THSD1

Summary

THSD1 (thrombospondin type 1 domain containing 1, HGNC:17754) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 13q14.3, encoding Thrombospondin type-1 domain-containing protein 1 (Q9NS62). Is a positive regulator of nascent focal adhesion assembly, involved in the modulation of endothelial cell attachment to the extracellular matrix.

The protein encoded by this gene contains a type 1 thrombospondin domain, which is found in a number of proteins involved in the complement pathway, as well as in extracellular matrix proteins. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been observed for this gene.

Source: NCBI Gene 55901 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

• Gene–disease (curated): non-immune hydrops fetalis (Definitive, GenCC) — +4 more curated relationships
• Clinical variants (ClinVar): 145 total — 3 pathogenic, 2 likely-pathogenic
• Phenotypes (HPO): 48
• MANE Select transcript: NM_018676

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

Field	Value
HGNC ID	HGNC:17754
Approved symbol	THSD1
Name	thrombospondin type 1 domain containing 1
Location	13q14.3
Locus type	gene with protein product
Status	Approved
Aliases	TMTSP
Ensembl gene	ENSG00000136114
Ensembl biotype	protein_coding
OMIM	616821
Entrez	55901

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 10 — 10 protein_coding

ENST00000258613, ENST00000349258, ENST00000648254, ENST00000876238, ENST00000876239, ENST00000876240, ENST00000876241, ENST00000876242, ENST00000945423, ENST00000945424

RefSeq mRNA: 2 — MANE Select: NM_018676 NM_018676, NM_199263

CCDS: CCDS9432, CCDS9433

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000258613 — 5 exons

Exon	Start	End
ENSE00000923562	52377167	52378789
ENSE00000923563	52397232	52398194
ENSE00001388810	52402543	52402681
ENSE00001953653	52406031	52406172
ENSE00003669727	52386028	52386186

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 138 present calls, max score 82.82.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth broad, TPM avg 2.2826 / max 29.8089, expressed in 759 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (2 alternative TSS)

Promoter ID	TPM avg	Samples expressed
137418	1.2325	518
137419	1.0501	569

Top tissues by expression

140 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

Tissue	Anatomy ID	Expression score	Quality
ventricular zone	UBERON:0003053	82.82	gold quality
right lung	UBERON:0002167	82.77	gold quality
apex of heart	UBERON:0002098	82.06	gold quality
lung	UBERON:0002048	81.52	gold quality
placenta	UBERON:0001987	81.38	gold quality
upper lobe of left lung	UBERON:0008952	81.28	gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testis	CL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:0000473	79.64	gold quality
subcutaneous adipose tissue	UBERON:0002190	78.98	gold quality
temporal lobe	UBERON:0001871	77.87	gold quality
amygdala	UBERON:0001876	77.85	gold quality
heart left ventricle	UBERON:0002084	77.57	gold quality
thoracic mammary gland	UBERON:0005200	77.41	gold quality
adipose tissue	UBERON:0001013	77.09	gold quality
caudate nucleus	UBERON:0001873	76.39	gold quality
heart	UBERON:0000948	75.64	gold quality
skin of leg	UBERON:0001511	75.51	gold quality
tibial nerve	UBERON:0001323	75.49	gold quality
embryo	UBERON:0000922	75.48	gold quality
ganglionic eminence	UBERON:0004023	75.48	gold quality
zone of skin	UBERON:0000014	75.17	gold quality
smooth muscle tissue	UBERON:0001135	75.10	gold quality
myometrium	UBERON:0001296	75.10	gold quality
putamen	UBERON:0001874	74.98	gold quality
left uterine tube	UBERON:0001303	74.90	gold quality
omental fat pad	UBERON:0010414	74.90	gold quality
skin of abdomen	UBERON:0001416	74.88	gold quality
muscle of leg	UBERON:0001383	74.60	gold quality
gastrocnemius	UBERON:0001388	74.55	gold quality
skeletal muscle organ	UBERON:0014892	74.51	gold quality
body of uterus	UBERON:0009853	74.28	gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 2 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

