TLE6

gene
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Also known as FLJ14009GRG6

Summary

TLE6 (TLE family member 6, subcortical maternal complex member, HGNC:30788) is a protein-coding gene on chromosome 19p13.3, encoding Transducin-like enhancer protein 6 (Q9H808). Component of the subcortical maternal complex (SCMC), a multiprotein complex that plays a key role in early embryonic development.

This gene encodes a member of the Groucho/ transducin-like Enhancer of split family of transcriptional co-repressors. The encoded protein is a component of the mammalian subcortical maternal complex, which is required for preimplantation development. In mouse, knock out of this gene results in cleavage-stage embryonic arrest resulting from defective cytoplasmic F-actin meshwork formation and asymmetric cell division. In human, an allelic variant in this gene is associated with preimplantation embryonic lethality. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants.

Source: NCBI Gene 79816 — RefSeq curated summary.

At a glance

  • Gene–disease (curated): preimplantation embryonic lethality 1 (Strong, GenCC)
  • Clinical variants (ClinVar): 167 total — 2 pathogenic, 5 likely-pathogenic
  • Phenotypes (HPO): 7
  • MANE Select transcript: NM_001143986

Identifiers

Gene identifiers

FieldValue
HGNC IDHGNC:30788
Approved symbolTLE6
NameTLE family member 6, subcortical maternal complex member
Location19p13.3
Locus typegene with protein product
StatusApproved
AliasesFLJ14009, GRG6
Ensembl geneENSG00000104953
Ensembl biotypeprotein_coding
OMIM612399
Entrez79816

Gene structure

Transcript identifiers

Ensembl transcripts: 11 — 5 protein_coding, 3 protein_coding_CDS_not_defined, 3 retained_intron

ENST00000246112, ENST00000452088, ENST00000453329, ENST00000468176, ENST00000469572, ENST00000474207, ENST00000478073, ENST00000482627, ENST00000497878, ENST00000591953, ENST00000958788

RefSeq mRNA: 2 — MANE Select: NM_001143986 NM_001143986, NM_024760

CCDS: CCDS12100, CCDS45910

Canonical transcript exons

ENST00000246112 — 17 exons

ExonStartEnd
ENSE0000173420929949002995179
ENSE0000185995629775642977610
ENSE0000345828329868292986891
ENSE0000346562229890612989313
ENSE0000350328129918432991984
ENSE0000351902829873562987372
ENSE0000354351429877242987790
ENSE0000356288429781982978284
ENSE0000358629229801002980182
ENSE0000359227229869832987238
ENSE0000359940529895352989785
ENSE0000361575229878982987974
ENSE0000363149829821482982189
ENSE0000363647829815382981583
ENSE0000363719629880912988128
ENSE0000365064129940192994095
ENSE0000367781429934322993582

Expression profiles

Bgee: expression breadth ubiquitous, 168 present calls, max score 93.27.

FANTOM5 (CAGE): breadth broad, TPM avg 0.6118 / max 42.3103, expressed in 304 samples.

FANTOM5 promoters (1 alternative TSS)

Promoter IDTPM avgSamples expressed
1731330.6118304

Top tissues by expression

281 total, by Bgee expression score (0-100, higher = more expressed):

TissueAnatomy IDExpression scoreQuality
oocyteCL:000002393.27gold quality
secondary oocyteCL:000065586.74gold quality
buccal mucosa cellCL:000233684.51gold quality
right lobe of thyroid glandUBERON:000111984.23gold quality
male germ line stem cell (sensu Vertebrata) in testisCL:0000089 ∩ UBERON:000047384.21gold quality
left lobe of thyroid glandUBERON:000112082.11gold quality
thyroid glandUBERON:000204681.23gold quality
primordial germ cell in gonadCL:0000670 ∩ UBERON:000099177.49gold quality
deciduaUBERON:000245076.74gold quality
apex of heartUBERON:000209874.03gold quality
parotid glandUBERON:000183173.99gold quality
right lobe of liverUBERON:000111473.69gold quality
right lungUBERON:000216773.67gold quality
mucosa of transverse colonUBERON:000499173.53gold quality
pancreatic ductal cellCL:000207973.35silver quality
descending thoracic aortaUBERON:000234572.47gold quality
metanephros cortexUBERON:001053372.18gold quality
ventricular zoneUBERON:000305371.45gold quality
islet of LangerhansUBERON:000000671.31gold quality
left uterine tubeUBERON:000130371.26gold quality
body of uterusUBERON:000985371.07gold quality
hypothalamusUBERON:000189870.99gold quality
upper lobe of left lungUBERON:000895270.88gold quality
skeletal muscle tissue of rectus abdominisUBERON:000451170.82gold quality
endocervixUBERON:000045870.65gold quality
adenohypophysisUBERON:000219670.49gold quality
thoracic aortaUBERON:000151570.03gold quality
ascending aortaUBERON:000149669.92gold quality
ectocervixUBERON:001224969.91gold quality
right testisUBERON:000453469.81gold quality

