	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:132898245:GT:G	donor_gain	1.0000
8:132898911:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
8:132919375:GTT:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:132919375:GTTA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:132919375:GTTAA:G	acceptor_gain	1.0000
8:132919526:G:GG	donor_gain	1.0000
8:132929074:A:AG	acceptor_gain	1.0000

AlphaMissense

18094 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
8:132897758:G:C	W1037C	0.996
8:132897758:G:T	W1037C	0.996
8:132906866:G:C	W1271C	0.995
8:132906866:G:T	W1271C	0.995
8:132871490:G:C	W139C	0.994
8:132871490:G:T	W139C	0.994
8:132869765:G:C	W71C	0.991
8:132869765:G:T	W71C	0.991
8:133133626:G:C	W2718C	0.991
8:133133626:G:T	W2718C	0.991
8:132868201:T:A	C52S	0.990
8:132868202:G:C	C52S	0.990
8:132887283:G:C	W637C	0.990
8:132887283:G:T	W637C	0.990
8:132873130:T:A	C183S	0.989
8:132873131:G:C	C183S	0.989
8:133022138:T:C	F2342L	0.989
8:133022140:C:A	F2342L	0.989
8:133022140:C:G	F2342L	0.989
8:133113596:G:C	A2583P	0.989
8:133116625:T:C	C2591R	0.989
8:132871431:T:A	C120S	0.987
8:132871432:G:C	C120S	0.987
8:132871491:T:A	C140S	0.987
8:132871492:G:C	C140S	0.987
8:132898179:G:C	W1050C	0.987
8:132898179:G:T	W1050C	0.987
8:132971804:T:C	C1996R	0.987
8:133029961:A:C	S2393R	0.987
8:133029963:C:A	S2393R	0.987

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000014073 (8:132884048 C>G), RS1000019384 (8:132912770 A>G), RS1000032101 (8:132929324 A>T), RS1000043649 (8:132883894 G>T), RS1000067295 (8:133107470 C>G), RS1000108679 (8:132973312 A>G), RS1000116559 (8:133039572 T>G), RS1000123975 (8:133063607 G>A), RS1000142325 (8:132982243 T>A), RS1000146533 (8:132935611 C>T), RS1000163008 (8:133122171 A>G), RS1000178656 (8:132884782 A>C,G), RS1000196456 (8:133086657 A>G), RS1000201996 (8:133021832 A>C), RS1000204207 (8:132867691 C>T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:188450 | disease phenotypes: MIM:274700, MIM:608175, MIM:121200

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
thyroid dyshormonogenesis 3	Strong	Autosomal recessive
familial thyroid dyshormonogenesis	Supportive	Autosomal recessive
thyroid cancer	Limited	Autosomal dominant

Mondo (10): thyroid dyshormonogenesis 3 (MONDO:0010135), congenital hypothyroidism (MONDO:0018612), autoimmune thyroid disease, susceptibility to, 3 (MONDO:0011982), benign neonatal seizures (MONDO:0016027), primary ovarian failure (MONDO:0005387), prostate cancer (MONDO:0008315), hypothyroidism (MONDO:0005420), hereditary breast ovarian cancer syndrome (MONDO:0003582), thyroid cancer (MONDO:0002108), familial thyroid dyshormonogenesis (MONDO:0010132)

Orphanet (6): Familial thyroid dyshormonogenesis (Orphanet:95716), Congenital hypothyroidism (Orphanet:442), Self-limited neonatal epilepsy (Orphanet:1949), Familial prostate cancer (Orphanet:1331), Hereditary breast and/or ovarian cancer syndrome (Orphanet:145), NON RARE IN EUROPE: Primary ovarian failure (Orphanet:619)

HPO phenotypes

35 total (30 of 35 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0000007	Autosomal recessive inheritance
HP:0000158	Macroglossia
HP:0000270	Delayed cranial suture closure
HP:0000282	Facial edema
HP:0000407	Sensorineural hearing impairment
HP:0000851	Congenital hypothyroidism
HP:0000853	Goiter
HP:0001249	Intellectual disability
HP:0001252	Hypotonia
HP:0001254	Lethargy
HP:0001265	Hyporeflexia
HP:0001537	Umbilical hernia
HP:0001662	Bradycardia
HP:0002019	Constipation
HP:0002045	Hypothermia
HP:0002890	Thyroid carcinoma
HP:0002925	Elevated circulating thyroid-stimulating hormone concentration
HP:0003265	Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia
HP:0004491	Large posterior fontanelle
HP:0005280	Depressed nasal bridge
HP:0005930	Abnormal epiphysis morphology
HP:0006579	Prolonged neonatal jaundice
HP:0008223	Compensated hypothyroidism
HP:0008263	Thyroid defect in oxidation and organification of iodide
HP:0008828	Delayed proximal femoral epiphyseal ossification
HP:0008872	Feeding difficulties in infancy
HP:0011437	Maternal autoimmune disease
HP:0012559	Increased T3/T4 ratio
HP:0012758	Neurodevelopmental delay
HP:0025482	Positive perchlorate discharge test