Experiment	Marker?	Max mean expression
E-ANND-3	yes	7.75
E-MTAB-6678	no	3.07

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

10 targeting THSD1, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNA	Max score	Avg score	miRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-5193	100.00	67.26	1744
HSA-MIR-5692A	100.00	74.40	6850
HSA-MIR-8485	100.00	77.57	4731
HSA-MIR-551B-5P	99.96	71.28	3493
HSA-MIR-651-3P	99.94	73.48	5177
HSA-MIR-6875-3P	99.82	70.26	2983
HSA-MIR-3618	99.69	68.57	1012
HSA-MIR-1283	99.69	72.42	3009
HSA-MIR-5689	99.50	71.26	1154
HSA-MIR-5196-3P	97.57	65.98	979

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 10)

• Thrombospondin has a role in inducing RhoA inactivation through FAK-dependent signaling to stimulate focal adhesion disassembly (PMID:15371459)
• The strong immunolocalization of thrombospondin (TSP) in the outer anulus of the intervertebral disc indicates a role for TSP in the avascular status of the adult human disc. (PMID:17047544)
• These findings suggest that THSD1 is a good candidate tumor suppressor gene. (PMID:18403638)
• The THSD1 gene may play a role in the tumorigenesis of colorectal cancer (PMID:22664866)
• thrombospondin type I domain 1 is a new regulator of endothelial barrier function during vascular development and protects intraplaque microvessels against haemorrhaging in advanced atherosclerotic lesions (PMID:26822228)
• THSD1 mutation associated with Intracranial Aneurysm and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. (PMID:27895300)
• THSD1 forms a multimeric protein complex with FAK/talin/vinculin, wherein THSD1 promotes talin binding to FAK but not to vinculin, a key step in nascent adhesion assembly. (PMID:29069646)
• we report the novel truncating THSD1 variant, and describe new clinical features that have not been reported previously thus expanding the phenotype associate with loss-of-function mutations in THSD1 causing NIHF. (PMID:30055085)
• Manifestations of thrombospondin type-1 domain-containing protein 1 gene mutation in an extremely premature infant with nonimmune hydrops fetalis. (PMID:33569873)
• THSD1 Suppresses Autophagy-Mediated Focal Adhesion Turnover by Modulating the FAK-Beclin 1 Pathway. (PMID:38396816)

Cross-species orthologs

4 orthologs

Organism	Symbol	Gene ID
danio_rerio	thsd1	ENSDARG00000075273
danio_rerio		ENSDARG00000112294
mus_musculus	Thsd1	ENSMUSG00000031480
rattus_norvegicus	Thsd1	ENSRNOG00000012108

Protein

Protein identifiers

Thrombospondin type-1 domain-containing protein 1 — Q9NS62 (reviewed: Q9NS62)

Alternative names: Transmembrane molecule with thrombospondin module

All UniProt accessions (1): Q9NS62

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Is a positive regulator of nascent focal adhesion assembly, involved in the modulation of endothelial cell attachment to the extracellular matrix.

Subunit / interactions. Part of a complex composed of THSD1, PTK2/FAK1, TLN1 and VCL. Interacts with TLN1.

Subcellular location. Endosome membrane. Cell junction. Focal adhesion Membrane Secreted.

Disease relevance. Lymphatic malformation 13 (LMPHM13) [MIM:620244] A form of primary lymphedema, a disease characterized by swelling of body parts due to developmental anomalies and functional defects of the lymphatic system. Patients with lymphedema may suffer from recurrent local infections. LMPHM13 is an autosomal recessive form characterized by fetal onset of pleural and peritoneal effusions and the presence of moderate to severe non-immune hydrops fetalis that often resolves with age. Affected individuals show relatively normal growth and development, apart from mild ascites and hemangiomas. Most patients have congenital cardiac defects. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry. Aneurysm, intracranial berry, 12 (ANIB12) [MIM:618734] A form of cerebral aneurysm, a focal abnormal dilatation of a blood vessel in the brain. Berry intracranial aneurysms, also known as saccular aneurysms, have a characteristic rounded shape and account for the vast majority of intracranial aneurysms. They are the most common cause of non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage, a sudden-onset disease that can lead to severe disability and death. Several risk factors such as smoking, hypertension, and excessive alcohol intake are associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Isoforms (3)