Single-cell (SCXA)

Detected in 1 experiment(s), a significant marker in 1.

ExperimentMarker?Max mean expression
E-ANND-3yes2.80

Regulation

Is transcription factor: no

Upstream regulators (CollecTRI, top): FOXG1, HLF, PAX6, TCF3

miRNA regulators (miRDB)

4 targeting TLE6, top 30 by miRDB confidence (max_score; target_count = how many genes the miRNA targets in total — lower means more specific):

miRNAMax scoreAvg scoremiRNA target_count
HSA-MIR-4481100.0066.421669
HSA-MIR-6887-5P98.5668.491295
HSA-MIR-5187-5P98.5467.94952
HSA-MIR-6795-5P98.5268.511277

Literature-anchored findings (GeneRIF, showing 6)

  • Expression of Tle6-like in colon cancer cells increased cell proliferation, colony-formation, cell migration, and xenograft tumorgenicity. (PMID:18551179)
  • transcriptional programmes regulated by FOXG1 and Groucho/TLE are important for BTIC-initiated brain tumour growth, implicating FOXG1 and Groucho/TLE in GBM tumourigenesis (PMID:24356439)
  • In this first report of a human defect in a member of the subcortical maternal subcritical maternal complex, we show that the TLE6 mutation is gender-specific and leads to the earliest known human embryonic lethality phenotype (PMID:26537248)
  • Expanding the genetic and phenotypic spectrum of female infertility caused by TLE6 mutations. (PMID:31897846)
  • Two novel mutations in PADI6 and TLE6 genes cause female infertility due to arrest in embryonic development. (PMID:34036456)
  • A novel TLE6 mutation, c.541+1G>A, identified using whole-exome sequencing in a Chinese family with female infertility. (PMID:34264011)

Cross-species orthologs

2 orthologs

OrganismSymbolGene ID
mus_musculusTle6ENSMUSG00000034758
rattus_norvegicusTle6ENSRNOG00000006350

Paralogs (6): TLE2 (ENSG00000065717), TLE5 (ENSG00000104964), TLE4 (ENSG00000106829), TLE3 (ENSG00000140332), TLE1 (ENSG00000196781), TLE7 (ENSG00000260734)

Protein

Protein identifiers

Transducin-like enhancer protein 6Q9H808 (reviewed: Q9H808)

All UniProt accessions (3): Q9H808, C9J532, K7ENW8

UniProt curated annotations — full annotation on UniProt →

Function. Component of the subcortical maternal complex (SCMC), a multiprotein complex that plays a key role in early embryonic development. The SCMC complex is a structural constituent of cytoplasmic lattices, which consist in fibrous structures found in the cytoplasm of oocytes and preimplantation embryos. They are required to store maternal proteins critical for embryonic development, such as proteins that control epigenetic reprogramming of the preimplantation embryo, and prevent their degradation or activation. Also required for spermatogenesis: regulates spermatogonia proliferation and cell cycle progression, potentially via regulation of cell cycle regulatory genes such as; CEBPB, CEBPA, CSF3, PCNA, and CDK4. Suppresses FOXG1/BF-1-mediated transcriptional repression by inhibiting interaction of the transcriptional corepressor TLE1 with FOXG1 which promotes cortical neuron differentiation. Acts as a transcriptional corepressor of NFATC1-mediated gene expression by contributing to PAX6-mediated repression. Component of the subcortical maternal complex (SCMC), a multiprotein complex that plays a key role in early embryonic development.