GWAS associations

17 associations (top):

Study	Trait	p-value
GCST001531_15	Temperament	5.000000e-06
GCST001984_1	Graves’ disease	8.000000e-09
GCST003988_21	Hypothyroidism	7.000000e-09
GCST004029_8	Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor intolerance	7.000000e-06
GCST004400_1	Bone erosion in rheumatoid arthritis	4.000000e-06
GCST004785_46	Vitiligo	2.000000e-13
GCST006897_9	Hyperthyroidism	2.000000e-12
GCST006899_20	Thyroid stimulating hormone levels	3.000000e-21
GCST007932_6	Medication use (thyroid preparations)	1.000000e-13
GCST009391_1103	Metabolite levels	8.000000e-06
GCST009597_188	Multiple sclerosis	7.000000e-06
GCST010571_45	Autoimmune thyroid disease	1.000000e-12
GCST010703_219	Brain morphology (MOSTest)	4.000000e-11
GCST012490_204	Femur bone mineral density x serum urate levels interaction	1.000000e-09
GCST90002381_462	Eosinophil count	1.000000e-09
GCST90002382_260	Eosinophil percentage of white cells	8.000000e-11
GCST90014325_38	Asthma	4.000000e-08

EFO canonical traits (9, from GWAS)

EFO ID	Trait name
EFO:0004825	temperament and character inventory
EFO:0005325	response to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
EFO:0005413	joint damage measurement
EFO:0009933	Thyroid preparation use measurement
EFO:0010447	3-hydroxyanthranilic acid measurement
EFO:0004346	neuroimaging measurement
EFO:0004531	urate measurement
EFO:0004842	eosinophil count
EFO:0007991	eosinophil percentage of leukocytes

MeSH disease descriptors (7)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D003409	Congenital Hypothyroidism	C05.116.099.343.347; C05.116.132.256; C16.320.240.625; C19.297.155; C19.874.482.281
D061325	Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome	C04.588.180.483; C04.588.322.455.431; C04.700.517; C12.050.351.500.056.630.705.431; C12.050.351.937.418.685.431; C12.100.250.056.630.705.431; C12.900.418.685.431; C16.320.700.517; C17.800.090.500.483; C19.344.410.431; C19.391.630.705.431
D007037	Hypothyroidism	C19.874.482
D016649	Primary Ovarian Insufficiency	C12.050.351.500.056.630.750; C12.100.250.056.630.750; C19.391.630.750
D011471	Prostatic Neoplasms	C04.588.945.440.770; C12.100.500.260.750; C12.100.500.565.625; C12.200.294.260.750; C12.200.294.565.625; C12.200.758.409.750; C12.900.619.750
C564766	Thyroid Dyshormonogenesis 1 (supp.)
C562769	Thyroid Dyshormonogenesis 3 (supp.)

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

55 total (human), top 30 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Benzo(a)pyrene	affects methylation, decreases expression	3
Tretinoin	decreases expression, affects cotreatment, increases expression	3
Aflatoxin B1	increases methylation, decreases expression, decreases methylation	3
triphenyl phosphate	increases abundance, increases expression, affects expression	2
mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate	decreases expression, decreases reaction, decreases secretion	2
4-phenylbutyric acid	decreases expression, decreases reaction	2
Amiodarone	decreases expression, decreases reaction	2
Nickel	decreases expression	2
methyleugenol	decreases expression	1
tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate	increases abundance, increases expression	1
2,4,5,2’,4’,5’-hexachlorobiphenyl	decreases expression, increases abundance	1
tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate	increases expression	1
sodium arsenite	affects methylation	1
perfluorooctanoic acid	increases expression	1
zinc chromate	increases abundance, increases expression	1
2,2’,3’,4,4’,5-hexachlorobiphenyl	decreases expression, increases abundance	1
tris(chloroethyl)phosphate	increases abundance, increases expression	1
9-deoxy-delta-9-prostaglandin D2	increases expression, increases reaction	1
2-ethyl-5-carboxypentyl phthalate	increases abundance, increases expression	1
di-n-butylphosphoric acid	affects expression	1
2,3’,4,4’,5-pentachlorobiphenyl	decreases secretion	1
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde	decreases expression, decreases reaction	1
chromium hexavalent ion	increases expression, increases abundance	1
pentabromodiphenyl ether	decreases expression, decreases reaction, increases secretion	1
CGP 52608	increases reaction, affects binding	1
15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2	increases reaction, increases expression	1
efavirenz	increases expression	1
bisphenol S	decreases expression	1
jinfukang	affects cotreatment, decreases expression	1
NCGC 00229600	decreases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