UniProt ID	Names	Canonical?
Q9NS62-1	1	yes
Q9NS62-2	2
Q9NS62-3	3

RefSeq proteins (2): NP_061146, NP_954872 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

ID	Name	Type
IPR000884	TSP1_rpt	Repeat
IPR036383	TSP1_rpt_sf	Homologous_superfamily
IPR038877	THSD1	Family
IPR056217	THSD1_N	Domain
IPR056218	THSD1_D2	Domain
IPR056219	THSD1_D3	Domain

Pfam: PF00090, PF24306, PF24310, PF24311

UniProt features (43 total): sequence variant 15, glycosylation site 7, compositionally biased region 6, disulfide bond 3, splice variant 3, topological domain 2, region of interest 2, signal peptide 1, chain 1, modified residue 1, transmembrane region 1, domain 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

0 structures.

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

Model	pLDDT	Fraction very-high
AF-Q9NS62-F1	59.46	0.14

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Post-translational modifications (1): 463

Disulfide bonds (3): 352–387, 356–392, 367–377

Glycosylation sites (7): 39, 53, 58, 69, 80, 135, 304

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

9 pathways

ID	Pathway
R-HSA-5083635	Defective B3GALTL causes PpS
R-HSA-5173214	O-glycosylation of TSR domain-containing proteins
R-HSA-1643685	Disease
R-HSA-3781865	Diseases of glycosylation
R-HSA-3906995	Diseases associated with O-glycosylation of proteins
R-HSA-392499	Metabolism of proteins
R-HSA-5173105	O-linked glycosylation
R-HSA-5668914	Diseases of metabolism
R-HSA-597592	Post-translational protein modification

MSigDB gene sets: 190 (showing top): GOBP_FOCAL_ADHESION_ASSEMBLY, GRAESSMANN_APOPTOSIS_BY_SERUM_DEPRIVATION_DN, GRAESSMANN_RESPONSE_TO_MC_AND_SERUM_DEPRIVATION_DN, GRAESSMANN_APOPTOSIS_BY_DOXORUBICIN_DN, GRAESSMANN_RESPONSE_TO_MC_AND_DOXORUBICIN_DN, GOBP_CELL_JUNCTION_ORGANIZATION, MODULE_544, GOBP_CELL_JUNCTION_ASSEMBLY, LEF1_Q6, GOBP_CELL_SUBSTRATE_ADHESION, GOBP_CELL_MATRIX_ADHESION, chr13q14, GOCC_ANCHORING_JUNCTION, CHEN_HOXA5_TARGETS_9HR_UP, GOMF_EXTRACELLULAR_MATRIX_BINDING

GO Biological Process (1): focal adhesion assembly (GO:0048041)

GO Molecular Function (2): extracellular matrix binding (GO:0050840), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (9): extracellular region (GO:0005576), endosome (GO:0005768), cytosol (GO:0005829), focal adhesion (GO:0005925), endosome membrane (GO:0010008), cell periphery (GO:0071944), cytoplasm (GO:0005737), membrane (GO:0016020), anchoring junction (GO:0070161)

Reactome top-level categories

Rollup of top-7 pathways:

Category	Pathways
Diseases associated with O-glycosylation of proteins	1
O-linked glycosylation	1
Diseases of metabolism	1
Diseases of glycosylation	1
Post-translational protein modification	1
Disease	1
Metabolism of proteins	1

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

Category	Terms
cellular anatomical structure	5
binding	2
cell-substrate junction assembly	1
cell-matrix adhesion	1
endomembrane system	1
cytoplasmic vesicle	1
cytoplasm	1
cell-substrate junction	1
endosome	1
cytoplasmic vesicle membrane	1
bounding membrane of organelle	1
intracellular anatomical structure	1
cell junction	1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