Subunit / interactions. Homodimers. Component of the subcortical maternal complex (SCMC), at least composed of NLRP5, KHDC3, OOEP, and TLE6. Within the complex, interacts with NLRP5, KHDC3 and OOEP. The SCMC may facilitate translocation of its components between the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments. As part of the SCMC interacts with the SCMC-associated protein ZBED3. As part of the SCMC interacts with the SCMC-associated protein NLRP4F. As part of the SCMC interacts with the SCMC-associated protein CFL1/Cofilin-1. Interacts with FOXG1/BF-1; the interaction inhibits TLE1 interaction with FOXG1/BF-1. Interacts with NFATC1. Interacts with PAX6. Component of the subcortical maternal complex (SCMC), at least composed of NLRP5, KHDC3L, OOEP, and TLE6 isoform 1. Within the complex, interacts with NLRP5, KHDC3L and OOEP. The SCMC may facilitate translocation of its components between the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments.

Subcellular location. Cytoplasm. Nucleus Cytoplasm Cytoplasm.

Disease relevance. Oocyte/zygote/embryo maturation arrest 15 (OZEMA15) [MIM:616814] A rare cause of female primary infertility. In affected women, ovulation proceeds normally and the retrieved oocytes appear normal, but zygote formation and division are severely impaired. Inheritance is autosomal recessive. The disease is caused by variants affecting the gene represented in this entry.

Domain organisation. Contrary to other WD repeat Groucho/TLE family members, does not contain any identifiable Q, GP, CcN or SP domains. Only the C-terminal WD-repeat domain is conserved.

Similarity. Belongs to the WD repeat Groucho/TLE family.

Isoforms (2)

UniProt IDNamesCanonical?
Q9H808-11yes
Q9H808-22

RefSeq proteins (2): NP_001137458, NP_079036 (=MANE)

Domains & families (InterPro)

IDNameType
IPR001680WD40_rptRepeat
IPR009146Groucho_enhanceFamily
IPR015943WD40/YVTN_repeat-like_dom_sfHomologous_superfamily
IPR036322WD40_repeat_dom_sfHomologous_superfamily

Pfam: PF00400

UniProt features (65 total): strand 32, sequence variant 13, repeat 7, turn 4, region of interest 3, helix 2, chain 1, compositionally biased region 1, modified residue 1, splice variant 1

Structure

Experimental structures (PDB)

4 structures.

PDBMethodResolution (Å)
8X7VELECTRON MICROSCOPY3.01
8X7WELECTRON MICROSCOPY3.36
9L4LELECTRON MICROSCOPY3.4
9L4KELECTRON MICROSCOPY3.41

Predicted structure (AlphaFold)

ModelpLDDTFraction very-high
AF-Q9H808-F166.290.37

Functional residue map

Curated UniProt residues grouped by drug-discovery relevance — catalytic, ligand-binding, modification, and mutation-validated positions. Source: UniProtKB sequence features.

Post-translational modifications (1): 510

Function

Pathways and Gene Ontology

Reactome pathways

0 pathways

MSigDB gene sets: 193 (showing top): GOBP_EMBRYO_DEVELOPMENT_ENDING_IN_BIRTH_OR_EGG_HATCHING, GOBP_SPINDLE_LOCALIZATION, GRAESSMANN_APOPTOSIS_BY_DOXORUBICIN_DN, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_WNT_SIGNALING_PATHWAY, GOBP_MALE_GAMETE_GENERATION, SHETH_LIVER_CANCER_VS_TXNIP_LOSS_PAM2, GOBP_CANONICAL_WNT_SIGNALING_PATHWAY, GOBP_ACTIN_FILAMENT_ORGANIZATION, GOBP_CILIUM_MOVEMENT, GOBP_CILIUM_OR_FLAGELLUM_DEPENDENT_CELL_MOTILITY, SCHAEFFER_PROSTATE_DEVELOPMENT_48HR_UP, GOBP_REGULATION_OF_CELL_DIVISION, GOBP_ENDOMEMBRANE_SYSTEM_ORGANIZATION, GOBP_MULTI_MULTICELLULAR_ORGANISM_PROCESS, GOBP_DEVELOPMENTAL_PROCESS_INVOLVED_IN_REPRODUCTION