600 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00604318	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Quality of Life, Recombinant TSH (Thyrogen) and Thyroid Cancer
NCT01496313	PHASE4	COMPLETED	To Compare The Effects Of Two Doses Of Vandetanib In Patients With Advanced Medullary Thyroid Cancer
NCT02946918	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Levothyroxine Replacement With Liquid Gel Capsules vs Tablets Post-thyroidectomy
NCT03065218	PHASE4	TERMINATED	99mTc Sestamibi Scans In Thyroglobulin Positive Scan Negative Differentiated Thyroid Cancer (DTC) Patients
NCT03469310	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Minimizing Narcotic Analgesics After Endocrine Surgery
NCT03969108	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Diagnostic Accuracy Study of Indocyanine Green for Parathyroid Perfusion Assessment
NCT06697782	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Aprepitant and Ondansetron Monotherapy or Combination for Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting in Thyroid Cancer
NCT07600580	PHASE4	ACTIVE_NOT_RECRUITING	The Association Between Bilateral Intermediate Cervical Plexus Block During Total Thyroidectomy and Surgical Stress Response
NCT05228184	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Use of Tirosint®-SOL or Tablet Formulations of Levothyroxine in Pediatric Patients With Congenital Hypothyroidism (CH)
NCT05371262	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Influence of Initial Levothyroxine Dose on Neurodevelopmental and Growth Outcomes in Congenital Hypothyroidism
NCT00417066	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Flexible GnRH Antagonist vs Flare up GnRH Agonist Protocol in Poor Responders
NCT00732693	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Evaluation of Physiologic and Standard Sex Steroid Replacement Regimens in Women With Premature Ovarian Failure
NCT00837616	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Estrogen Dosing in Turner Syndrome: Pharmacology and Metabolism
NCT01853501	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Effects of ADSC Therapy in Women With POF
NCT02783937	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Filgrastim for Premature Ovarian Insufficiency
NCT03535480	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Autologous Bone Marrow Stem Cell Ovarian Transplantation to Restore Ovarian Function in Premature Ovarian Failure
NCT00029224	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Treatment With Zoledronic Acid in Patients With Breast Cancer, Multiple Myeloma, and Prostate Cancer With Cancer Related Bone Lesions
NCT00035997	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Open-label Trial on the Effect of I.V. Zoledronic Acid 4 mg on Bone Density in Hormone Sensitive Prostate Cancer Patients With Bone Metastasis
NCT00063609	PHASE4	COMPLETED	The Effect of Zoledronic Acid on Bone Loss in Prostate Cancer Patients Undergoing Androgen Deprivation Therapy
NCT00103623	PHASE4	SUSPENDED	The Plenaxis® Experience Study
NCT00106392	PHASE4	COMPLETED	A Safety and Efficacy Study of Prograf in the Prevention of Erectile Dysfunction After Radical Prostatectomy
NCT00185029	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	MR-Lymphography and Lymph Node Staging in Prostate Cancer
NCT00199485	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Angelica Sinensis for the Treatment of Hot Flashes in Men Undergoing LHRH Therapy for Prostate Cancer
NCT00219219	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Zoledronic Acid in the Prevention of Skeletal-related Events in Hormone Refractory and Hormone-sensitive Prostate Cancer Patients With Bone Metastases
NCT00219271	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect Of Zoledronic Acid On Circulating And Bone Marrow-Residing Prostate Cancer Cells In Patients With Clinically Localized Prostate Cancer
NCT00237146	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study to Evaluate Zoledronic Acid on Quality of Life and Skeletal-related Events as Adjuvant Treatment in Patients With Hormone-naïve Prostate Cancer and Bone Metastasis Who Have Undergone Orchiectomy
NCT00242554	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Open-label Phase IV Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of Zoledronic Acid in Patients With Prostate Cancer and Bone Metastases
NCT00280098	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Docetaxel in the Treatment of Hormone Refractory Prostate Cancer
NCT00293696	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Casodex/Zoladex Biomarkers in Localised Prostate Cancer
NCT00334139	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect of Zoledronic Acid on Bone Metabolism in Patients With Bone Metastasis and Prostate or Breast Cancer
NCT00375765	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effects On Dihydrotestosterone Regulated Gene Expression In Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Or Prostate Cancer
NCT00391690	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Evaluation of Bone Markers as Diagnostic Tools for Early Detection of Bone Metastases in Patients With High Risk Prostate Cancer
NCT00422708	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Local Anesthesia for Prostate Biopsy
NCT00526331	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Evaluation of Arterial Pressure Based Cardiac Output for Goal-Directed Perioperative Therapy
NCT00590213	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Compare the Value of Prophylactic Versus Therapeutic Breast Radiotherapy in CASODEX
NCT00629330	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Dissemination of Prostate Cancer Screening to PCP’s in African American Communities
NCT00771966	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Radical Prostatectomy and Perioperative Fluid Therapy
NCT00805701	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Study Assessing The Efficacy And Safety Of Avodart (Dutasteride) At Improving Urinary Symptoms In Men With Prostate Cancer Who Are Undergoing Seed Implantation
NCT00859027	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Effect Of Risedronate On Bone Mass In Older Men Receiving Neoadjuvant Therapy For Prostate Cancer
NCT00906269	PHASE4	UNKNOWN	Can Hyperbaric Oxygen Improve Erectile Function Following Surgery for Prostate Cancer