460 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein A	Protein B	Partner UniProt	Score
THSD1	ITGA9	Q13797	534
THSD1	TLN2	Q9Y4G6	529
THSD1	TLN1	Q9Y490	526
THSD1	ANKRD35	Q8N283	515
THSD1	DNAH9	Q9NYC9	479
THSD1	PTCRA	Q6ISU1	449
THSD1	Q6NXN5	Q6NXN5	446
THSD1	ARHGEF17	Q96PE2	442
THSD1	ADAMTS15	Q8TE58	431
THSD1	TRIQK	Q629K1	425
THSD1	RNF213	Q63HN8	408
THSD1	VWCE	Q96DN2	394
THSD1	IL10	P22301	374
THSD1	OR5T1	Q8NG75	368
THSD1	MORN2	Q502X0	350

IntAct

3 interactions, top by confidence:

A	B	Type	Score
KCNJ2	PIK3R2	psi-mi:“MI:2364”(proximity)	0.270
flaF	THSD1	psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)	0.000

BioGRID (10): THSD1 (Proximity Label-MS), THSD1 (Proximity Label-MS), THSD1 (Proximity Label-MS), THSD1 (Proximity Label-MS), THSD1 (Proximity Label-MS), THSD1 (Proximity Label-MS), THSD1 (Proximity Label-MS), THSD1 (Proximity Label-MS), THSD1 (Proximity Label-MS), THSD1 (Proximity Label-MS)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A0A6YXX9, A0A1Z2R986, B8RJM0, E9Q555, E9Q612, G5E8Q8, O35664, O88393, P09258, P0DP43, P13374, P20746, P22596, P22650, P22651, P26342, P33500, P35054, P48749, P68325, Q03167, Q14CH0, Q16827, Q2TAV2, Q2YDM0, Q56A20, Q5BKX0, Q5R7R7, Q5RBQ2, Q5U228, Q68FB2, Q6NU22, Q6NU51, Q6P995, Q6S6Q5, Q6UC88, Q76B58, Q77NN4, Q7SXB3, Q8K1M8

Diamond homologs: A2VEC9, B3EWY9, B3EWZ3, B3EWZ8, C0HL12, C5IAW9, D3YXF5, D3YXG0, D3Z7H8, D3ZTD8, E9Q6D8, F1LW30, G1FC92, G5ECS8, O08721, O08722, O08747, O14514, O15072, O60241, O60242, O95185, O95450, P07358, P07996, P10643, P11680, P13671, P27918, P35440, P35441, P35442, P35448, P48960, P55314, P57110, P58397, P59384, P61134, P61135

SIGNOR signaling

0 interactions.

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

145 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

Classification	Count (floor)
Pathogenic	3
Likely pathogenic	2
Uncertain significance	99
Likely benign	21
Benign	8

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (5)

Variant ID	HGVS	Classification
2443746	NM_018676.4(THSD1):c.1322_1329del (p.Arg441fs)	Pathogenic
2498195	NM_018676.4(THSD1):c.892G>T (p.Glu298Ter)	Pathogenic
804297	NM_018676.4(THSD1):c.1348C>T (p.Arg450Ter)	Pathogenic
190456	NM_018676.4(THSD1):c.617G>A (p.Cys206Tyr)	Likely pathogenic
2443745	NM_018676.4(THSD1):c.1561C>T (p.Gln521Ter)	Likely pathogenic

SpliceAI

868 predictions. Top by Δscore:

Variant	Effect	Δscore
13:52378790:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
13:52406025:TCTTA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
13:52406026:CTTAC:C	donor_loss	1.0000
13:52406027:TTA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
13:52406028:TA:T	donor_loss	1.0000
13:52406030:C:CT	donor_loss	1.0000
13:52416091:AAC:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
13:52416092:AC:A	acceptor_gain	1.0000
13:52416093:CC:C	acceptor_gain	1.0000
13:52416094:C:CC	acceptor_gain	1.0000
13:52416094:C:T	acceptor_gain	1.0000
13:52416104:C:CT	acceptor_gain	1.0000
13:52378785:GAAAG:G	acceptor_gain	0.9900
13:52378786:AAAG:A	acceptor_gain	0.9900
13:52378787:AAG:A	acceptor_gain	0.9900
13:52378787:AAGCT:A	acceptor_loss	0.9900
13:52378788:AG:A	acceptor_gain	0.9900
13:52378788:AGCTG:A	acceptor_loss	0.9900
13:52378790:C:A	acceptor_loss	0.9900
13:52378791:T:C	acceptor_loss	0.9900
13:52398195:C:CC	acceptor_gain	0.9900
13:52406029:A:AC	donor_gain	0.9900
13:52406030:C:CC	donor_gain	0.9900
13:52406030:CCTTT:C	donor_gain	0.9900
13:52416013:TTA:T	donor_loss	0.9900
13:52416014:TACCT:T	donor_loss	0.9900
13:52416015:A:AC	donor_gain	0.9900
13:52416015:A:AG	donor_loss	0.9900
13:52416016:C:CA	donor_loss	0.9900
13:52416016:C:CC	donor_gain	0.9900

AlphaMissense

5596 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

Variant	Protein change	am_pathogenicity
13:52378703:A:G	C423R	0.998
13:52386161:C:A	W349C	0.998
13:52386161:C:G	W349C	0.998
13:52386170:C:A	W346C	0.998
13:52386170:C:G	W346C	0.998
13:52378360:A:G	L537S	0.996
13:52378351:A:G	M540T	0.995
13:52378372:G:T	A533D	0.995
13:52397330:A:C	F308C	0.995
13:52386120:C:G	R363P	0.993
13:52386048:C:G	C387S	0.992
13:52386049:A:T	C387S	0.992
13:52386153:C:G	C352S	0.992
13:52386154:A:T	C352S	0.992
13:52386163:A:G	W349R	0.992
13:52386163:A:T	W349R	0.992
13:52378350:C:A	M540I	0.991
13:52378350:C:G	M540I	0.991
13:52378350:C:T	M540I	0.991
13:52386172:A:G	W346R	0.991
13:52386172:A:T	W346R	0.991
13:52378005:A:C	S655R	0.990
13:52378005:A:T	S655R	0.990
13:52378007:T:G	S655R	0.990
13:52378386:G:C	F528L	0.990
13:52378386:G:T	F528L	0.990
13:52378388:A:G	F528L	0.990
13:52386154:A:G	C352R	0.990
13:52397330:A:G	F308S	0.990
13:52386047:A:C	C387W	0.989

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000042229 (13:52381997 T>G), RS1000145550 (13:52401733 T>A), RS1000182045 (13:52402000 A>C), RS1000235792 (13:52397836 C>T), RS1000241833 (13:52384133 G>A,T), RS1000343155 (13:52380131 C>T), RS1000393417 (13:52391118 G>C,T), RS1000408516 (13:52394770 C>T), RS1000409012 (13:52383846 G>A), RS1000438882 (13:52387156 C>T), RS1000470025 (13:52387503 G>A,T), RS1000653961 (13:52398331 C>A,G,T), RS1000698104 (13:52394468 G>T), RS1000768580 (13:52404679 C>T), RS1001046347 (13:52390155 G>A,T)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:616821 | disease phenotypes: MIM:620244, MIM:236750, MIM:618734

GenCC curated gene-disease

Disease	Classification	Inheritance
non-immune hydrops fetalis	Definitive	Autosomal recessive
aneurysm, intracranial berry, 12	Strong	Autosomal dominant
lymphatic malformation 13	Strong	Autosomal recessive
intracranial berry aneurysm	Supportive	Autosomal dominant
multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome	Limited	Autosomal recessive

Mondo (7): aortic aneurysm (MONDO:0005160), vascular dementia (MONDO:0004648), lymphatic malformation 13 (MONDO:0859379), non-immune hydrops fetalis (MONDO:0009369), aneurysm, intracranial berry, 12 (MONDO:0032891), multiple congenital anomalies/dysmorphic syndrome (MONDO:0019042), intracranial berry aneurysm (MONDO:0016483)

Orphanet (1): Non-immune hydrops fetalis (Orphanet:363999)