GO Biological Process (15): negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II (GO:0000122), actin filament organization (GO:0007015), spermatogenesis (GO:0007283), flagellated sperm motility (GO:0030317), positive regulation of embryonic development (GO:0040019), epigenetic programming in the zygotic pronuclei (GO:0044725), establishment of spindle localization (GO:0051293), regulation of cell division (GO:0051302), endoplasmic reticulum localization (GO:0051643), mitochondrion localization (GO:0051646), embryonic process involved in female pregnancy (GO:0060136), negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway (GO:0090090), protein storage (GO:0140089), regulation of DNA-templated transcription (GO:0006355), developmental process (GO:0032502)

GO Molecular Function (3): transcription corepressor activity (GO:0003714), structural constituent of cytoplasmic lattice (GO:0140094), protein binding (GO:0005515)

GO Cellular Component (8): nucleus (GO:0005634), transcription regulator complex (GO:0005667), cytoplasm (GO:0005737), cell cortex (GO:0005938), protein-containing complex (GO:0032991), sperm midpiece (GO:0097225), subcortical maternal complex (GO:0106333), cytoplasmic lattice (GO:0140095)

GO top-level categories

Rollup of top GO terms by namespace:

CategoryTerms
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription2
embryo development2
organelle localization2
protein-containing complex2
cellular anatomical structure2
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II1
transcription by RNA polymerase II1
actin cytoskeleton organization1
supramolecular fiber organization1
developmental process involved in reproduction1
male gamete generation1
cilium-dependent cell motility1
cilium movement involved in cell motility1
sperm motility1
regulation of embryonic development1
positive regulation of developmental process1
positive regulation of multicellular organismal process1
epigenetic programming of gene expression1
microtubule cytoskeleton organization1
establishment of localization in cell1
spindle localization1
establishment of organelle localization1
regulation of cellular process1
cell division1
endoplasmic reticulum organization1
female pregnancy1
embryo development ending in birth or egg hatching1
multicellular organismal reproductive process1
negative regulation of Wnt signaling pathway1
canonical Wnt signaling pathway1
regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway1
nutrient storage1
DNA-templated transcription1
regulation of gene expression1
regulation of RNA biosynthetic process1
biological_process1
transcription coregulator activity1
structural molecule activity1
binding1
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle1

Protein interactions and networks

STRING

684 interactions, top by confidence (×1000):

Protein AProtein BPartner UniProtScore
TLE6OOEPA6NGQ2999
TLE6PADI6Q6TGC4950
TLE6NLRP5P59047932
TLE6KHDC3LQ587J8916
TLE6NLRP2Q9NX02813
TLE6HLFQ16534788
TLE6ZBED3Q96IU2689
TLE6PATL2C9JE40672
TLE6SRPX2O60687668
TLE6WEE2P0C1S8643
TLE6A0A087WTN9A0A087WTN9640
TLE6TCF3P15883639
TLE6TLE5Q08117621
TLE6TUBB8Q3ZCM7591
TLE6DBPQ10586588

IntAct

14 interactions, top by confidence:

ABTypeScore
TLE6BDNFpsi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.560
KLK6TLE6psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.560
TLE6psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.560
KHDC3LOOEPpsi-mi:“MI:0403”(colocalization)0.460
TLE6NLRP7psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.400
TLE6NUDCpsi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.400
TLE6RPL14psi-mi:“MI:0915”(physical association)0.370

BioGRID (10): TLE6 (Affinity Capture-Western), TLE6 (Reconstituted Complex), TLE6 (Affinity Capture-Western), TLE6 (Reconstituted Complex), TLE6 (Affinity Capture-MS), TLE6 (Two-hybrid), CAND1 (Cross-Linking-MS (XL-MS)), TLE6 (Proximity Label-MS), TLE6 (Proximity Label-MS), TLE6 (Two-hybrid)

ESM2 similar proteins: A0A140LI67, A0A1W2PR48, A0JP70, D3YYM4, F1LW30, O13034, O15040, O70173, Q15345, Q3SXM0, Q3UDP0, Q3UJB9, Q3ULW6, Q3V129, Q3ZAV8, Q58DC2, Q5F479, Q5JV73, Q5M9H0, Q5M9H1, Q5R6T6, Q5R9H2, Q68DX3, Q6IRN0, Q6NV72, Q6P2E9, Q6P4K6, Q6PCD5, Q6ZPG2, Q6ZW76, Q7TNH6, Q80TQ5, Q8BLD6, Q8C008, Q8C5V5, Q8CBW4, Q8CIK8, Q8IWE5, Q8JZL1, Q8K1C9

Diamond homologs: A0A1W2PR48, O02482, O13166, O13168, O42469, O42478, P16371, Q04724, Q04725, Q04726, Q04727, Q07141, Q08122, Q62440, Q62441, Q9H808, Q9JIT3, Q9WVB2, Q9WVB3, A2RRU3, O14435, O42470, O94365, P16520, P40066, P63002, P63003, P79083, Q08117, Q10281, Q5A7Q3, Q5GIS3, Q5REE0, Q8C7V3, Q8TED0, A6ZQL5, A8XZJ9, P47025, Q06078, Q08924

SIGNOR signaling

1 interactions.

AEffectBMechanism
PHF12“up-regulates activity”TLE6binding

Disease & clinical

Clinical variants and AI predictions

ClinVar

167 variants total. Per-class counts are floors (≥ shown; pagination cap):

ClassificationCount (floor)
Pathogenic2
Likely pathogenic5
Uncertain significance102
Likely benign32
Benign11

Top pathogenic / likely-pathogenic (7)

Variant IDHGVSClassification
1691503NM_001143986.2(TLE6):c.1054G>C (p.Gly352Arg)Pathogenic
2160860NM_001143986.2(TLE6):c.665dup (p.Ser223fs)Pathogenic
2064539NM_001143986.2(TLE6):c.741-1G>CLikely pathogenic
222026NM_001143986.2(TLE6):c.1529C>A (p.Ser510Tyr)Likely pathogenic
4796590NM_001143986.2(TLE6):c.376del (p.Thr126fs)Likely pathogenic
4849455NM_001143986.2(TLE6):c.1147C>T (p.Gln383Ter)Likely pathogenic
812696NM_001143986.2(TLE6):c.805_806del (p.Lys269fs)Likely pathogenic

SpliceAI

2258 predictions. Top by Δscore:

VariantEffectΔscore
19:2977615:GGGAC:Gdonor_gain1.0000
19:2977616:GGACG:Gdonor_gain1.0000
19:2977620:G:GGdonor_gain1.0000
19:2980098:A:AGacceptor_gain1.0000
19:2980099:G:GAacceptor_gain1.0000
19:2980099:GCCTT:Gacceptor_gain1.0000
19:2986888:GGAG:Gdonor_gain1.0000
19:2986889:GAGG:Gdonor_gain1.0000
19:2986892:G:Cdonor_loss1.0000
19:2986972:T:TAacceptor_gain1.0000
19:2986975:C:CAacceptor_gain1.0000
19:2986976:G:Aacceptor_gain1.0000
19:2986978:GCCA:Gacceptor_loss1.0000
19:2986980:CA:Cacceptor_loss1.0000
19:2986981:A:AGacceptor_gain1.0000
19:2986981:A:Cacceptor_loss1.0000
19:2986981:AG:Aacceptor_gain1.0000
19:2986982:G:GGacceptor_gain1.0000
19:2986982:GG:Gacceptor_gain1.0000
19:2986982:GGT:Gacceptor_gain1.0000
19:2986982:GGTC:Gacceptor_gain1.0000
19:2986982:GGTCT:Gacceptor_gain1.0000
19:2987221:C:Tdonor_gain1.0000
19:2987234:CAGAC:Cdonor_gain1.0000
19:2987235:AGAC:Adonor_gain1.0000
19:2987236:GAC:Gdonor_gain1.0000
19:2987236:GACG:Gdonor_gain1.0000
19:2987237:AC:Adonor_gain1.0000
19:2987237:ACGT:Adonor_loss1.0000
19:2987239:G:GAdonor_loss1.0000

AlphaMissense

3779 scored. Top likely-pathogenic:

VariantProtein changeam_pathogenicity
19:2989757:T:AW406R0.992
19:2989757:T:CW406R0.992
19:2989254:T:AW312R0.987
19:2989254:T:CW312R0.987
19:2989759:G:CW406C0.987
19:2989759:G:TW406C0.987
19:2989256:G:CW312C0.983
19:2989256:G:TW312C0.983
19:2989625:T:AW362R0.983
19:2989625:T:CW362R0.983
19:2989203:A:CS295R0.981
19:2989205:C:AS295R0.981
19:2989205:C:GS295R0.981
19:2989225:T:CF302S0.981
19:2989224:T:CF302L0.980
19:2989226:C:AF302L0.980
19:2989226:C:GF302L0.980
19:2989733:T:CF398L0.980
19:2989735:C:AF398L0.980
19:2989735:C:GF398L0.980
19:2994024:T:AW515R0.979
19:2994024:T:CW515R0.979
19:2991901:T:AW435R0.977
19:2991901:T:CW435R0.977
19:2993570:T:CF509L0.977
19:2993572:C:AF509L0.977
19:2993572:C:GF509L0.977
19:2989587:T:CL349P0.974
19:2994027:T:AW516R0.973
19:2994027:T:CW516R0.973

dbSNP variants (sampled 300 via entrez): RS1000060681 (19:2977833 G>A), RS1000080333 (19:2985228 C>T), RS1000168507 (19:2981885 T>G), RS1000205983 (19:2979823 A>G,T), RS1000394870 (19:2993921 A>C,G,T), RS1000480362 (19:2986503 C>G), RS1000646304 (19:2981891 G>C), RS1000655120 (19:2990550 G>T), RS1000681957 (19:2977664 T>G), RS1000766885 (19:2994326 C>A), RS1000818380 (19:2977465 C>T), RS1000912438 (19:2991075 G>A), RS1001127879 (19:2983188 AACC>A), RS1001201029 (19:2994177 C>CA), RS1001288665 (19:2978629 G>C)

Disease associations

OMIM: gene MIM:612399 | disease phenotypes:

GenCC curated gene-disease

DiseaseClassificationInheritance
preimplantation embryonic lethality 1StrongAutosomal recessive

Mondo (1): (MONDO:0014783)

Orphanet (0):

HPO phenotypes

7 total (7 of 7 shown, HPO-id order):

HPOTerm
HP:0000007Autosomal recessive inheritance
HP:0000147Polycystic ovaries
HP:0008222Female infertility
HP:0008669Abnormal spermatogenesis
HP:0020155Abnormal oocyte morphology
HP:0031515Abnormal meiosis
HP:0031516Metaphase I oocyte maturation arrest

GWAS associations

0 associations (top):

Drugs & pharmacology

Drug and pharmacology data

Is drug target: no

PharmGKB: 1 entry (VIP=true, CPIC=false)

CTD chemical–gene interactions

24 total (human), top 24 by PubMed support.

ChemicalActions (top 5)PubMed papers
sotorasibaffects cotreatment, decreases expression1
ethyl-p-hydroxybenzoatedecreases expression1
tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphatedecreases expression1
sodium arsenitedecreases expression1
cupric chloridedecreases expression1
nutlin 3affects cotreatment, increases expression1
abrinedecreases expression1
jinfukangaffects cotreatment, increases expression1
trametinibaffects cotreatment, decreases expression1
NVP-BKM120affects cotreatment, decreases expression1
Pioglitazoneincreases expression1
Benzo(a)pyrenedecreases methylation, increases methylation, affects methylation1
Camptothecinincreases expression1
Cisplatinaffects cotreatment, increases expression1
Dactinomycinaffects cotreatment, increases expression1
Dichlorodiphenyl Dichloroethyleneincreases expression1
Oxygenincreases expression1
Phenobarbitalaffects expression1
Silicon Dioxidedecreases expression1
Tobacco Smoke Pollutiondecreases expression1
Triclosandecreases expression1
Valproic Acidincreases methylation1
Aflatoxin B1affects methylation1
Okadaic Aciddecreases expression1

Clinical trials (associated diseases)

0 trials via MONDO — disease-level, not drug-specific.

No linked Atlas pages yet — the cross-entity mesh grows as the corpus expands.