HPO phenotypes

48 total (30 of 48 shown, HPO-id order):

HPO	Term
HP:0000006	Autosomal dominant inheritance
HP:0000007	Autosomal recessive inheritance
HP:0000034	Hydrocele testis
HP:0000280	Coarse facial features
HP:0000316	Hypertelorism
HP:0000319	Smooth philtrum
HP:0000343	Long philtrum
HP:0000822	Hypertension
HP:0001004	Lymphedema
HP:0001028	Hemangioma
HP:0001048	Cavernous hemangioma
HP:0001123	Visual field defect
HP:0001195	Single umbilical artery
HP:0001250	Seizure
HP:0001269	Hemiparesis
HP:0001541	Ascites
HP:0001631	Atrial septal defect
HP:0001643	Patent ductus arteriosus
HP:0001653	Mitral regurgitation
HP:0001655	Patent foramen ovale
HP:0001790	Nonimmune hydrops fetalis
HP:0002092	Pulmonary arterial hypertension
HP:0002138	Subarachnoid hemorrhage
HP:0002170	Intracranial hemorrhage
HP:0002326	Transient ischemic attack
HP:0002363	Abnormal brainstem morphology
HP:0002616	Aortic root aneurysm
HP:0002621	Atherosclerosis
HP:0002647	Aortic dissection
HP:0003584	Late onset

GWAS associations

0 associations (top):

MeSH disease descriptors (2)

Descriptor	Name	Tree numbers
D001014	Aortic Aneurysm	C14.907.055.239; C14.907.109.139
D015140	Dementia, Vascular	C10.228.140.300.400; C10.228.140.300.510.800.500; C10.228.140.380.230; C10.228.140.695.500; C14.907.137.126.372.500; C14.907.253.560.350.500; F03.615.400.350

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

29 total (human), top 29 by PubMed support.

Chemical	Actions (top 5)	PubMed papers
Benzo(a)pyrene	increases expression, affects methylation, decreases methylation	2
methyleugenol	increases expression	1
propionaldehyde	increases expression	1
bisphenol A	decreases expression	1
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoate	increases expression	1
quercitrin	increases expression	1
sodium arsenite	decreases expression, increases abundance	1
zinc chromate	increases abundance, increases expression	1
chromium hexavalent ion	increases abundance, increases expression	1
nutlin 3	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
jinfukang	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Acetaminophen	increases expression	1
Arsenic	decreases expression, increases abundance	1
Camptothecin	increases expression	1
Cisplatin	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Dactinomycin	affects cotreatment, increases expression	1
Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethylene	increases expression	1
Formaldehyde	decreases expression	1
Hydrogen Peroxide	affects expression	1
N-Nitrosopyrrolidine	increases expression	1
Silicon Dioxide	increases expression	1
Tobacco Smoke Pollution	increases expression	1
Vanadates	increases expression	1
Aflatoxin B1	increases expression	1
Gold Compounds	decreases expression	1
Cadmium Chloride	decreases expression	1
Okadaic Acid	increases expression	1
Copper Sulfate	increases expression	1
S-Nitrosoglutathione	decreases expression	1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

239 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

Trial	Phase	Status	Title
NCT00094575	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Standard Open Surgery Versus Endovascular Repair of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (AAA)
NCT01033370	PHASE4	TERMINATED	A Safety and Efficacy Study of Blood Pressure Control in Acute Aortic Emergencies - A Pilot Study (PROMPT)
NCT01107366	PHASE4	WITHDRAWN	ATLANTIS:Extensive Type A Dissections and Thoracic/ Thoraco-Abdominal Aneurysms Repair With LupiAe Hybrid TechNique
NCT01354119	PHASE4	TERMINATED	Long-term Benefit of Aortic Stent-graft in Patients With Distal Aortic Dissection
NCT00165763	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Efficacy and Safety of Donepezil Hydrochloride (Aricept) in Vascular Dementia
NCT00847860	PHASE4	COMPLETED	Cilostazol Verse Asprin for Vascular Dementia in Poststroke Patients With White Matter Lesions
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